Advanced Diagnostics in Combustion Science

Description

This textbook, supported by the Textbook Publishing Center of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, provides a fundamental introduction to advanced diagnostics techniques for graduate students majoring in combustion science, chemistry, and chemical engineering-related subjects. The textbook provides an overview with respect to the spectroscopic methods in advanced diagnostics techniques such as gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, thermochemical analysis, Raman scattering, and nuclear magnetic resonance. It then describes the comprehensive basic theory, equipment structure, and testing methods of diagnostic techniques and summarizes the analysis methods commonly used in combustion chemical reaction processes. This can provide graduate students with important guidance and comprehensive understanding of diagnostics techniques before performing physics and chemistry experiments. In addition, it provides an introduction into using common mathematical and graphics packages for students to acquire and practice the tools to comply with international standards. The textbook is concise and illustrative and includes hot issues and current progress of diagnostics. In addition, exercises and questions are included at the end of each chapter for students to practice and gain hands-on experience. Given its scope, the textbook is of great benefit to graduate students in combustion chemistry and engineering and other related areas such as environmental science, optical engineering, and thermal science and is also beneficial for researchers with interdisciplinary backgrounds. Contents Contributors Abbreviations 1 Introduction to Advanced Diagnostic Techniques in Combustion Science 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Main Works of Advanced Diagnostics 1.3 Classification 1.4 Invasive Techniques 1.4.1 Temperature 1.4.2 Species Concentrations 1.4.3 Pressure Sensor 1.4.4 Particulates 1.5 Noninvasive Techniques 1.5.1 Visualization Techniques 1.5.2 Emission Spectroscopy 1.5.3 Absorption Spectroscopy 1.5.4 Laser-Induced Fluorescence (LIF) Spectroscopy 1.5.5 Scattering Techniques 1.5.6 Simultaneous Multidimensional and Multiparameter Laser Diagnostics 1.5.7 Interaction of Combustion Diagnostics, Theory, and Modeling 1.6 Exercises 1.7 Questions References 2 Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Theory 2.3 Literature Review 2.4 Recent Applications of GC/MS 2.4.1 Motored Engine Study 2.4.2 Alteration of Organic Matter 2.4.3 Identification of Historical Ink Ingredients 2.4.4 Analysis of Deteriorated Rubber-Based, Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives 2.4.5 Determination of Ergosterol as an Indicator of Fungal Biomass 2.4.6 Characterization and Evaluation of Smoke Tracers in PM 2.4.7 Trace Organic Species Emitted from Biomass Combustion and Meat Charbroiling Relative to Particle Size 2.4.8 Conversion of Rice Husks and Sawdust to Liquid Fuel via Pyrolysis 2.4.9 Coal Pyrolysis and Hydropyrolysis 2.4.10 Soot Formation 2.4.11 Desorption of Surface Oxides up to 1100 °C 2.4.12 Temperature-Programmed Desorption of Young Chars up to 1650 °C 2.4.13 Isotope-Labeling Techniques 2.5 Outlook 2.6 Exercises 2.7 Questions References 3 Thermal Analysis Methods 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Classification of Thermal Analysis 3.3 TA Instrumentation 3.4 Important Terminologies Used in Thermal Analysis 3.5 Thermogravimetry (TG) 3.5.1 TGA Instrumentation 3.5.2 The Design and Measuring Principle of TGA 3.5.3 Mechanism of Weight Change in TGA 3.5.4 Temperature Measurement 3.5.5 Temperature Control 3.5.6 Atmosphere Control 3.5.7 Presentation of TGA Data 3.5.8 Interpretation of TG and DTG Curve 3.5.9 Factors Affecting TG Curve 3.5.10 Sources of Error in TG 3.6 Differential Analysis (DTA) 3.6.1 Introduction 3.6.2 DTA Instrumentation 3.6.3 Working Principle of DTA 3.6.4 Interpretation of DSC and DTA Curves 3.6.5 DTA Calibration 3.7 Differential Scanning Calorimetric (DSC) 3.7.1 Introduction 3.7.2 Instrumentation and Working 3.7.3 Types of DSC 3.7.4 Working Principle of DSC 3.7.5 Generation of DSC Signals 3.7.6 Interpretation of DSC Curve 3.7.7 Modulated-Temperature DSC (MT-DSC) 3.8 Simultaneous Techniques 3.9 Applications 3.9.1 DSC, TG/DTG, and DTA Studies on Coal Samples 3.9.2 DSC, TG/DTG, and DTA Studies on Crude Oil Samples 3.9.3 DSC, TG/DTG, and DTA Studies on Oil Shale Samples 3.10 Conclusion 3.11 Exercises 3.12 Questions References 4 Gas Potentiometry Diagnostics in High-Temperature Environments 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Theoretical Foundations of Gas Potentiometry 4.2.1 Physico-Chemical Measuring Principle 4.2.2 Solid Electrolytes 4.2.3 Resume 4.3 GOP Application in Research and Industry 4.3.1 Materials, Design, and Systems 4.3.2 Analysis and Characterization of Gaseous and Liquid Fuel Combustion 4.3.3 Analysis and Characterization of Solid Fuel Conversion 4.3.4 Applications with Potential for Development 4.4 Outlook 4.5 Conclusion 4.6 Exercises 4.7 Questions References 5 Raman Scattering Diagnostics 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Theory of SRS Signal Estimation 5.3 Current Status in Multiscale Diagnostics 5.4 Designing and Building an SRS System 5.4.1 Excitation System 5.4.2 Spectroscopy System 5.4.3 Data Reduction 5.4.4 Flow Controller System Design 5.5 Outlook 5.6 Summary 5.7 Exercises 5.8 Questions References 6 Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Theory 6.3 Interpretation of CARS Spectra 6.4 Principle of CARS 6.5 Molecular Parameters 6.6 Instrumentation 6.6.1 CARS Instrumentation 6.6.2 BOXCARS Instrumentation 6.7 Experimental Set-Up 6.7.1 CARS System 6.7.2 Laser System 6.7.3 Signal Generation 6.7.4 Combustion Facility 6.7.5 CARS Signal Strength 6.7.6 Reference System 6.7.7 Detection and Spectra of Gases 6.7.8 CARS Thermometry 6.7.9 Concentration Measurement 6.7.10 Computer Control 6.7.11 Acquisition of CARS Spectra and Reduction 6.7.12 Errors 6.7.13 System Calibration 6.8 Commonly Used CARS Microspectroscopy Schemes 6.8.1 Narrowband CARS 6.8.2 Broadband CARS 6.8.3 Time and Frequency Domain CARS 6.9 Phase Matching 6.10 Introduction to Femtosecond Adaptive Spectroscopic Technique CARS (Fast CARS) 6.11 Typical Examples of Vibrational CARS Spectra: N2 and Other Simple Molecules 6.12 General Applications 6.12.1 Application of CARS in Coal-Seeded Flames 6.12.2 Application of CARS in Turbulent Combustion 6.13 Advantages and Disadvantages of CARS 6.13.1 Advantages of CARS 6.13.2 Disadvantages of CARS 6.14 Summary 6.15 Exercises 6.16 Questions References 7 Laser-Induced Fluorescence in Combustion Research 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Theory 7.3 LIF Applications 7.3.1 LIF of Combustion Species 7.3.2 Tracer LIF 7.3.3 High-Speed LIF 7.3.4 Combined LIF Techniques 7.4 Instrumentation 7.4.1 Excitation Sources 7.4.2 Detection Strategies 7.5 Outlook and Summary 7.6 Exercises 7.7 Questions References 8 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Fundamental Principles of NMR 8.3 Spin Physics 8.3.1 Nuclear Spin and Magnetic Properties 8.3.2 Nuclear Energy Levels and Transitions 8.3.3 Relaxation in NMR 8.3.4 Chemical Shift and Shielding 8.3.5 Spin Coupling and Spin Splitting 8.4 Experimental Setup 8.4.1 NMR Spectrometer Design 8.4.2 Spectrometer Preparation and Data Collection 8.4.3 Sensitivity and Resolution Enhancement 8.4.4 Field-Frequency Lock 8.4.5 Calibration 8.5 NMR Structure Analysis and Interpretation 8.5.1 1D NMR 8.5.2 2D NMR 8.6 NMR Spectroscopy 8.6.1 Continuous-Wave (CW) Spectroscopy 8.6.2 Multidimensional NMR Spectroscopy 8.6.3 Fourier-Transform Spectroscopy 8.6.4 Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy 8.7 Applications 8.7.1 Determination of Molecular Structure in Solids 8.7.2 Bio-Medical-MRI 8.7.3 Purity Determination 8.7.4 Investigations of Catalytic Mechanism and Dynamics in Catalytic Reactions of Syngas 8.7.5 In Situ and Ex Situ NMR Studies of Lithium-Ion Battery (LIB) and Sodium-Ion Battery (SIB) Materials 8.7.6 Solid-State NMR Studies of Nano-interfacial Multi-functional Composite Catalytic Materials 8.7.7 NMR Spectroscopy Applied in CO2 Capture After Combustion 8.7.8 NMR Applied for Different Coals’ Combustion Character 8.7.9 NMR Applied for Analysis of the Chemical Structure in Petroleum Coke 8.7.10 NMR Study of Combustion Characteristics of Crude Oils in Gas Turbine 8.8 Outlook 8.9 Exercises 8.10 Questions References