Recent Advances in Nano-Tailored Multi-Functional Cementitious Composites

Description

Over the past few years, concrete technology has advanced quite dramatically thanks to the use of a great variety of additives and admixtures, which have paved the way for the effective development of new-generation concrete mixtures. Among these additives and admixtures, nanomaterials used in construction materials such as paste, mortar, and concrete mixtures have become very popular recently. Much of the previous attention in regard to the utilization of nanomaterials in construction materials was specifically devoted to the characterization of their fresh-state, hydration, microstructure, pore structure, mechanical, transport, and durability properties. However, research into the tailoring of multi-functional properties of construction materials (especially cementitious) with the use of nanomaterials is still in its infancy. Recent Advances in Nano-Tailored Multi-Functional Cementitious Composites aims to capture recent major scientific advances and the current state of the art in multi-functional cementitious composites developed with nanomaterials. The book will provide researchers, engineers, and other stakeholders with an insight into future directions of multi-functional capabilities of cementitious composites. Chapters focus on the large-scale development, characterization, and application of multi-functional cementitious composites addressing the following topics: nano-modified concrete; strain-hardening cementitious composites; self-sensing concrete; self-healing and bacteria-based concrete; self-cleaning concrete; self-consolidating concrete; material/construction technology for 3D printing; thermal insulation capability; green concretes including geopolymer concrete; nanoscale characterization methods; low CO2 reactive magnesia cements; and future developments and challenges of nano-tailored cementitious composites. The book will be an essential reference resource for academic and industrial researchers, materials scientists, and civil engineers working on the development and application of nano-tailored multi-functional cementitious composites. Front Cover Recent Advances in Nano-Tailored Multi-Functional Cementitious Composites Copyright Page Contents List of contributors About the editors Foreword Preface References 1 Overview of tailoring cementitious composites with various nanomaterials 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Basic principles of tailoring cementitious composites with nanomaterials 1.2.1 Brief introduction of nanomaterials 1.2.2 Nano-core effect in bulk cement paste phase 1.2.2.1 Nano-effect Small size Large surface area 1.2.2.2 Core effect Intrinsic effect Nucleating effect Filling or bonding effect Pinning effect 1.2.3 Nano-core effect in interfacial transition zone 1.2.4 Nano-core effect zone 1.2.5 Factors affecting the nano-core effect 1.3 Dispersion of nanomaterials 1.3.1 Traditional methods 1.3.2 Functional modification 1.3.3 In-situ growing method 1.3.4 Assembled methods 1.3.5 Surface coating method 1.4 Tailoring cementitious composites with 0D nanomaterials 1.4.1 Nano-SiO2 1.4.1.1 Hydration 1.4.1.2 Rheology 1.4.1.3 Workability 1.4.1.4 Mechanical properties Static mechanical properties Dynamic mechanical properties 1.4.1.5 Durability 1.4.1.6 Functional properties Self-sensing properties Self-healing properties Thermal properties 1.4.2 Nano-TiO2 1.4.2.1 Hydration 1.4.2.2 Rheology 1.4.2.3 Workbality 1.4.2.4 Mechanical properties Static mechanical properties Dynamic mechanical properties 1.4.2.5 Durability 1.4.2.6 Functional properties Photocatalysis properties Electromagnetic shielding and absorption properties Self-sensing properties Self-healing properties 1.4.3 Nano-ZrO2 1.4.3.1 Workability 1.4.3.2 Durability 1.4.3.3 Mechanical properties Static mechanical properties Dynamic mechanical properties 1.4.4 Functional properties 1.4.4.1 Self-healing properties 1.5 Tailoring cementitious composites with 1D nanomaterials 1.5.1 Carbon nano-tubes 1.5.1.1 Hydration 1.5.1.2 Workability 1.5.1.3 Rheology 1.5.1.4 Mechanical properties Static mechanical properties Dynamic mechanical properties 1.5.1.5 Durability 1.5.1.6 Functional properties Self-sensing property Electromagnetic properties Damping properties Thermal properties Self-healing properties 1.5.2 Carbon nano-fibers 1.5.2.1 Hydration 1.5.2.2 Rheology 1.5.2.3 Workability 1.5.2.4 Mechanical properties 1.5.2.5 Durability 1.5.2.6 Functional properties Self-sensing properties 1.6 Tailoring cementitious composites with 2D nanomaterials 1.6.1 Graphene 1.6.1.1 Hydration 1.6.1.2 Rheology 1.6.1.3 Workability 1.6.1.4 Mechanical properties Static mechanical properties Dynamic mechanical properties 1.6.1.5 Durability 1.6.1.6 Functional properties Self-sensing properties Electromagnetic properties Thermal properties Thermoelectric properties Damping properties 1.6.2 Nano-BN 1.6.2.1 Hydration 1.6.2.2 Mechanical properties 1.6.2.3 Durability 1.6.2.4 Functional properties Oil–water separation properties 1.7 Applications of cementitious composites with nanomaterials 1.7.1 Structural health monitoring 1.7.2 Traffic detection 1.7.3 Pollutants purifying 1.7.4 Other applications 1.8 Prospects of cementitious composites with nanomaterials Acknowledgments References 2 Nano-tailored high-performance fiber-reinforced cementitious composites 2.1 Introduction 2.2 High-performance fiber-reinforced cementitious composites 2.2.1 Production and design parameters of high-performance fiber-reinforced cementitious composites 2.2.2 Evaluation of the mechanical properties of high-performance fiber-reinforced cementitious composites 2.2.3 Evaluation of the other properties of high-performance fiber-reinforced cementitious composites 2.2.4 Field applications of high-performance fiber-reinforced cementitious composites 2.3 Nanomaterials in high-performance fiber-reinforced cementitious composites 2.3.1 Types of nanomaterials used in high-performance fiber-reinforced cementitious composites 2.3.2 Advantages of using nanomaterials in high-performance fiber-reinforced cementitious composites 2.3.3 Application challenges of using nanomaterials in high-performance fiber-reinforced cementitious composites 2.4 Influence of using nanomaterials in high-performance fiber-reinforced cementitious composites 2.4.1 Early and the hardening stages of nano-tailored high-performance fiber-reinforced cementitious composites 2.4.2 Mechanical and durability properties of nano-tailored high-performance fiber-reinforced cementitious composites 2.4.3 Strain-hardening and crack propagation of nano-tailored high-performance fiber-reinforced cementitious composites 2.4.4 Structural applications of nano-tailored high-performance fiber-reinforced cementitious composites 2.5 Challenges and future perspectives References 3 Nano-tailored cementitious composites with self-sensing capability 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Nano-piezoresistive materials in cementitious composites: Recent advancements 3.3 Parameters influencing the sensing ability of nano-tailored cementitious composites 3.3.1 Intrinsic properties 3.3.2 Concentration of nanomaterials 3.3.3 Dispersion 3.3.4 Cementitious matrix properties 3.3.5 Surrounding conditions 3.4 Use of nanomaterials in self-sensing cementitious composites 3.4.1 Sensing of deformation and cracking under mechanical loading 3.4.2 Sensing of dynamic actions for traffic monitoring 3.4.3 Special self-sensing applications 3.5 Perspectives and conclusions References 4 Nanomaterials in self-healing cementitious composites 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Toward self-healing concrete 4.2.1 Autogenous healing 4.2.2 Autonomous healing 4.3 Nanomaterials for self-healing purposes 4.3.1 Nano-sized superabsorbent polymers 4.3.2 Nano-clays 4.3.3 Nano-silica 4.3.4 Carbon nano-tubes 4.3.5 Nano-iron 4.3.6 Nano-alumina 4.3.7 Nano-titania 4.3.8 Nano-fibers 4.4 Conclusions and future perspectives References 5 Nano-tailored TiO2-based photocatalytic cementitious systems for NOx reduction and air cleaning 5.1 Introduction 5.2 TiO2 as a photocatalyst 5.2.1 Structure of TiO2 5.2.2 Utilization of TiO2 for air purification 5.2.3 Photocatalytic property of TiO2 5.2.3.1 NOx degradation mechanism of TiO2 5.2.3.2 Factors affecting photocatalytic activity Specific surface area and particle size of TiO2 Crystal structure, crystallite size and crystalline phase of TiO2 Amount of TiO2 Pollutant concentration Temperature Irradiation Humidity 5.3 Utilization of TiO2 in cementitious systems for air purification purposes 5.3.1 Relationship between the quality of distribution of TiO2 particles in cement-based systems and NOx degradation capability 5.3.2 Relationship between the particle size of TiO2 in the cement-based systems and NOx degradation capability 5.3.3 Relationship between the amount of TiO2 in the cement-based systems and NOx degradation capability 5.3.4 Relationship between the type of TiO2 in the cement-based systems and NOx degradation capability 5.3.5 Relationship between the combined presence of metal/non-metals and TiO2 in the cement-based systems and NOx degradati... 5.3.6 Relationship between the mixture composition of cement-based systems and NOx degradation capability 5.3.7 Relationship between the abrasion/wearing/weathering of the surface of cement-based systems and NOx degradation capab... 5.3.8 Relationship between the curing age/condition of cement-based systems and NOx degradation capability 5.3.9 Relationship between the final surface texture of cement-based systems and NOx degradation capability 5.3.10 Relationship between operation-related parameters and NOx degradation capability 5.4 Conclusions Acknowledgment References 6 Nano-modification of the rheological properties of cementitious composites 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Theoretical background 6.2.1 Suspension rheology and rheological models for cement-based systems 6.3 Test methods 6.3.1 Rheometer test 6.3.1.1 Coaxial cylinder rheometer 6.3.1.2 Parallel rotating plates rheometers 6.3.1.3 Other rheometers 6.3.2 One-factor tests 6.4 Rheology of nano-modified cementitious composites 6.4.1 Nanoscale particles 6.4.1.1 Nano-silica 6.4.1.2 Nano-titania 6.4.1.3 Nano-zinc oxide 6.4.1.4 Nano-aluminum oxide 6.4.1.5 Nano-zirconium oxide 6.4.1.6 Nano-calcium carbonate 6.4.2 Nano-tubes and fibers 6.4.2.1 Carbon nano-tubes and nano-carbon fibers 6.4.3 Nano-plates 6.4.3.1 Nano-clay 6.4.3.2 Nano-graphene oxide 6.5 Conclusions References Further reading 7 Nano-modification in digital manufacturing of cementitious composites 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Implementation of nanomaterials in extrusion-based 3D concrete printing 7.2.1 Printing processes and required material behaviors 7.2.2 Nanomaterials as thixotropic agents 7.2.3 Comparison between polymeric viscosity modifying admixtures and nanomaterials 7.3 Effects of nano-additions on fresh and hardened state of concrete 7.3.1 Nano-silica 7.3.2 Nano-titania 7.3.3 Nano-clay 7.3.4 Nano-alumina 7.3.5 Other mineral additions 7.3.6 Carbon nano-tubes 7.3.7 Carbon nano-fibers, graphene oxide, and carbon black 7.4 Challenges with using nanomaterials as additives 7.4.1 Dispersion of nanomaterials 7.4.2 Safety issues 7.5 Conclusions and future prospects References 8 Thermal insulation of buildings through classical materials and nanomaterials 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Fundamentals of building physics 8.2.1 Heat transmission 8.2.2 Resistance (R-value) 8.2.3 Thermal conductivity, λ 8.2.4 Thermal transmittance (U-value) 8.2.5 Thermal capacity (C-value) 8.3 Energy-efficient buildings 8.4 Conventional insulation materials and methods 8.4.1 Mineral wool 8.4.2 Expanded polystyrene 8.4.3 Extruded polystyrene 8.4.4 Cellulose 8.4.5 Cork 8.4.6 Polyurethane 8.4.7 Non-zero energy buildings (nZEB) 8.5 Role of nanotechnology for building insulation 8.5.1 Nanotechnology and the construction industry 8.5.2 Nanotechnology applied to thermal insulation 8.5.3 Aerogels 8.5.4 Vacuum insulation panels 8.5.5 Gas-filled panel 8.5.6 Phase change materials 8.5.7 Nano-coatings for buildings 8.5.8 Types of nano-coatings 8.5.8.1 Hydrophilic and hydrophobic coatings 8.5.8.2 Flame-retardant coatings 8.5.8.3 Wear-resistant coatings 8.5.8.4 Antigraffiti coatings 8.5.8.5 Corrosion-resistant coatings 8.6 Energy-efficient coatings 8.6.1 Phase change materials 8.6.2 Electrochromic materials 8.6.3 Photovoltaic coatings 8.6.4 Nano-coating categorization 8.7 Conclusions References Further reading 9 Nano-modified green cementitious composites 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Types of nanomaterials used for modification of green cementitious composites 9.2.1 Nano-silica 9.2.2 Nano-titania 9.2.3 Carbon nano-tubes 9.2.4 Carbon nano-fibers 9.2.5 Carbon black nanoparticles 9.2.6 Most relevant lines of study using other nanoparticles 9.3 Properties 9.3.1 Shrinkage 9.3.2 Freeze-thaw damage 9.3.3 Abrasion or erosion 9.3.4 Nanotechnology for cementitious composites to triumph over their chemical deteriorations 9.3.4.1 Alkali–aggregate reactions 9.3.4.2 Sulfate attack 9.3.4.3 Acid attack 9.3.5 Thermal degradation 9.3.6 Compressive strength 9.3.7 Tensile strength 9.3.8 Water sorpitivity 9.3.9 Water absorption 9.3.10 Chloride ion penetration 9.3.11 Permeability 9.3.12 Drying shrinkage 9.3.13 Chloride diffusion 9.3.14 Corrosion 9.3.15 Microstructure 9.4 Conclusions and discussion References 10 Nano-modified geopolymer and alkali-activated systems 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Use of nanomaterials in cementitious binders 10.3 Properties of geopolymers and alkali-activated systems incorporating nanomaterials 10.3.1 Fresh properties 10.3.2 Mechanical properties 10.3.2.1 Compressive strength of geopolymer concrete containing nano-SiO2 10.3.2.2 OPC- and GGBFS-blended fly ash geopolymer concrete containing nanomaterials 10.3.2.3 Nanomechanical properties of fly ash geopolymer containing nano-SiO2 10.3.3 Microstructure development 10.3.3.1 Scanning electron microscope images 10.3.3.2 X-ray diffraction analysis of geopolymer with nano-SiO2 10.3.3.3 Pore structures of geopolymers with nano-SiO2 10.4 Durability of geopolymers containing nano-SiO2 10.4.1 Carbonation of geopolymers 10.4.2 Sulfate resistance of geopolymers 10.5 Concluding remarks Acknowledgments References 11 Nanoscale characterization of cementitious composites 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Nanoscale characterization techniques 11.2.1 Nano-indentation 11.2.2 Atomic force microscopy 11.2.3 Transmission electron microscopy 11.2.4 Nuclear magnetic resonance 11.2.5 Small-angle neutron scattering 11.2.6 X-ray computed nano-tomography 11.2.7 Other characterization techniques 11.3 Challenges and future perspectives References 12 Low CO2 reactive magnesia cements and their applications via nano-modification 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Production of reactive magnesia cements 12.2.1 Dry route 12.2.2 Wet route 12.3 Hydration and carbonation of reactive magnesia cements 12.3.1 Improving the hydration mechanism and mechanical performance of reactive magnesia cement-based materials via nano-mo... 12.3.2 Improving the carbonation mechanism and mechanical performance of reactive magnesia cement-based materials via nano-... 12.3.3 Limitations of carbonation diffusion 12.4 Durability of reactive magnesia cements 12.4.1 Nitric acid resistance of reactive magnesia cement-based concretes 12.4.2 Chloride, sulfate, freeze-thaw, and seawater resistance of reactive magnesia cement-based concretes 12.4.3 Corrosion resistance of reactive magnesia cement-based pastes 12.5 Nano-tailored strain-hardening reactive magnesia cementitious composites 12.5.1 Mechanical properties 12.5.2 Self-healing performance 12.6 Other applications 12.6.1 Reactive magnesia as alkali activator 12.6.2 Reactive magnesia to accelerate the activator and hydrated magnesium carbonates as nano-seeding materials 12.6.3 Hydraulic binders of MgO–hydromagnesite 12.6.4 Reactive magnesia cement for 3D printing 12.7 Future outlook Acknowledgments References 13 Future developments and challenges of nano-tailored cementitious composites 13.1 Background 13.2 Introduction 13.3 Future developments 13.3.1 Factors affecting the design of nano-tailored cement composites 13.3.2 Production of nano-tailored cementitious composites 13.3.3 Experimental techniques for characterization of nano-tailored cementitious composites 13.3.4 Multi-functional properties of nano-tailored cementitious composites 13.3.5 Enhancement mechanism of nano-tailored cementitious composites 13.3.6 Potential use of nano-tailored cementitious composites 13.4 Challenges 13.5 Summary References Index Back Cover