Imagery Synergetics: Science of Cooperation

Description

This text will be replaced by the correThis book is aimed to a broad audience of researchers and students who are interested in questions of structure formation in complex systems in nature and society. When we think of synergetics, impressive images of complex structures immediately come to mind. Such images serve us as starting point and guide for understanding structure formation in chemical, biological, physical, geological, and social systems. Many fascinating pictures of new experimental results illustrate the imagery of synergetics and at the same time enable precise statements about the underlying laws based on precise and discussed measurements. In this way, for example, the famous Runge pictures are accessible to a physico-chemical description, and it turns out that the well-known disintegration of the beer foam satisfies a consecutive kinetics with feedback. The modeling by means of cellular automata and iterated function systems enables us to study the cooperative character of pattern formation on sea shells on the one hand but also to show that creativity is a cooperative effect.ct back cover text / information text as soon as we get it.  Foreword Preface References Contents 1 Images from the History of Synergetics 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Historical Experiments 1.3 The Early Days of Synergetics [32] 1.3.1 Chemical Waves in the BZ Reaction 1.3.2 Outlook—Ongoing Problems Which Could Be Solved by Synergetics References Part I Synergetic View on Historic Experiments 2 The Swinging Chromium 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Historical Remarks 2.3 Experiments 2.3.1 Pure Chromium 2.3.2 Oscillations at the Active Passive Transition of Chromium 2.3.3 Oscillations at the Passive Active Phase Transition 2.3.4 Ostwald’s Original Chromium 2.4 Oscillating Local Cells 2.5 Phenomenological Two Variable Model 2.6 Conclusions References 3 Liesegang Structures 3.1 Historical Notes 3.2 Walking on a Fractal Network? 3.3 Diffusion of the Ions or Crystal Nuclei? 3.4 Accelerated Diffusion—Chemical Turbulence 3.4.1 Processes in the Precipitation Front 3.5 Pattern Formation 3.6 Simulation 3.7 Twisted Scroll Waves—Much Too Early is Already Too Late 3.8 Agates and Other Mineralogical Liesegang Structures 3.9 Rhythmically Banded Sandstone References 4 Runge Pictures 4.1 A More Analytical Approach 4.2 Some Additional Measurements 4.3 Impregnation of Filter Paper with Water and Potassium Ferricyanine III 4.3.1 The First Front 4.3.2 Some Basics of Synergetics 4.4 Water Treatment of Dried Filter Paper Impregnated with Potassium Ferricyanide III 4.4.1 The Second Front 4.4.2 The Third Front 4.4.3 Chemical Interpretation of the Observed Colours 4.5 Runge Pictures—Chemical Reactions Going on in Filter Paper 4.5.1 Treatment of Impregnated Filter Paper First with Iron III and then with Copper Sulfate 4.5.2 Modifying Runge’s Drop Method to Understand Its Effect on Pattern Formation 4.6 Reversal of the Order of the Solutions Penetrating into the Impregnated Filter Paper 4.6.1 Treatment of with Potassium Ferricyanide III Impregnated Filter Paper with Only Copper Sulfate 4.6.2 Treatment of with Potassium Ferricyanide III Impregnated Filter Paper First with Copper and then with Iron II Sulfate 4.7 Concluding Remarks References Part II Fractal Structure in Chemistry and Biology 5 Fractal Metal Zinc-Trees 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Experimental Arrangement and Procedure 5.3 Comments on the Theory 5.4 Experimental Estimation of Fractal Dimension of the Zinc Deposits 5.5 Experiments with 4 and 8 V 5.6 Experiment with 12 V 5.7 Experiment with 14 V References 6 The Fractal Character of Modified Zeolites 6.1 Preliminaries, Which are Worth Knowing Beforehand 6.2 Introduction 6.3 Experimental Part 6.3.1 Preparation of the Samples 6.3.2 Characterization of the Samples 6.4 Results 6.5 New Synthesis Method 6.6 Catalytic Behavior of CoPcX 6.7 Analysis of the Results 6.8 The Interpretation Based on Chemical Kinetics 6.9 An Interpretation Based on Fick’s Second Law of Diffusion 6.10 An Iterated Function Model for the Formation of Fractals by Diffusion in Octahedral Zeolites 6.11 Conclusion References 7 Pattern of Sea-Shells Modelled by One-Dimensional Automata 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Historical Remarks 7.3 A Basic Model—Coupled Reaction Diffusion Equations 7.4 Mapping a Texture onto Spatial Models of Sea Shells 7.5 The Vector Automaton Model 7.6 Collision Patterns 7.7 Stable Collision Particles 7.8 Concluding Remarks References Part III Dissipative Structures 8 Waves Which Move Uphill 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Experimental Setup 8.3 Results 8.3.1 Phase Separation—Convective Solid 8.3.2 Phase Separation—Convective Solid—Liquid—Gas 8.3.3 Hot Spots as Sputtering Sources in Convective Solids 8.3.4 Convective Solids—Waves Moving Uphill 8.4 Discussion 8.4.1 Collective Behaviour of the Granular System 8.4.2 Response Behaviour of the System as a Whole 8.4.3 Excitation and Jerk of the Vertically Vibrating System Containing Granular Quartz 8.4.4 Power Spectrum of Response Function Ua(t) 8.4.5 Flow of Granular Quartz Beats 8.5 Summary and Outlook References 9 Dissipative Sculpturing of Beige Jasper of the Eastern Desert of Egypt 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Stones, Successions, Concretions and Reliefs Over a Broad Range of Sizes 9.2.1 An Imaginable Basis Relief 9.2.2 The Variability of the Relief by Deformations, Dislocations and Bounds 9.3 Growth of an Amorphous Body When Diffusion, Geometry and Physical-Chemical-Thermodynamic Conditions Play Together 9.3.1 The Grow-Stop Dynamic Due to Decreasing Shear Stress with Increasing Radius of the Nodule 9.3.2 The Diffusion-Controlled Accumulation Pressure Leads also to the Grow-Stop Dynamic, Which Limits the Volume Increase of the Silica Body 9.3.3 The Role of Heterogeneous Nucleation with Respect to the Creation of Local Leading Centers for Further Growing by Over-Layering and Fine-Sculpturing 9.3.4 Concentric Spheres Inside of Spherical Silica-Stones by Over-Layering Due to Facilitated and Therefore Preferential Tangential Slide-Way Expansion Along the Solidificated Surface of Their Precursor Bodies, in Short: Wall-Led Expansion 9.3.5 Concentric Ring-Bulges Around the “Central Disc” Due to Repeated Local Over-Layering by Facilitated Slide-Way Expansion Along the Grooves at the Border of the Central Disc and Equally at the Border of the Consecutively Step-Wise Developed Ring-Bulges, in Short: Groove-Led Expansion 9.3.6 Possible Reasons for the Increase of Variability of Concretions and Successions and Especially of the Complex Relief (Dissipative Sculpture) 9.3.7 Concluding Remarks Appendix References 10 Complex Dissipative Structures Mainly at Liquid/Liquid and Liquid/Gas Interfaces 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Dissipative Structures by Heat- and Mass-Transfer Through Liquid/Liquid and Liquid/Gas Inter-Phases Driven by Self-Organized Differences of the Surface-Tension References 11 Cooperation of Flow-Instabilities 11.1 Flow Instabilities with Streaks and Langmuir Circulation 11.2 Flow Instabilities at Small Surfaces 11.3 Flow Instabilities at Coated Films and Solid Sheets 11.4 Meniscus Instability 11.5 Further Examples of Flow Instabilities References 12 The Oscillatory Regime of Marangoni-Instability 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Angle Crossing and Phase Shifts 12.3 Rotating and Counter-Rotating Waves 12.4 Structures With Completely Chaotic Behavior References Part IV Structure Formation in Social Systems 13 Creativity—Comments to the Scientific Process 13.1 Introduction 13.1.1 Creativity in the Scientific Process 13.1.2 Modelling Creativity by a Lotka-Volterra Approach 13.2 Knowledge Reduces Problems 13.2.1 Natural Creativity 13.2.2 Autonomous Creativity 13.3 Classical Lotka-Volterra Model 13.3.1 Forced Creativity—Pulsating Creativity 13.3.2 Large, Free Systems—Fully Developed Creativity 13.4 Knowledge Enhances Problems 13.4.1 Restricted Creativity 13.4.2 Restricted Creativity with Recourse to Previous Knowledge 13.5 Summary and Outlook References 14 Mother Hulda and the Blue Sky Catastrophe 14.1 Some Introductory Remarks 14.2 The Great Goddess Mother Hulda—Frau Holle 14.3 The Spinning Meme 14.4 The Apple Tree Meme 14.5 The Meme of Divine Snowmaking: It Snows When Frau Holle Shakes the Feather Beds 14.6 The Well Meme or the Second World 14.7 Dynamics of the Tale 14.8 Reflections on the Socio-Economic Dynamics in Frau Holle's Fairy Tale 14.9 Cyclic Dynamic of Resources and Tools for Their Use 14.9.1 Inherent Information Bounded in the Tools Arise from Their Use 14.10 Abstract Knowledge, Freely Available Can Stabilize Unstable Systems Via Transformation Into Chaotic Ones 14.10.1 Paradise is the Birthplace of Science 14.10.2 Chaos, Hyper-Chaos and the Blue-Sky Catastrophe References Part V Kaleidoscope 15 The Blue Wonder 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Spatial Pattern Formation in the PA-MBO-S system 15.3 The Blue Wonder (MBO-G-System) and the Catalytic Memory [15] 15.4 Some Final Remarks References 16 Fractal Aggregation of Dictyostelium discoideum 16.1 Way of Life of Dictyostelium 16.2 The Fractal Dimension of the Aggregation of Dictyostelium discoideum 16.2.1 Preparation of the Samples 16.2.2 Observation of the Aggregation References 17 Segregation and Growth—Consecutive Kinetics of Beer Foam Decay 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Experimental Results 17.3 Temporal Development of Individual Bubble Size Classes 17.4 Kinetic Modelling By A Multi-Step Consecutive Reaction 17.5 Segregation and Agglomeration of Bubbles References 18 Rapakiwi Granite—An Ancient Fossilized Liesegang Experiment? 18.1 Segregation of a Fluid and Subsequent Ostwald Ripening 18.2 Transformation to a Liesegang System 18.3 Special Plagioclase Liesegang Patterns 18.4 Fixation of the Pattern by Crystallization 18.5 Three Dimensional Plagioclase Hems of the Alkali Feldspar Ovoides References