Biochemistry.

Description

Cover ES2 ES3 Half Title Title Statement Copyright Dedication About the Authors Brief Contents Contents Preface Magazine: Hot Topics in Biochemistry The Genetics of Breast Cancer Stem Cells: Science and Politics The Science of Happiness and Depression Humans versus Flu Malaria Aging—Looking for the Biochemical Fountain of Youth Proteins and Magnets: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance in Biochemistry G-Protein–Coupled Receptors Ch 1: Biochemistry and the Organization of Cells Chapter Outline 1-1: Basic Themes 1-2: Chemical Foundations of Biochemistry 1-3: The Beginnings of Biology: Origin of Life 1-4: The Biggest Biological Distinction—Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes 1-5: Prokaryotic Cells 1-6: Eukaryotic Cells 1-7: How We Classify Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes 1-8: Biochemical Energetics 1-9: Energy and Change 1-10: Spontaneity in Biochemical Reactions 1-11: Life and Thermodynamics Summary Review Exercises Annotated Bibliography Ch 2: Water: The Solvent for Biochemical Reactions Chapter Outline 2-1: Water and Polarity 2-2: Hydrogen Bonds 2-3: Acids, Bases, and pH 2-4: Titration Curves 2-5: Buffers Summary Review Exercises Annotated Bibliography Ch 3: Amino Acids and Peptides Chapter Outline 3-1: Amino Acids Exist in a Three-Dimensional World 3-2: Individual Amino Acids: Their Structures and Properties 3-3: Amino Acids Can Act as Both Acids and Bases 3-4: The Peptide Bond 3-5: Small Peptides with Physiological Activity Summary Review Exercises Annotated Bibliography Ch 4: The Three-Dimensional Structure of Proteins Chapter Outline 4-1: Protein Structure and Function 4-2: Primary Structure of Proteins 4-3: Secondary Structure of Proteins 4-4: Tertiary Structure of Proteins 4-5: Quaternary Structure of Proteins 4-6: Protein Folding Dynamics Summary Review Exercises Annotated Bibliography Ch 5: Protein Purification and Characterization Techniques Chapter Outline 5-1: Extracting Pure Proteins from Cells 5-2: Column Chromatography 5-3: Electrophoresis 5-4: Determining the Primary Structure of a Protein 5-5: Protein Identification Techniques 5-6: Proteomics Summary Review Exercises Annotated Bibliography Ch 6: The Behavior of Proteins: Enzymes Chapter Outline 6-1: Enzymes Are Effective Biological Catalysts 6-2: Kinetics versus Thermodynamics 6-3: Enzyme Kinetic Equations 6-4: Enzyme–Substrate Binding 6-5: The Michaelis–Menten Approach to Enzyme Kinetics 6-6: Examples of Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions 6-7: Enzyme Inhibition Summary Review Exercises Annotated Bibliography Ch 7: The Behavior of Proteins: Enzymes, Mechanisms, and Control Chapter Outline 7-1: The Behavior of Allosteric Enzymes 7-2: The Concerted and Sequential Models for Allosteric Enzymes 7-3: Control of Enzyme Activity by Phosphorylation 7-4: Zymogens 7-5: The Nature of the Active Site 7-6: Chemical Reactions Involved in Enzyme Mechanisms 7-7: The Active Site and Transition States 7-8: Coenzymes Summary Review Exercises Annotated Bibliography Ch 8: Lipids and Proteins Are Associated in Biological Membranes Chapter Outline 8-1: The Definition of a Lipid 8-2: The Chemical Natures of the Lipid Types 8-3: Biological Membranes 8-4: The Kinds of Membrane Proteins 8-5: The Fluid-Mosaic Model of Membrane Structure 8-6: The Functions of Membranes 8-7: Lipid-Soluble Vitamins and Their Functions 8-8: Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes Summary Review Exercises Annotated Bibliography Ch 9: Nucleic Acids: How Structure Conveys Information Chapter Outline 9-1: Levels of Structure in Nucleic Acids 9-2: The Covalent Structure of Polynucleotides 9-3: The Structure of DNA 9-4: Denaturation of DNA 9-5: The Principal Kinds of RNA and Their Structures Summary Review Exercises Annotated Bibliography Ch 10: Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids: Replication Chapter Outline 10-1: The Flow of Genetic Information in the Cell 10-2: Replication of DNA 10-3: DNA Polymerase 10-4: Proteins Required for DNA Replication 10-5: Proofreading and Repair 10-6: DNA Recombination 10-7: Eukaryotic DNA Replication Summary Review Exercises Annotated Bibliography Ch 11: Transcription of the Genetic Code: The Biosynthesis of RNA Chapter Outline 11-1: Overview of Transcription 11-2: Transcription in Prokaryotes 11-3: Transcription Regulation in Prokaryotes 11-4: Transcription in Eukaryotes 11-5: Transcription Regulation in Eukaryotes 11-6: Non-Coding RNAs 11-7: Structural Motifs in DNA-Binding Proteins 11-8: Posttranscriptional RNA Modification 11-9: Ribozymes Summary Review Exercises Annotated Bibliography Ch 12: Protein Synthesis: Translation of the Genetic Message Chapter Outline 12-1: Translating the Genetic Message 12-2: The Genetic Code 12-3: Amino Acid Activation 12-4: Prokaryotic Translation 12-5: Eukaryotic Translation 12-6: Posttranslational Modification of Proteins 12-7: Protein Degradation Summary Review Exercises Annotated Bibliography Ch 13: Nucleic Acid Biotechnology Techniques Chapter Outline 13-1: Purification and Detection of Nucleic Acids 13-2: Restriction Endonucleases 13-3: Cloning 13-4: Genetic Engineering 13-5: DNA Libraries 13-6: The Polymerase Chain Reaction 13-7: DNA Fingerprinting 13-8: Sequencing DNA 13-9: Genomics and Proteomics Summary Review Exercises Annotated Bibliography Ch 14: Viruses, Cancer, and Immunology Chapter Outline 14-1: Viruses 14-2: Retroviruses 14-3: The Immune System 14-4: Cancer 14-5: AIDS Summary Review Exercises Annotated Bibliography Ch 15: The Importance of Energy Changes and Electron Transfer in Metabolism Chapter Outline 15-1: Standard States for Free-Energy Changes 15-2: A Modified Standard State for Biochemical Applications 15-3: The Nature of Metabolism 15-4: The Role of Oxidation and Reduction in Metabolism 15-5: Coenzymes in Biologically Important Oxidation–Reduction Reactions 15-6: Coupling of Production and Use of Energy 15-7: Coenzyme A in Activation of Metabolic Pathways Summary Review Exercises Annotated Bibliography Ch 16: Carbohydrates Chapter Outline 16-1: Sugars: Their Structures and Stereochemistry 16-2: Reactions of Monosaccharides 16-3: Some Important Oligosaccharides 16-4: Structures and Functions of Polysaccharides 16-5: Glycoproteins Summary Review Exercises Annotated Bibliography Ch 17: Glycolysis Chapter Outline 17-1: The Overall Pathway of Glycolysis 17-2: Conversion of Six-Carbon Glucose to Three-Carbon Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate 17-3: Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Is Converted to Pyruvate 17-4: Anaerobic Metabolism of Pyruvate 17-5: Energy Production in Glycolysis 17-6: Control of Glycolysis Summary Review Exercises Annotated Bibliography Ch 18: Storage Mechanisms and Control in Carbohydrate Metabolism Chapter Outline 18-1: How Glycogen Is Produced and Degraded 18-2: Gluconeogenesis Produces Glucose from Pyruvate 18-3: Control of Carbohydrate Metabolism 18-4: Glucose Is Sometimes Diverted through the Pentose Phosphate Pathway Summary Review Exercises Annotated Bibliography Ch 19: The Citric Acid Cycle Chapter Outline 19-1: The Central Role of the Citric Acid Cycle in Metabolism 19-2: The Overall Pathway of the Citric Acid Cycle 19-3: How Pyruvate Is Converted to Acetyl-CoA 19-4: The Individual Reactions of the Citric Acid Cycle 19-5: Energetics and Control of the Citric Acid Cycle 19-6: The Glyoxylate Cycle: A Related Pathway 19-7: The Citric Acid Cycle in Catabolism 19-8: The Citric Acid Cycle in Anabolism 19-9: The Link to Oxygen Summary Review Exercises Annotated Bibliography Ch 20: Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation Chapter Outline 20-1: The Role of Electron Transport in Metabolism 20-2: Reduction Potentials in the Electron Transport Chain 20-3: Organization of Electron Transport Complexes 20-4: The Connection between Electron Transport and Phosphorylation 20-5: The Mechanism of Coupling in Oxidative Phosphorylation 20-6: Shuttle Mechanisms 20-7: The ATP Yield from Complete Oxidation of Glucose Summary Review Exercises Annotated Bibliography Ch 21: Lipid Metabolism Chapter Outline 21-1: Lipids Are Involved in the Generation and Storage of Energy 21-2: Catabolism of Lipids 21-3: The Energy Yield from the Oxidation of Fatty Acids 21-4: Catabolism of Unsaturated Fatty Acids and Odd-Carbon Fatty Acids 21-5: Ketone Bodies 21-6: Fatty-Acid Biosynthesis 21-7: Synthesis of Acylglycerols and Compound Lipids 21-8: Cholesterol Biosynthesis 21-9: Hormonal Control of Appetite Summary Review Exercises Annotated Bibliography Ch 22: Photosynthesis Chapter Outline 22-1: Chloroplasts Are the Site of Photosynthesis 22-2: Photosystems I and II and the Light Reactions of Photosynthesis 22-3: Photosynthesis and ATP Production 22-4: Evolutionary Implications of Photosynthesis with and without Oxygen 22-5: Dark Reactions of Photosynthesis Fix CO2 22-6: CO2 Fixation in Tropical Plants Summary Review Exercises Annotated Bibliography Ch 23: The Metabolism of Nitrogen Chapter Outline 23-1: Nitrogen Metabolism: An Overview 23-2: Nitrogen Fixation 23-3: Feedback Inhibition in Nitrogen Metabolism 23-4: Amino Acid Biosynthesis 23-5: Essential Amino Acids 23-6: Amino Acid Catabolism 23-7: Purine Biosynthesis 23-8: Purine Catabolism 23-9: Pyrimidine Biosynthesis and Catabolism 23-10: Conversion of Ribonucleotides to Deoxyribonucleotides 23-11: Conversion of dUDP to dTTP Summary Review Exercises Annotated Bibliography Ch 24: Integration of Metabolism: Cellular Signaling Chapter Outline 24-1: Connections between Metabolic Pathways 24-2: Biochemistry and Nutrition 24-3: Hormones and Second Messengers 24-4: Hormones and the Control of Metabolism 24-5: Insulin and Its Effects Summary Review Exercises Annotated Bibliography Answers to Questions Index ES6 ES7