Drug-induced Neurological Disorders

Description

This book is a first-of-its kind reference that systematically organizes and describes the adverse effects of drugs on the nervous system. Drug safety is recognized as an important aspect of pharmaceutical companies as well as practice of medicine.  Chapters include case reports of adverse effects of drugs that are published as well as reported to drug manufacturers. The book scope is broad as it covers lack of efficacy, drug resistance, drug-disease and drug-drug interactions. This information is used to improve the use of drugs as well as to design better and safer drugs for the future, and is relevant to personalized medicine in trying to match the right drugs to the patients. Drug-induced Neurological Disorders offers a unique approach to this important topic by integrating clinical neurology with pharmacology with a focus on effects of drugs on the nervous system including those used for the treatment of neurological disorders as well systemic diseases. Many adverse effects involve multiple systems of the body and the syndromes with predominant effect on the nervous system are included in this book. Foreword to the First Edition Preface to the Fourth Edition Contents Author’s Biography Part I: Basics of Adverse Drug Reactions of the Nervous System 1: Introduction, History, and Epidemiology of Drug-Induced Neurological Disorders Introduction Definitions Historical Aspects Pharmacovigilance Epidemiology of ADRs Assessment of Adverse Drug Reactions Sources of Adverse Drug Reaction Data Systems Pharmacology Approach to Identify ADRs Causality Assessment Naranjo Scale for Causality Assessments of ADRs Bayesian Approach to Causality Assessment of ADRs Diagnostic Assessment Behavioral Toxicity Clinical Significance Concluding Remarks References 2: Neurologic Symptoms as Adverse Drug Reactions Introduction Aphasia Drug-Induced Aphasia Ataxia Drug-Induced Ataxia Dysarthria Drug-Induced Dysarthria Dysphagia Drug-Induced Dysphagia Falls Drug-Induced Falls Hiccups Drug-Induced Hiccups Nausea and Vomiting Drug-Induced Nausea and Vomiting Management of Drug-Induced Nausea and Vomiting Neurogenic Bladder Dysfunction Drug-Induced Neurogenic Bladder Tremor Drug-Induced Tremor Pathomechanism of Drug-Induced Tremor Treatment of Drug-Induced Tremor Yawning Neuropharmacologic Regulation of Yawning Disorders Associated with Pathologic Yawning Drug-Induced Yawning References 3: Role of the Blood-Brain Barrier in Effects of Drugs on the Brain Introduction BBB as an Anatomical as well as Physiological Barrier Molecular Biology of the BBB BBB as a Biochemical Barrier Regulatory Functions of the BBB Other Neural Barriers Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier Blood-Nerve Barrier Blood-Retinal Barrier Blood-Labyrinth Barrier Passage of Substances Across the BBB Systems for Transport of Molecules Across the BBB ABC Transporters Glucose Transporter Other Transporters Blood-Brain Barrier-Specific Enzymes Receptor-Mediated Peptide and Protein Transcytosis Blood-Brain Barrier in Neurologic Disorders Chemical Factors That Increase the Permeability of the BBB Drugs Action on the BBB Affecting Transport to the Brain Amitriptyline Enhances Transport Across BBB Anticholinergic Drugs’ Enhanced Passage Across BBB Increases Neurotoxicity Antiepileptic Drug Resistance in BBB Drug Abuse-Induced Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction Levodopa Passage Across BBB Increases in Parkinson Disease Mannitol for Treatment of Cerebral Edema Nanomedicines and BBB Tissue Plasminogen Activator, BBB, and Hemorrhagic Complications References 4: Pathomechanisms of Drug-Induced Neurological Disorders Introduction Direct Neurotoxicity of Drugs Breach of BBB Retrograde Intra-axonal Transport Mechanisms of Direct Neurotoxicity Disturbances of Brain Energy Metabolism Sequelae of Disturbances of Brain Energy Metabolism Mitochondrial Dysfunction Neurotransmitter Disturbances Metabolite-Mediated Neurotoxicity Astrogliosis Drug-Induced Selective Cell Death Unknown Mechanisms Multiple Mechanisms of Neurotoxicity from Drugs Methods of Assessing Neurotoxicity Secondary Drug-Induced Neurologic Disorders Risk Factors for Drug-Induced Neurologic Disorders Risk Factors Relevant to the Patients Pharmacogenetics Epigenetic Factors Drug-Drug Interaction Use by Normal Subjects of Drugs Indicated for Neurologic Disorders Patients with a History of Neurologic Disorders Patients Suffering from Systemic Diseases Old Age Pregnancy and Prenatal Exposure to Drugs Role of Nocebo Effect in ADRs Risk Factors Related to Drugs Drug Interactions Drug-Disease Interactions Drug Withdrawal Concluding Remarks References 5: Adverse Effects of Drugs on the Fetal Nervous System Introduction Neurological Disorders and Pregnancy Pharmacology of Drugs During Pregnancy Placental Barrier Fetal Blood-Brain Barrier Epidemiology of Disorders Due to Fetal Exposure to Drugs Effects of Maternal Drugs on Breastfeeding Infants Pharmacokinetics During Lactation Precautions for Drug Use During Lactation Effects of Drugs Used During Pregnancy on the Fetal CNS Anti-Parkinson’s Disease Drugs Antidepressants Antiepileptic Drugs Fetal Anticonvulsant Syndrome Antimigraine Drugs Antipsychotic Drugs Biological Therapies During Pregnancy Drugs Used for Narcolepsy, Excessive Daytime Sleepiness, and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Drugs Used in the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis Drugs Used for Management of Cerebral Ischemia Drugs for Nausea and Vomiting of Pregnancy Local Anesthetics Opioids for Pain During Pregnancy Pregabalin Sedatives and Hypnotics Substance Abuse During Pregnancy Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Congenital Cocaine Syndrome Effects on the Fetus of Cannabis (Marijuana) Use During Pregnancy Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome References 6: Principles of Management of Drug-Induced Neurological Disorders Introduction Diagnosis Clinical Diagnosis Laboratory Diagnostic Procedures Prevention of DINDs Treatment of DIND Nonpharmacological Therapies for DIND Management of DIND in Special Groups Geriatric Age Group Pregnancy Concluding Remarks and Future Development of Safer Therapies Personalized Approach to Management of DIND Basics of Personalized Neurology Personalized Management of DINDs References Part II: Neurological Complications of Therapies 7: Methods of Drug Delivery to the Nervous System and DIND Introduction Drug Delivery Across the BBB Retrograde Axonal Transport Direct Injection into the CNS Substance or CNS Lesions Convention-Enhanced Delivery Injections into the CSF Pathways Intrathecal Drug Delivery Applications of Intrathecal Drug Delivery Adverse Effects of Intrathecal Drug Administration Complications of Long-Term Intrathecal Therapy Using Devices Delivery of Drugs to the Brain via the Nasal Route Intra-arterial Administration of Therapeutic Substances for CNS Disorders Types of Systems for Therapeutic Delivery to the Nervous System Targeted Drug Delivery to the CNS Nanoparticle-Based Targeted Delivery of Chemotherapy Across the BBB References 8: Neurological Complications of Anesthesia Introduction Neurological Complications of General Anesthesia Pathomechanism of Neurologic Complications of General Anesthesia Alcohol Use Disorder After Exposure to General Anesthesia in Adolescence Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction Effect on Cerebral Circulation and Metabolism Delirium Seizures Stroke Cognitive Dysfunction and Dementia Myelopathy Peripheral Nerve Injuries Torticollis Movement Disorders Spastic Paraparesis Prevention of Complications of General Anesthesia Prevention of Delirium Prevention of Seizures Prevention of Cognitive Deficits Due to Anesthetic Agents Management of Neurologic Complications of Anesthesia Diagnosis Treatment Anesthesia in Pregnancy and Early Childhood Neurological Complications of Local Anesthesia Adverse Effects of Local Anesthetics on the Nervous System Local Manifestations Related to Cranial Nerves Local Manifestations Related to Peripheral Nerves Effect of Local Anesthetics on Muscles Manifestations of CNS Toxicity of Local Anesthetics Pathomechanism of Local Anesthetic-Induced Neurologic Disorders Epidemiology of ADRs of Local Anesthetics Prevention of Neurological Complications of Local Anesthesia Diagnosis Management of Neurological Complications of Local Anesthetics Special Considerations in Vulnerable Groups Neurological Complications of Epidural Anesthesia Epidemiology of Neurologic Complications of Epidural Anesthesia Pathomechanism of Neurologic Complications of Epidural Anesthesia Safety of Epidural Anesthesia in Special Populations Epidural Anesthesia in Pregnant Patients Epidural Anesthesia in Myasthenia Gravis References 9: Neurological Complications of Cancer Therapies Introduction Pathomechanism of Neurological Complications of Anticancer Drugs Peripheral Neuropathies Cranial Neuropathies Myelotoxicity Encephalopathy Leukoencephalopathy Cerebellar Neurotoxicity Cerebrovascular Disorders Neurological Complications of Biological Therapies for Cancer Alpha Interferon Interleukin-2 Growth Factors Monoclonal Antibodies Targeted Molecular Agents Cancer Immunotherapy Management of Neurological Complications of Anticancer Drugs Preventive Measures Treatment of Neurological Complications of Immune Therapies of Cancer Neuroprotection Against Chemotherapy-Induced Brain Damage References 10: Adverse Effects of Biological Therapies on the Nervous System Introduction Neurological Complications of Cell Therapy Neurological Complications of CAR-T Cell Therapy Neurotoxicity of CAR-T Cell Therapy Complications of Cell Therapy of Neurological Disorders Tumor Formation After CNS Transplantation of Stem Cells Donor Stem Cell-Derived Brain Tumor Glioproliferative Lesion of Spinal Cord as a Complication of Cell Therapy Uncontrolled Differentiation of Implanted ESCs Tumorigenicity of ESC-Derived Retinal Progenitor Cells Neurological Complications of Gene Therapy Adverse Effects of Gene Therapy Neurotoxicity of Gene Therapy Adverse Effects of Vaccines on the Nervous System Introduction Adverse Effects of Vaccines on the Nervous System References Part III: Drug-Induced Neurological Disorders 11: Drug-Induced Aseptic Meningitis Introduction Clinical Manifestations Pathomechanism Epidemiology Prevention Differential Diagnosis Laboratory Investigations Management References 12: Drug-Induced Intracranial Hypertension Introduction Epidemiology Pathophysiology of Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension Secondary Intracranial Hypertension Drug-Induced Intracranial Hypertension (DIIH) Pathogenesis of Drug-Induced Intracranial Hypertension Management of DIIH References 13: Drug-Induced Encephalopathies Introduction Drugs Associated with Encephalopathy Acyclovir Aluminum Antibiotics Cephalosporins Mefloquine Metronidazole Penicillins Sulfonamides Antiepileptic Drugs Encephalopathies Secondary to Drug-Induced Metabolic Disorders Hepatic Encephalopathy Hypoglycemic Encephalopathy Hyponatremic Encephalopathy Wernicke’s Encephalopathy Drug-Induced Leukoencephalopathy Amphotericin B Anticancer Agents Arsenicals Corticosteroids Heroin Immunosuppressive Therapy with Organ Transplantation Interferons Monoclonal Antibodies Natalizumab Tocilizumab Leukoencephalopathy Secondary to Drug-Induced Hypertension Syndromes with Encephalopathy in Which Drugs Are Implicated Reye’s Syndrome Toxic Encephalopathy in the Newborn References 14: Drug-Induced Disorders of Memory and Dementia Introduction to Drug-Induced Memory Impairment Definitions and Historical Note Drugs Associated with Memory Impairment Pathomechanisms of Drug-Induced Memory Disturbances Epidemiology Prognosis of Drug-Induced Memory Disturbances Prevention Differential Diagnosis Diagnostic Workup Management of Drug-Induced Memory Impairment Drug-Induced Dementia Definitions and Historical Note Clinical Manifestations Drugs Associated with Dementia Pathomechanism of Drug-Induced Dementia Epidemiology of Drug-Induced Dementia Factors that Predispose to Drug-Induced Dementia Prevention of Drug-Induced Dementia Differential Diagnosis of Drug-Induced Dementia Diagnostic Workup Management of Drug-Induced Dementia References 15: Drug-Induced Disturbances of Consciousness Introduction Drug-Induced Syncope Clinical Manifestations Prognosis and Complications Pathomechanism of Syncope Drug-Induced Hypotension Drug-Induced Cardiac Arrhythmias and Conduction Disturbances Epidemiology of Drug-Induced Syncope Prevention of Drug-Induced Syncope Differential Diagnosis of Syncope Diagnostic Workup Management of Drug-Induced Syncope Drug-Induced Delirium History Terminology Clinical Manifestations Prognosis and Complications of Delirium Drugs Associated with Delirium Underlying Disorders and Risk Factors for Delirium Anticholinergic Agents Antidepressants Antimicrobials Antiparkinsonian Drugs Antipsychotics Benzodiazepines Corticosteroids Interferons Cocaine Abuse Histamine H2-Receptor Antagonists Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs Opioid Analgesics Delirium Due to Drug Withdrawal Pathomechanism of Delirium Epidemiology of Drug-Induced Delirium Prevention of Drug-Induced Delirium Differential Diagnosis of Delirium Diagnostic Workup Management of Drug-Induced Delirium Anticholinergic Delirium Nonspecific Pharmacotherapy Delirium in Critically Ill Patients Management of Delirium After Drug Withdrawal Management of Delirium Associated with Anesthesia Management of Delirium in Special Groups Coma Due to Drug Intoxication Clinical Manifestations Drugs that Can Cause Coma Pathomechanism of Drug-Induced Coma Opiates Benzodiazepines Barbiturates Cephalosporins Propofol Valproic Acid Antipsychotic Medications Anticholinergic Syndrome Cholinergic Syndrome Sympatholytic Syndrome Salicylate Intoxication Cyanide Poisoning Alcohol and Related Substances Coma Due to Acute Intoxication with Synthetic Cannabinoids Coma Due to Drug-Induced Cerebrovascular Disorders Drugs Producing Hypoglycemia Drugs Producing Hyponatremia Miscellaneous Drugs with Reports of Coma Epidemiology of Drug-Induced Coma Prevention of Drug-Induced Coma Differential Diagnosis of Drug-Induced Coma Diagnostic Workup Management of Drug-Induced Coma Correction of Acid-Base Disturbances Management of Secondary Cerebral Injuries Discontinuation of the Offending Drug Detoxification Drug Clearance Therapy Use of Drug Antagonists Removal of the Unabsorbed Drug Hyperbaric Oxygen Combination of Various Methods References 16: Drug-Induced Neuropsychiatric Disorders Introduction Behavioral Toxicity Psychoactive Drugs and Motor Vehicle Accidents Behavioral “Disinhibition” Pathomechanisms of Drug-Induced Psychiatric Adverse Effects Drug-Induced Depression Pathomechanism of Drug-Induced Depression Antidepressants and Suicide Drugs Associated with Depression Drug-Induced Anxiety and Panic Disorders Drug-Induced Mania and Hypomania Drug-Induced Hallucinations Catatonia Drug-Induced Psychoses Anabolic Steroids Anticholinergic Drugs Antidepressants Antiepileptic Drugs Antihistaminics Antimalarials Antimicrobials Antineoplastic Drugs Antiparkinsonian Drugs Baclofen Benzodiazepines Cardiovascular Drugs Clomiphene CNS Stimulants Corticosteroids Cytokines Metronidazole Neuroleptic Withdrawal Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) Opioid Analgesics Zolpidem Drug-Induced Cerebral Insufficiency References 17: Neurologic Effects of Drug Abuse Introduction Terminology Epidemiology of Drug Abuse Abused Drugs Opioids Psychostimulants Cocaine Miscellaneous CNS Stimulants Sedatives and Hypnotics Benzodiazepines Miscellaneous Drugs Cannabis (Marijuana) Psilocybin Pathomechanism of Drug Abuse Neurological Adverse Effects of Illicit Drugs Seizures in Drug Abuse Injuries to the Nervous System in Drug Abuse CNS Infections in Drug Abuse Stroke in Drug Abusers Mental Alterations in Drug Abuse Alcoholic Neurologic Disorders Pathogenesis of Alcohol-Induced Damage to the Nervous System Neuroprotection Against Neurotoxicity of Alcohol References 18: Drug-Induced Sleep Disorders Introduction Clinical Features of Sleep Disorders Induced by Drugs Pathomechanism of Drug-Induced Sleep Disorders Central Disorder of Hypersomnolence Drug-Induced Drowsiness Insomnia Due to Drugs or Substances Vivid Dreams and Nightmares Sleepwalking Drug-Induced Disorders of Breathing During Sleep Pathomechanism of Drug-Induced Sleep Apnea Sleep Paralysis Drug-Induced Enuresis Drug-Induced Sleep Bruxism Drug-Induced Sleep-Related Eating Disorders Drug-Induced Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder Drug-Induced Restless Legs Syndrome Sleep-Related Adverse Effects of Drugs According to Therapeutic Categories Antidepressants Antiemetic Drugs Antiepileptic Drugs Antihistaminics Antiobesity Drugs Antiparkinsonian Drugs Antipsychotic Drugs Cardiovascular Drugs CNS Stimulant Drugs Corticosteroids Hypnotic Drugs Epidemiology of Drug-Induced Sleep Disorders Prevention of Drug-Induced Sleep Disorders Differential Diagnosis of Drug-Induced Sleep Disorders Diagnostic Workup of Patients with Drug-Induced Sleep Disorders Management of Drug-Induced Sleep Disorders Drug-Induced Insomnia Antipsychotic-Induced Sleep Disorders Drug-Induced Sleep Disturbances in Parkinson Disease References 19: Drug-Induced Seizures Introduction Clinical Manifestations Pathomechanism of Drug-Induced Seizures Drugs Associated with Seizures Anesthetics and Seizures Antidepressants and Seizures Antimicrobial Agents and Seizures Antipsychotic Agents and Seizures Aggravation of Seizures by Antiepileptic Drugs Epidemiology of Drug-Induced Seizures Prevention of Drug-Induced Seizures Differential Diagnosis of Drug-Induced Seizures Diagnostic Workup of Patients with Drug-Induced Seizures Management of Drug-Induced Seizures References 20: Drug-Induced Movement Disorders Introduction Terminology and Classification of Movement Disorders Antipsychotic Drugs Adverse Effects of Antipsychotic Agents Assessment of Neurological Status of Schizophrenic Patients Pathomechanisms of Drug-Induced Movement Disorders Factors That Influence the Onset of Drug-Induced Movement Disorders Akathisia Classification of Akathisia Pathomechanism of Akathisia Epidemiology of Akathisia Prevention Differential Diagnosis Management of Akathisia Akinetic Mutism Asterixis Athetosis Ballism Chorea Phenytoin-Induced Chorea Acute Dystonia Pathomechanism of Dystonia Treatment of Dystonia Acute Dystonia Tardive Dystonia Oculogyric Crises Myoclonus Restless Legs Syndrome Tics Tremor Drug-Induced Tremor Tardive Tremor Drug-Induced Parkinsonism Epidemiology of DIP Clinical Features of DIP Pathomechanism of DIP Risk Factors for DIP Course and Prognosis of DIP Management of Antipsychotic-Induced Parkinsonism Non-antipsychotic Drugs That Induce Parkinsonism Differentiation of Idiopathic PD from DIP Extrapyramidal Disorders Due to Antipsychotics and Anti-dementia Drugs References 21: Tardive Dyskinesia Introduction Clinical Features Rating Scales for TD Epidemiology of TD Risk Factors for Tardive Dyskinesia Pathomechanism of TD Differential Diagnosis of TD Drug-Induced TD Variants of TD Management of TD Prevention of TD Treatment of TD Tardive Dystonia Pathophysiology Epidemiology Prognosis and Complications Management Pharmacotherapy Surgery for Tardive Dystonia Dyskinesias Associated with Antiparkinsonian Drugs Levodopa-Induced Dyskinesias Clinical Features of LID Risk Factors for PID Pathophysiology Management of LID Drug-Induced Extrapyramidal Syndromes References 22: Drug-Induced Headaches Introduction Classification Drugs and Other Substances Reported to Induce Headache Clinical Features of Drug-Induced Headaches Risk Factors of Drug-Induced Headache Pathomechanism of Drug-Induced Headache Headache Remedies That Induce Headaches Ergotamine Headaches Propranolol Sumatriptan Headaches Induced by Other Drugs and Substances Alcohol Anesthetic Agents