Breast Imaging

Description

Imaging of the Breast, by Drs. Lawrence Bassett, Mary Mahoney, Sophia Apple, and Carl D'Orsi, enables you to more accurately interpret the imaging findings for even your most challenging cases. A comprehensive look at breast imaging, it correlates radiologic images with pathology slides to strengthen the accuracy of your diagnosis. This entry in the Expert Radiology Series also addresses topics such as appropriateness criteria for various imaging approaches, the BI-RAD quality assessment and reporting tool, and image-guided interventional procedures. Access it all in full color in print and online. Confidently interpret breast imaging findings by looking at how various radiologic presentations correlate with pathology studies. Make the best imaging decisions with comprehensive coverage of the appropriateness criteria for various imaging modalities. Comply with accepted reporting standards thanks to in-depth information on Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data System. Enhance your interventional radiology skills with detailed guidance of these techniques. View breast pathology clearly with full-color images throughout. Search the complete text and all the illustrations online at www.expertconsult.com. Comprehensive breast imaging reference for best patient outcomes Front Cover Breast Imaging Copyright Contributors Preface Contents Section One: Introduction Chapter 1: History of Breast Imaging Pioneers of Mammography The Era of Technologic Progress Other Modalities For Breast Imaging Screening Mammography Education in Breast Imaging History of The Regulation of Mammography Recent Challenges and Accomplishments Suggested Readings References Chapter 2: Epidemiology of Breast Cancer Breast Cancer Statistics: Numbers and Rates International Comparisons United States Trends In Incidence, Mortality, and Survival Incidence and Race or Ethnicity Trends In Tumor Size, Stage at Diagnosis, and Survival Population Trends and Disease Control Programs Cumulative and Relative Risk Major Genes and Syndromes Associated With an Increased Risk of Breast Cancer Low Penetrance Breast Cancer Susceptibility Genes Conclusion Suggested Readings References Chapter 3: Screening Results, Controversies, and Guidelines Screening Modalities Higher Survival Rates Among Women With Screening-Detected Cancers Screening Mammography Guidelines Service Screening Results Adverse Consequences and Costs of Screening The 2009 U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Controversy Summary Suggested Readings References Section Two: Imaging Technologies Chapter 4: Mammography and Digital Equipment Equipment The Mammography Unit Equipment Performance Audits and Maintenance References Chapter 5: Computer-Aided Detection Basic Principles Evaluation of CADe Systems Comments Conclusions Suggested Readings References Chapter 6: Positioning in Mammography Equipment Anatomy Basic Concepts of Positioning Standard Mammographic Views Suggested Readings References Chapter 7: Clinical Image Evaluation Clinical Image Review Summary Suggested Readings References Chapter 8: Mammography Quality Control: Digital and Screen-Film Responsible Individuals Quality Control Tests Where to go for Help Summary Suggest Readings References Chapter 9: Ultrasound Equipment Transducers Spatial Resolution Harmonic Imaging Spatial Compound Imaging Field Of View Three-Dimensional And Four-Dimensional Ultrasound References Chapter 10: Ultrasound Indications and Interpretation A Brief History of Breast Ultrasound A Lexicon for Ultrasound Indications Chapter 11: Magnetic Resonance Equipment and Techniques The Basics of Magnetic Resonance Theory Breast Magnetic Resonance Protocols Recent Hardware Advancements and Techniques Artifact Avoidance Patient Preparation Summary References Chapter 12: Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Indications and Interpretation History Pathophysiology of Enhancement Advantages and Disadvantages Indications Evaluation of Known Breast Malignancy Screening Magnetic Resonance Imaging Evaluation of Tumor Response to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Evaluation of a Difficult or Equivocal Mammogram, Ultrasound Image, or Clinical Findings Imaging the Augmented Breast Techniques Image Assessment and Reporting Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Guided Biopsy and Wire Localization Summary Suggested Readings References Chapter 13 BI-RADS, Reporting, and Communication The Importance of The Communication Process Mammography Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Conclusion Suggested Readings References Section Three: Imaging of the Normal Breast Chapter 14: The Normal Breast Embryology and Development Anatomy, Histology, and Ultrasonography of Normal Breast Tissue Normal Ultrasonographic Anatomy Pathology of the Breast Genetic Susceptibility: Familial Risk of Breast Cancer Summary Suggested Readings References Section Four: Imaging of the Benign Breast Disease Chapter 15: Benign Cystic Lesions of the Breast Epidermal Inclusion Cysts and Sebaceous Cysts Galactocele Duct Ectasia Fibrocystic Change Suggested Readings References Chapter 16: Solid Benign Lesions of the Breast Fibroadenoma Intramammary Lymph Node Hamartoma Lipoma Fibromatosis Fibrosis Adenosis Diabetic Mastopathy Granular Cell Tumor Fat Necrosis Silicone Breast Prostheses Hemangioma Pseudoangiomatous Stromal Hyperplasia Myofibroblastoma Adenomyoepithelioma Nipple Adenoma Suggested Readings References Chapter 17: Proliferative Lesions Adenosis Radial Scar Ductal Hyperplasia Of Usual Type Gynecomastia Microglandular Adenosis Suggested Readings References Chapter 18: Typical Benign Calcifications Milk of Calcium Dermal Calcifications Dermatomyositis Substances on The Skin Vascular Calcifications Fat Necrosis Involuting Fibroadenomas Duct Ectasia With Secretory Calcifications Foreign Body Calcifications Pathology Suggested Readings References Chapter 19: High-Risk Breast Diseases Papillary Lesions Flat Epithelial Atypia Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia Lobular Neoplasia Phyllodes Tumor Suggested Readings References Chapter 20: Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases of the Breast Mastitis References Section Five: Imaging of the Breast Malignancies Chapter 21: Ductal Carcinoma in Situ and Paget’s Disease Ductal Carcinoma in situ Paget’s Disease of the Nipple Nipple Adenoma/Florid Papillomatosis of the Nipple Ductal Carcinoma in Situ Nuclear Grade Suggested Readings References Chapter 22: Invasive Ductal Carcinomas Invasive Ductal Carcinoma in Women Special Types Of Invasive Mammary Carcinoma Unusual Presentations of Breast Carcinoma Breast Cancer in the Male Suggested Readings References Chapter 23: Invasive Lobular Carcinoma Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Differential Diagnosis From Clinical Presentation From Imaging Findings From Pathology Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Suggested Readings References Chapter 24: Other Malignant Breast Diseases Hematopoietic Diseases of the Breast Malignant Phyllodes Tumor Mammary Sarcomas Metastatic Diseases to the Breast Commentary Suggested Readings References Chapter 25: The Effect of Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy and Radiation Therapy on Breast Tissue Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Radiation Therapy Suggested Readings References Section Six: Appropriateness Criteria for Breast Imaging Workup Chapter 26: American College of Radiology Appropriateness Criteria Background Methodology Discussion Current Breast Appropriateness Criteria Topics Suggested Readings References Chapter 27: Appropriate Management of Masses Workup of a Possible Mass on Screening Mammography Summary References Chapter 28: Appropriate Management of Calcifications Evaluation of Calcifications Approach for Biopsy Use of Ultrasonography And Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) in the Evaluation of Breast Calcifications Summary Suggested Readings References Section Seven: Interventional Approaches Chapter 29: Image-Guided Percutaneous Biopsy Validation of Imaging-Guided Percutaneous Biopsy Ultrasound-Guided Percutaneous Tissue Sampling Stereotactic-Guided Percutaneous Breast Biopsy MRI-Guided Percutaneous Tissue Sampling Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytology Conclusion Suggested Readings References Chapter 30: Galactography Procedure Interpretation Other Modalities Contraindications and Complications Management References Chapter 31: Presurgical Needle Localization Procedure Suggested Readings References Chapter 32: Specimen Processing in Pathology Fine-Needle Aspiration (FNA) of Breast Lesions Core Needle Biopsy of Breast Lesions Incisional Biopsy of Breast Lesion Excisional Biopsy of Breast Lesion Gross Tumor Size Measurement Method Microscopic Tumor Size Measurement Method Re-Excisional Biopsy After Lumpectomy Mastectomy Microscopic Evaluation of Surgical Margins Sentinel Lymph Node Sample Intraoperative Consultation/Frozen Section Breast Biomarkers Report for Breast Cancer Specimens Summary Suggested Readings References Chapter 33: Post-Biopsy Management Assessing for Concordance Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia Radial Scar Papillary Lesions Lobular Neoplasia Columnar Cell Lesions Sclerosing Adenosis False-Positive Results Communication Responsibilities Summary Suggested Readings References Section Eight: The Surgically Altered Breast Chapter 34: The Conservatively Treated Breast Clinical Trials of Breast-Conserving Therapy Selection of Women For Breast-Conserving Therapy Routine Mammography After Radiation Therapy Tumor Recurrence in the Irradiated Breast Benign Sequelae Mimicking Recurrence Suggested Readings References Chapter 35: The Augmented Breast Methods of Breast Augmentation and Reconstruction Imaging Technique and Findings Comparison of Different Imaging Modalities Summary Suggested Readings References Chapter 36: Reduction Mammoplasty Imaging Indications and Algorithm Imaging Technique and Findings Suggested Readings References Section Nine: Regulations in Breast Imaging Chapter 37: The Mammography Quality Standards Actand Accreditation The Mammography Quality Standards Act of 1992 Mammography Quality Standards Reauthorization Act of 1998 Key Players In The Mammography Quality Standards Act The Interim Rules Mammography Quality Standards: The Final Rules American College of Radiology Mammography Accreditation Program Summary References Chapter 38: The Medical Audit:Statistical Basis of Clinical Outcomes Analysis Collection of Audit Data: What System Should Be Used? The Data: What Should Be Collected? What Should Be Calculated? Analyzing The Data: What Do The Numbers Tell You? Analyzing The Recent Benchmark Data: Taking Your Audit Data To The Next Level Analyzing The Data: When Screening and Diagnostic Outcomes Are Combined Auditing The Rest of Your Breast Imaging Practice: Ultrasound and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Further Benefits: The Audit As A Teaching Tool The Audit as Required By The Mammography Quality Standards Act Sources for Medical Audit Data The Value of The Medical Audit In Everyday Practice: Personal Experience Medicolegal Considerations The Expanding Role of The Medical Audit: Problems And Promise Conclusions Acknowledgments Suggested Readings References Chapter 39: Coding and Billing in Breast Imaging Coding and Billing Terminology: The “Language” of Reimbursement Medicare Reimbursement: Setting the Precedent. Background and Present Status Current Medicare Reimbursement: Acceptable Codes for Mammography, and Payment Rates Medicare’s Special Rules Relating to Mammography Reimbursement Following Medicare’s Example: The Rest of the Payers Reimbursement: Strategies for Success Summary Suggested Readings References Chapter 40: Medical-Legal Aspects of Breast Imaging and Intervention Medical Malpractice: What Does it Mean? Standards of Care Administrative Issues in Liability Communication of Results Beyond Negligence: Other Torts Related to Breast Imaging Technology Development and the Law Conclusion Suggested Readings References Section Ten: Emerging Technologies Chapter 41: Emerging X-Ray-Based and Nuclear Technologies Stereo Digital Mammography Tomosynthesis Dedicated Breast Computed Tomography Nuclear Medicine Breast Imaging Technology Conclusion Suggested Readings References Chapter 42: Ultrasound-Based Technologies Including Elastography and Automated Whole Breast Scanning Automated Whole Breast Ultrasound Elastography Ultrasound Computer Aided Diagnosis Future Directions Suggested Readings References Chapter 43: Recent Advances in Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in the Breast Principles of Spectroscopy One-Dimensional Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy The Benefits of Two-Dimensional Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Classification and Regression Tree Analysis Results Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Imaging Of Breast Tissue Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Quantifications High Field Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Breast Tissues Conclusions Suggested Readings References Chapter 44: Minimally Invasive Percutaneous BreastCancer Ablation Cryoablation Radiofrequency Ablation High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Ablation Laser Ablation Conclusion Suggested Readings References Index