Carbon Nanomaterials for Agri-food and Environmental Applications (Micro and Nano Technologies)

Description

Carbon Nanomaterials for Agri-food and Environmental Applications discusses the characterization, processing and applications of carbon-based nanostructured materials in the agricultural and environmental sectors. Sections discuss the synthesis and characterization of carbon nanotubes, the technological developments in environmental applications of carbon-based nanomaterials, and agri-food applications. The book also covers the toxic effects of engineered carbon nanoparticles on the environment, and in plants and animals. Finally, quality control and risk management are addressed to assess health and environmental risks. This is an applicable book for graduate students, researchers and those in industrial sectors of science and technology who want to learn more about carbon nanomaterials. Front Matter Copyright Contributors About the editor Preface Carbon nanomaterials: 30  years of research in agroecosystems Introduction Types of carbon nanomaterials Carbon nanotubes Graphene Fullerenes Carbon nanomaterial applications Environmental applications Heavy metal removal Oil spill recovery Air pollution Water purification Agricultural applications Smart agriculture Antimicrobial agents Fertilizers Nanopesticides Pesticides sensing Pesticide remediation Plant protection Mycotoxin extraction Mycotoxins detection Mycotoxin reduction Gene delivery Conclusion and future outlook References Further reading Carbon nanotubes: Synthesis, characterization, and applications Introduction Electrical and thermal properties Mechanical properties Synthesis methods Arc discharge Laser ablation Ball milling Chemical vapor deposition Flame method Saline solution method Spray pyrolysis method Characterization X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy Infrared spectroscopy Raman spectroscopy Transmission electron microscope X-ray diffraction Carbon nanotube applications Drug delivery, genetic engineering Artificial implants and biomedical applications Field emission source in electronic devices Sensors Supercapacitor Water treatment Toxicity of CNTs Conclusion Acknowledgment References Further Reading Graphene-based nanocomposites: Synthesis, characterizations, and their agri-food applications Concepts of graphene Properties of graphene Electronic properties Mechanical properties Surface area Preparation of graphene-based nanocomposites Graphene synthesis from foodstuffs Preparation of reduced graphene oxide Preparation of nickel or cobalt oxide/graphene nanocomposites Preparation of graphene oxide chitosan nanocomposite Characterization of graphene-based nanocomposite Fourier Transform infrared spectrophotometer X-ray diffraction Average particle size and zeta potential measurements Morphological studies of nanomaterials Transmission electron microscopy Scanning electron microscopy Atomic force microscopy The importance of graphene-based nanocomposites Applications of graphene-based nanocomposites Biological applications Graphene in detecting food quality Detection of chemical contaminants Detection of food composition Detection of pesticides Conclusion and future perspectives Acknowledgment References Novel trends for synthesis of carbon nanostructures from agricultural wastes Introduction History of carbon nanotubes Chemical vapor deposition Synthesis of CNTs from natural carbon precursors Synthesis of CNTs from agro-residues precursors CVD-assisted thermal treatment of agroresidues as substrates Microwave plasma irradiation technology Direct pyrolysis in a column reactor Agricultural wastes for synthesis of CNMs: Benefits and limitations Conclusion and future perspectives References Improving diesel engine performance using carbon nanomaterials Introduction Experimental setups and methodology Jatropha biodiesel preparation Carbon nanomaterial-diesel-biodiesel-alcohol blend preparation Heat release rate model Results and discussions Effect of adding GNPs to Jatropha biodiesel-diesel blend Cylinder pressure Summarization of engine performance and emission characteristics Carbon nanomaterials in Jatropha biodiesel- n -butanol blend Conclusion and future perspectives Acknowledgments References Further reading Biosorbents for heavy metal removal from dilute aqueous solution Introduction: The metal ions Biosorption Flotation-separation-regeneration Actinomycetes Fungi Industrial wastes Carbon nanotubes Other Conclusions References Further reading Carbon nanomaterial applications in air pollution remediation Introduction Nanobioremediation Carbon nanomaterials (CNMs): forms and mode of action Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) Fullerenes Graphene and its derivatives Applications Carbon nanomaterials and removal of air pollutants Carbon nanotube filters CNM-supported gas sensors Future prospective Conclusion References Further reading Carbon-based sponges for oil spill recovery Introduction Oil spill recovery: Advancement in carbon-based materials and systems Carbon fillers for oil spill recovery sponges Carbon sponges for oil spill recovery Performance evaluation and characterization of oil spill recovery materials Absorption testing Kinetics Pseudo first-order kinetic model Pseudo second-order kinetic model Elovich model Intraparticle diffusion model Reusability Recent developments Conclusions and future trends References Graphene and activated graphene as adsorbents for removal of heavy metals from water resources Introduction Materials and methods Synthesis of graphene G-ASP2 Activation of G-ASP2 Reagents and chemicals Characterization methods Adsorption experiment Results and discussion Characterization of graphene Adsorption studies Kinetic studies Competitive adsorption on G-ASP2 and AG-ASP2 in single and multimetal systems Conclusion References Graphene quantum dot-based nanostructures for water treatment Introduction The global water demand Water pollution: Sources and impact Graphene quantum dots: Structure, preparation, and properties Graphene quantum dots in water treatment Graphene quantum dot heterostructures for degradation of organic pollutants Graphene quantum dot-derived nanostructures for water disinfection and heavy metal reduction Graphene quantum dot-derived nanocomposites in adsorption and membrane filtration Conclusion Acknowledgments References Carbon-based nanosensors: An efficient tool for use in the food industry and agricultural and environmental sectors Introduction Carbon-based nanomaterials Classification of carbon nanomaterials Fullerenes Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) Graphene oxide Graphene quantum dots Carbon quantum dots Nanosensors and their types Nanosensor applications Graphene-featured nanosensors for food-related applications Pathogen detection Food packaging Food safety Food processing Carbon quantum dot-based nanosensors and their exploitation in the agriculture sector Development of carbon nanosensors for environmental application CNT/carbon dot/graphene-based nanosensors for heavy metal detection Conclusion Acknowledgment References Further reading Toxic effects of engineered carbon nanoparticles on environment Introduction CNP structure CNP synthesis Characterization of CNPs Properties of CNPs Applications of CNPs Cancer treatment Drug delivery Bioimaging Energy storage and high-capacity lithium sulfur batteries Sources of CNPs in the environment Natural sources of CNPs (nCNPs) Wildfire charcoal Fuel combustion Fossil coal Biochar Soot Engineered CNPs (eCNPs) Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) Fullerene Graphene Graphene oxide 3D hybrid assembly Environmental transformation of CNPs: Release and fate Chemical transformation Physical transformation Biological transformation Environmental perspective and eco-nanotoxicology: Hazards and risks Impacts on aqua/marine ecosystem Impacts on terrestrial ecosystem Impacts on human health and well-being Way forward: Challenges and recommendations Concluding remarks References Further reading Carbon nanostructures: detection, controlling plant diseases and mycotoxins Introduction Types of carbon-based nanomaterials Carbon nanotubes Single-walled carbon nanotube structure Multiwalled carbon nanotube structures Fullerenes Graphene Chemical features and properties of carbon-based nanoparticles Features of carbon-based nanomaterials Physical, electrical, and thermal properties of carbon-based nanomaterials Carbon-based nanomaterial interaction with attached other chemicals Antimicrobial activity against plant pathogens Plant pathogen diagnosis Nanodiagnosis and nanosensors through carbon nanoparticles Graphene-DNA-based sensors Mycotoxin detection using nanoparticles Reduction of mycotoxins Mycotoxin purifications Conclusion References Carbon nanotubes: Plant gene delivery and genome editing Introduction Nanomaterial for gene delivery in plants Types of carbon nanomaterials used in gene delivery CNTs in genetic engineering CNTs for gene delivery in plants CNTs plant cell entering Gene entry mechanism Future prospective CNTs as a novel tool for plant genome editing Conclusion References Further reading Nanocarbon fertilizers: Implications of carbon nanomaterials in sustainable agriculture production Introduction Carbon nanomaterials Types and synthesis of nanocarbon Fullerenes (C 60) Carbon nanotubes Graphene and graphene quantum dots Carbon nanohorns Carbon dots (photoluminescent) Nanocarbon as a fertilizer Role of nanocarbon in plant growth The positive impact of nanocarbon on plant growth The adverse impact of nanocarbons on plant growth Future prospects of nanocarbon as fertilizer Conclusion References Further reading Micro/nano biochar for sustainable plant health: Present status and future prospects Introduction What is biochar? Biochar production by pyrolysis What is nanobiochar? Biochar applications in agriculture Silage and compost agents Plant growth improvement Carbon fertilizer Plant disease control Controlled-release fertilizer Biochar to remediate pesticides Micro- and nanobiochar for decontamination of wastewater Effect of biochar on soil microbial communities Conclusion and future prospective Acknowledgments References Further reading Potential of nanoscale carbon-based materials for remediation of pesticide-contaminated environment Introduction Carbon-based materials used for pesticide removal Biochar Activated carbon Fullerene Graphene, graphene oxide, and reduced graphene oxide Carbon nanotubes Carbon-doped TiO 2 photocatalytic nanocomposites Applications and benefits of individual carbon materials Biochar Activated carbon Fullerene Graphene, graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide Carbon nanotubes Carbon-doped TiO 2 nanocomposites Conclusion Acknowledgments References Nanocarbon-based sensors for pesticide detection: Recent trends Introduction Carbon-based pesticide nanosensors CNTs as pesticides sensors Electrochemical acetylcholinesterase (AChE, E.C.3.1.1.7) Molecularly imprinted polymers/CNTs sensors CNT nanocomposites sensors Ionic liquid (IL)/CNT sensors Fullerene and quantum dot/CNT sensors Aptasensors for pesticide detection Amperometric sensors for pesticide detection Conclusion and future perspectives References Further reading Carbon nanotubes: An efficient sorbent for herbicide sensing and remediation Introduction Types of carbon nanotubes The agricultural importance of carbon nanotubes Herbicides Types of herbicides Contact herbicides Systemic herbicides Negative effects of herbicides Humans Soil and water Microorganisms Nanomaterials for herbicides remediation Carbon nanotubes for pesticide remediation Carbon nanotubes for herbicide sensing Herbicide purification Herbicide detection Carbon nanotubes for herbicide remediation Remediation mechanism Three general mechanisms of organic chemical adsorption on CNTs Heterogeneous adsorption Hysteresis Multiple mechanisms acting simultaneously Conclusions and upcoming views References Further reading Effect of nanocarbons on physical and mechanical properties of soils Introduction Soil reinforcement Nano-reinforcement Materials Soil Nanocarbons Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) Carbon nanofibers (CNFs) Preparation of nanocarbon-soil mixtures Experimental laboratory test program pH test X-ray diffraction (XRD) Atterberg limits test Unconfined compressive strength (UCS) test Indirect tensile test Direct shear test Impact of the physicochemical and mechanical of nanocarbon reinforcement The pH test X-ray diffraction (XRD) Atterberg limits test Unconfined compressive strength (UCS) test Indirect tensile test Direct shear test Conclusion References Further Reading Interaction of carbon nanotubes with rhizosphere microbial communities Introduction Carbon nanotubes Properties of CNTs Structure of CNTs Types of CNTs Single-walled carbon nanotubes Multiple walled carbon nanotubes Properties of MWCNTs and SWCNTs Factors affecting the structure Synthesis of CNTs Arc discharge method Laser ablation method Flame pyrolysis Purification of CNTs Advantages Antimicrobial applications of CNTs Factors affecting the antimicrobial activates of CNTs Effects of solid/liquid interaction with CNTs Effect of electronic structure on antimicrobial activity Lethal effect of CNTs on biofilm formation Effect of CNTs on soil microbial communities Impacts of CNTs on living organisms and plants Toxicity of CNTs Conclusion References Further reading Nanocarbons: Antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral activity and the underlying mechanism Introduction Antimicrobial activity of carbon nanostructures Antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral activities of fullerene Antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral activities of carbon nanotubes Antibacterial and antifungal activities of graphene Antibacterial and antifungal activity of Nanodiamond, diamond-like carbon, and diamond thin films Management of plant diseases Conclusion and perspectives References Toxic and beneficial effects of carbon nanomaterials on human and animal health Introduction Types and synthesis of carbon-based nanomaterials Fullerenes Nanotubes (crystal form, graphite, and diamonds) Carbon nanotubes Synthesis of carbon nanotube Toxicity of carbon-based nanomaterials for human and animals cells Antimicrobial potential of carbon nanomaterials against bacterial and fungal cells Beneficial application of carbon nanomaterial for animal health and production Conclusions and future perspective Acknowledgment References Carbon nanomaterials (CNTs) phytotoxicity: Quo vadis? Introduction Negative effects of nanomaterials Negative effects of CNMs Phytotoxic effects of graphene nanomaterials Phytotoxic effects of fullerenes Phytotoxic effects of carbon nanotubes CNMs toxicity for soil-microbes CNM phytotoxicity mechanism Molecular mechanism Tools for detection of phytotoxicity mechanism Nanotoxicogenomics method Nanotoxicoproteomics method Conclusion and future trends References Further reading Application of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials in Food Preservation Area Introduction Carbon nanotube polymer nanocomposites Food packaging Analytical tools and biosensors for food analysis and safety CNT safety Conclusion References Further reading Risk management and regulatory aspects of carbon nanomaterials Introduction An overview of carbon nanotube research Toxicity studies of carbon nanotubes in vivo Respiratory toxicity Biodistribution of carbon nanotubes Toxicity of carbon nanotubes in vitro CNT toxicity investigations in animal cell lines CNT toxicity investigations in bacteria and yeast cells Ecotoxicity of carbon nanotubes Regulation of carbon nanomaterials Conclusions References Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z