A History of Psychology: The Emergence of Science and Applications

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Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Brief Contents Table of Contents Preface Acknowledgments Part I Historiographic and Philosophical Issues 1 Critical Issues in Historical Studies Why Study History? History Enriches Our Sense of Time History as a Contribution to Liberal Education History Teaches Humility History Teaches a Healthy Skepticism History Influences Human Thought Processes Some Problems in Historiography The Development of Historical Consciousness What Is History? Can History Be Objective? The Tyranny of the Present Is There a Pattern or Direction in History? What Makes History? The History of the History of Psychology Review Questions Glossary 2 Philosophical Issues Epistemology A Priori and A Posteriori Knowledge Nativism versus Empiricism Instinct versus Learning What Are the Criteria by Which We Claim to Know Truth? The Role of Emotions in Knowledge Science and Epistemology Relevance of Epistemology to Psychology The Problem of Causality Free Will and Determinism The Mind–Body Problem Monism Dualism Pluralism Psychogeny The Problem of Explanation Explanation by Analogies and Comparisons Review Questions Glossary Part II Early Psychological Thought Timeline: c. 600 BCE to AD 1600 3 Ancient Psychological Thought Early Chinese Psychologies Babylonia Egypt Other Ancient Eastern Psychologies The Hebrews Persia Greece The Cosmologists Early Greek Concepts of Illness Relativism The Golden Age of Greece Psychological Thought Following Aristotle Review Questions Glossary 4 The Roman Period and the Middle Ages Roman Medicine Galen Roman Philosophy Stoicism Epicureanism Neo-Platonism Skepticism The Fall of Rome The Early Christian Faith The Medieval Period Aurelius Augustine Islam Judaism in the Middle Ages The Rise of the European Universities Conclusion Review Questions Glossary 5 The Renaissance The Black Death A New Worldview: Expanding Geographic Knowledge Influence of the Greek Classics Diffusion of Authority Growth of Empirical Studies Quantification Changing Visions of the World The Heliocentric Theory Galileo Galilei The Larger Meaning of the Copernican Revolution Psychological Thought in the Renaissance Petrarch Niccolò Machiavelli Juan Luis Vives Leonardo da Vinci Paracelsus Michel de Montaigne Oliva Sabuco Juan Huarte Conclusion Review Questions Glossary Part III Modern Intellectual Developments That Contributed to the Birth of Psychology Timeline: 1600 to 1879 6 Empiricism, Associationism, and Utilitarianism Empiricism Francis Bacon John Locke George Berkeley David Hume Empiricism on the Continent Étienne Bonnot de Condillac Claude-Adrien Helvétius Associationism and Utilitarianism David Hartley Jeremy Bentham Mary Wollstonecraft James Mill John Stuart Mill Contributions of Empiricism Review Questions Glossary 7 Rationalism Emphasis on A Priori Knowledge Theory of the Active Mind Deduction versus Induction René Descartes Descartes’s Method Baruch Spinoza Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Monadology Immanuel Kant Sense Experience and Reason Social Psychology Johann Friedrich Herbart Thomas Reid and Commonsense Philosophy Enfranchising Curiosity Contributions of Rationalism Review Questions Glossary 8 Mechanization and Quantification Thomas Hobbes René Descartes Revisited Jan Swammerdam Niels Stensen Stephen Hales Robert Whytt Johann August Unzer Julien Offray de La Mettrie Mapping the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems Localization of Function Extending the Powers of Observation Speed of a Nervous Impulse Measuring Behavior Applications of the New Measurement Techniques Review Questions Glossary 9 Naturalism and Humanitarian Reform Evolutionary Theory Evolution of the Solar System Geological Evolution Evolution in Other Arenas of Intellectual Discourse Organic Evolution Charles Darwin Significance of Evolutionary Theory for Psychology Comparative Psychology Developmental Psychology Emphasis on Adaptation Individual Differences Herbert Spencer Naturalistic Approaches to Emotional Disorders Demonology The Witches’ Hammer The Demise of Witchcraft Humanitarian Reform Reform in the Treatment of People with Emotional Disorders Reform in Other Places Reform Becomes a Social Movement: Dorothea Dix Reform in the Care and Treatment of People with Cognitive Disabilities Women’s Reform Movements Review Questions Glossary Part IV Psychology from the Formal Founding in 1879 Timeline: 1875 to 2016 10 Psychophysics and the Formal Founding of Psychology Psychophysics Ernst Heinrich Weber Weber’s Work on the Sense of Touch Gustav Theodor Fechner Hermann von Helmholtz Wilhelm Wundt General Characteristics of Wundt’s Thought The Laboratory and the Broader Vision Some Key Concepts in Wundt’s System Wundt’s Legacy The Legacy of Wundt’s Students in Applied Psychology Review Questions Glossary 11 Developments after the Founding Systems Edward Bradford Titchener Titchener’s Psychology Margaret Floy Washburn: A Broader Psychology Franz Brentano and Act Psychology Brentano’s Psychology Carl Stumpf Georg Elias Müller Oswald Külpe and the Würzburg School Hermann Ebbinghaus Wundt’s Contemporaries and Applied Psychology Review Questions Glossary 12 Functionalism William James and Harvard University General Characteristics of James’s Thought Jamesian Psychology James’s Legacy Hugo Münsterberg Münsterberg’s Psychology G. Stanley Hall and Clark University Hall’s Psychology Functionalism and the University of Chicago John Dewey James Rowland Angell Harvey A. Carr Psychology at Columbia University James McKeen Cattell Robert Sessions Woodworth Mary Whiton Calkins The Growth of Applied Psychology Leta Stetter Hollingworth Helen Wooley Binet and Intelligence Testing Influence of Functionalism: An Evaluation Review Questions Glossary 13 Behaviorism Intellectual Antecedents of Behaviorism Ivan Petrovich Pavlov Edward Lee Thorndike Formal Founding of American Behaviorism John B. Watson Neobehaviorism Clark Leonard Hull Edwin Ray Guthrie Edward Chace Tolman Burrhus Frederic Skinner Behaviorism and Applied Psychology Review Questions Glossary 14 Gestalt Psychology Max Wertheimer Wolfgang Köhler Kurt Koffka Intellectual Background of Gestalt Psychology Philosophy Science Psychology The Fundamentals of Gestalt Psychology Principles of Perceptual Organization Thinking Learning Insight: A Further Challenge to the S–R Formula Developmental Concepts Gestalt Perspectives on Scientific Method Mind and Brain: Isomorphism The Influence of Gestalt Psychology Kurt Lewin and Field Theory Lewin’s Field Theory Tension Systems and Recall Group Dynamics Extension of Gestalt Principles Common Misunderstandings of Gestalt Psychology Gestalt Psychology and Gestalt Therapy Gestalt Psychology and Scientific Analysis Gestalt Psychology and Nativism The Role of Past Experience Gestalt Psychology and Applied Psychology The Continuing Relevance of Gestalt Psychology Review Questions Glossary 15 Psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud General Characteristics of Freud’s Thought Freud’s System of Psychology Life’s Major Goal and Its Inevitable Frustration The Structure of Personality Motivation and Unconscious Processes Anxiety Defense Mechanisms of the Ego Stages of Psychosexual Development Psychoanalysis as a Therapeutic Technique Freud’s Social Psychology Appreciative Overview Critical Overview Future Perspectives After Freud Alfred Adler Adler’s System of Psychology Carl Gustav Jung Jung’s Analytic Psychology Evaluation Karen Danielsen Horney Horney’s System of Thought Other Developments Review Questions Glossary 16 Humanistic Psychologies Intellectual Traditions William James Existentialism Phenomenology The Formal Emergence of Humanistic Psychologies Abraham Maslow Gordon Allport Carl R. Rogers Viktor Frankl Joseph F. Rychlak Overview of Third-Force Psychologies: Major Positions and Criticisms Review Questions Glossary 17 Beyond the Systems of Psychology The Systems of Psychology in Retrospect Psychoanalysis Humanistic Psychology Neobehaviorism and the Psychology of Learning Cognitive Psychology Intellectual Traditions Themes and Content Areas of Cognitive Psychology Critical Appraisal of Cognitive Psychology Clinical Psychology and Related Fields Critical Developments Biopsychology Enriched Environment Studies Split-Brain Research Studies of Synaptic Transmission Direct Electrical Stimulation of the Brain Measuring Brain Activity Psychopharmacology Behavioral Genetics Psychoneuroimmunology Social Psychology Intellectual Traditions Muzafer Sherif and the Autokinetic Effect Solomon Asch and Conformity Stanley Milgram and Destructive Obedience Current Developments Industrial-Organizational Psychology Intellectual Traditions Current Developments Review Questions Glossary 18 Prospects for the Twenty-First Century Globalization and Multiculturalism: Psychology in an Expanding World Changing Perspectives on Gender Intersectionality in the Psychology of Prejudice and Privilege Health Psychology Positive Psychology Ecopsychology Psychology and the Law Intellectual Traditions Hugo Münsterberg and Eyewitness Testimony Elizabeth F. Loftus Current Developments Resurgence of Motivation Evolving Scientific Methodologies Science and Faith Recent Events: EITs and the Hoffman Report Diversity and Pluralism in Modern Psychology Conclusion Review Questions Glossary References Illustration Credits Index