Management of Acute Kidney Problems

Description

Acute kidney failure is an important clinical area in the intensive care unit setting. An estimated 5–20% of critically ill patients experience an episode of acute kidney failure during the course of their illness, and about 5% of patients admitted to an ICU will eventually require renal replacement therapy. In these patients, in-hospital mortality is extremely high, exceeding 50%. Thus, the early detection and causal treatment of acute kidney problems is vitally important for a successful outcome. Written by internationally renowned experts, this clinical reference offers helpful advice with the most recent information on definition epidemiology pathophysiology clinical causes of acute kidney failure differential diagnostic approaches for patients with acute renal failure various key aspects related to the adequate delivery of acute renal replacement therapy It also gives a detailed outline of important measures for their clinical management. This reference is intended as a helpful guide for all clinicians involved in the care of patients at risk of developing acute kidney problems. Front Matter....Pages i-xxxv Front Matter....Pages 1-1 Definition and Classification of Acute Kidney Injury....Pages 3-9 Front Matter....Pages 12-12 Mechanisms of Acute Kidney Injury and Repair....Pages 13-20 Uremic Toxins....Pages 21-31 Prerenal Acute Kidney Failure....Pages 33-37 Intrinsic Acute Kidney Injury....Pages 39-51 Urinary Tract Obstruction....Pages 53-61 Epidemiology of Acute Kidney Injury....Pages 63-73 Economic Impact of Acute Kidney Failure....Pages 75-80 Front Matter....Pages 82-82 Clinical and Laboratory Evaluation....Pages 83-93 Kidney Function Tests and Urinalysis....Pages 95-108 Renal Ultrasound....Pages 109-116 Management of Acute Kidney Problems: Indications for Renal Biopsy in Acute Renal Disease....Pages 117-122 Front Matter....Pages 124-124 Volume Resuscitation and Management....Pages 125-130 Management of Electrolyte Disorders....Pages 131-138 Acid–Base Balance....Pages 139-146 Monitoring and Management of Systemic Hemodynamics....Pages 147-154 Treatment of Anemia....Pages 155-160 Metabolic Alterations and Nutrition in AKI....Pages 161-168 Glucose, Insulin, and the Kidney....Pages 169-180 Bleeding and Hemostasis....Pages 181-196 Front Matter....Pages 124-124 Neurological Problems....Pages 197-207 Gastrointestinal Complications of Acute Kidney Injury....Pages 209-220 Cardiovascular Complications of Acute Kidney Injury....Pages 221-227 Acute Kidney Injury: Specific Interventions and Drugs....Pages 229-239 Drug Dosing in Acute Kidney Injury and During Renal Replacement Therapy....Pages 241-251 Anesthesia in Patients with Kidney Failure....Pages 253-258 Front Matter....Pages 260-260 Long-Term Outcome of Acute Kidney Injury....Pages 261-267 Front Matter....Pages 270-270 Acute Kidney Injury in Sepsis....Pages 271-279 Kidney in Acute Heart Failure and Cardiogenic Shock....Pages 281-285 Acute Kidney Problems in Congestive Heart Failure....Pages 287-295 Hepatorenal Syndrome....Pages 297-304 Malignant Hypertension....Pages 305-316 Toxic Nephropathy Due to Drugs and Poisons....Pages 317-328 Toxic Nephropathy Due to Radiocontrast Media....Pages 329-336 Acute Glomerulonephritis, Vasculitis, and Pulmonary Renal Syndrome....Pages 337-347 Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome/Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura....Pages 349-364 Acute Tubulointerstitial Nephritis....Pages 365-372 Myoglobinuric Acute Kidney Failure....Pages 373-382 Tropical Infections and Acute Kidney Injury....Pages 383-391 AIDS and Acute Kidney Failure....Pages 393-402 Front Matter....Pages 270-270 Acute Kidney Injury in Oncological Disorders and Tumor Lysis Syndrome....Pages 403-411 Kidney Failure Following Cardiovascular Surgery....Pages 413-428 Burns and Acute Kidney Failure....Pages 429-437 Acute Kidney Transplant Failure....Pages 439-443 Acute Kidney Failure During Pregnancy and Postpartum....Pages 445-458 Acute Kidney Failure in Children....Pages 459-467 Front Matter....Pages 470-470 Indications to Start Kidney Replacement Therapy....Pages 471-479 Principles of Extracorporeal Therapy: Haemodialysis, Haemofiltration and Haemodiafiltration....Pages 481-489 Membranes for Dialysis and Hemofiltration....Pages 491-505 Dialysates and Substitution Fluids....Pages 507-513 Intermittent Hemodialysis....Pages 515-523 Continuous Renal Replacement Therapies....Pages 525-535 Extended Daily Dialysis....Pages 537-545 Quantifying the Dose of Acute Kidney Replacement Therapy....Pages 547-557 Anticoagulation for Acute Dialysis....Pages 559-575 Vascular Access for Acute Dialysis....Pages 577-589 Principles and Practice of Acute Peritoneal Dialysis....Pages 591-601 Choosing a Therapy Modality for Acute Renal Replacement Therapy....Pages 603-607 Acute Kidney Replacement Therapy in Children....Pages 609-616 Stopping Acute Kidney Replacement Therapy....Pages 617-625 Front Matter....Pages 628-628 Extracorporeal Therapies and Immunomodulation During Sepsis....Pages 629-636 Extracorporeal Liver Support....Pages 637-645 Extracorporeal Removal of Drugs and Toxins....Pages 647-659 Back Matter....Pages 661-678