Climate Change and Urban Environment Sustainability

Description

This book covers the understanding on relationship between climate change, urban development, and environment sustainability with emphasis on relevant issues and challenges of urban environment sustainability. It deals with the concept of climate resilient urban development, effective implementation of climate change adaptation and mitigation actions to promote urbanization from a social, economic, and environmental perspective. Climate change is a critical issue and having serious concern. Understanding the mechanism of climate change and climate variability is an important aspect and requires monitoring in their regional perspectives.Smart and resilient urbanization are essential in tackling the growing threat of climate instability. Different analytical and practical approaches to foster resilience and environmental sustainability in urban areas covering the recent trends, developments and tools related to urban environment, sustainability, and climate change. There is a big demand of understanding on the relationship between climate change, urban environment sustainability due to fast urbanization and an urgent need for constructive and effective mechanism to protect the life and property of human being from expected or anticipated hazards and disasters. This book is of interest and useful to academicians, researchers, scientists, environmentalists, land resource managers, climate change scientists, forest administrators.  Also, the book serves as a reference to researchers and students of agriculture, forestry, ecology, soil science, and environmental sciences. Policy makers will also find this to be a useful read. Preface Contents Editors and Contributors Chapter 1: Climate Change and Urban Environment Sustainability: Issues and Challenges 1.1 Introduction 1.1.1 Sustainable Urbanization and Its Significance 1.1.2 Sustainable Urban Development Plans: International and National Scenarios 1.2 Sustainable Urbanization: Challenges Imposed by Climate Change 1.3 Major Urban Solutions for Climate Impact 1.3.1 Urban Technological Solutions 1.3.2 Urban Nature-Based Solutions 1.3.3 Urban Social Solutions 1.3.4 Integration of Technological Nature-Based Social Solutions for Climate Change Mitigation 1.4 Climate Change Adaptation: Case Studies of Various Cities Around the Globe 1.5 Concluding Remark References Chapter 2: Infrastructure, Energy Needs and Waste Management for Sustainable Urban Infrastructure 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Infrastructure for Sustainable Urban Region 2.2.1 Bottlenecks in Infrastructure 2.2.1.1 Land Acquisition 2.2.1.2 Clearance from Various Agencies 2.2.1.3 Financing 2.2.1.4 Environmental Impact Assessment 2.2.1.5 Poor Pre-construction Planning 2.2.2 Dimensions for Sustainable Infrastructure 2.2.2.1 Environmental Dimension 2.2.2.2 Social Dimension 2.2.2.3 Economic Dimension 2.2.3 Approaches for Sustainable Infrastructure 2.2.3.1 Infrastructure Ecology 2.2.3.2 Urban Ecology 2.3 Energy for Sustainable Urban Regions 2.3.1 Issues with Energy 2.3.1.1 Growing Energy Demand 2.3.1.2 Environmental Threat 2.3.2 Urban Energy Service Drivers 2.3.2.1 Environmental Drivers 2.3.2.2 Technological Drivers 2.3.2.3 Economic Drivers 2.3.3 Renewable Energy Sources 2.3.3.1 Solar Energy 2.3.3.2 Hydropower 2.3.3.3 Tidal Energy 2.3.3.4 Geothermal Energy 2.3.3.5 Bioenergy 2.4 Waste Management for Sustainable Urban Region 2.4.1 Threats of Waste 2.4.1.1 Environmental Threat 2.4.1.2 Health Threat 2.4.2 Strategies for Waste Management 2.4.2.1 Aerobic Composting 2.4.2.2 Anaerobic Digestion 2.4.2.3 Vermicomposting 2.4.2.4 Incineration 2.4.2.5 Pyrolysis and Gasification 2.4.2.6 Operated Landfills 2.4.2.7 Animal Feeding 2.5 Conclusion 2.6 Future Aspects References Chapter 3: Climate Change and Sustainable Urban Transport Environment 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Climate Change: Concept and Contributors 3.2.1 Rising Population and Insane Urbanization 3.2.2 Rising Number and Densities of Automobiles 3.3 Air Pollution in India 3.4 Effects of Air Pollution 3.5 Government Initiatives Against Air Pollution 3.6 Smart Urban Transport Options to Reduce Air Pollution 3.7 Conclusion References Chapter 4: Importance of Climatological Contributions in the Green Infrastructure Designs, Sustainable City Planning Towards B... 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Understanding the Rural/Urban Human Settlement and Climatological Inputs 4.3 Social, Economic, and Environmental Benefits of Climatological Inputs in City Design 4.3.1 Social Benefits 4.3.2 Economic Benefits 4.3.3 Environmental Benefits 4.4 Selected Case Studies on Climatological Inputs in Sustainable City Design and Urbanization 4.4.1 Indian Case Studies 4.4.2 United States of America (USA)-Based Case Studies 4.4.3 UK and European Countries Location-Based Case Studies 4.5 The Key Challenges and Future Prospects 4.5.1 Sincere Attempts Towards Eco-Friendly Economic Frameworks 4.5.2 Loops of Control and Regulatory Paths 4.5.3 Challenges Regarding Societal and Economical Nexus 4.5.4 Challenges Regarding Money, Capital, and Finances 4.5.5 Challenges Regarding Grass Root Innovation and Resilience Policies 4.5.5.1 Sustainable Governance and Management 4.6 Conclusion References Chapter 5: Methodology for Sustainable Urban Planning 5.1 Urban Planning 5.1.1 Introduction to Urban Planning 5.1.2 Approach of Urban Planning in Practice: Master Plan 5.1.3 Climate Change and Urban Planning 5.2 Sustainability and Urban Planning 5.2.1 Recent Initiatives for Sustainable Urban Planning: A Global Prospective 5.2.2 Planning Support Systems for Sustainable Urban Planning 5.3 Methodology for Sustainable Urban Planning 5.3.1 Scenario Planning: Environmental Aspects 5.3.2 Public Participation: Social Aspects 5.3.3 Energy-Intensive Planning: Economic Aspects 5.4 Geospatial Technologies for Sustainable Urban Planning 5.4.1 Need of Geospatial Technologies 5.4.2 Application Areas References Chapter 6: Exploring Sustainable Food Systems for Urban Sustainability 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Sustainable Food Systems 6.3 Urban Food Supply 6.4 Diets and Food Habits of Urban Population 6.5 Food Wastage in Urban Areas 6.6 Untangling the Challenges of Sustainable Food System 6.7 Conclusion References Chapter 7: Seagrasses in the Indian Ocean Region with Special Reference to Urbanization 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Seagrasses in Indian Subcontinent 7.3 Seagrass in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands of India 7.4 Seagrasses in Maldives-Lakshadweep-Chagos Archipelago 7.5 Seagrasses of Western Indian Ocean Regions 7.6 Threats to Seagrasses by the Urbanization References Chapter 8: Water Quality Index: An Important Tool to Assess Water Quality of Lake Waters for Sustainable Development 8.1 Lakes 8.1.1 Classification and Zones of Lakes 8.1.2 Significance and Threats to Lake Bodies 8.1.3 Importance of Monitoring Lake Bodies 8.2 Water Quality Index 8.2.1 WQI Model 8.2.2 Limitations of WQIs 8.2.3 Gap in Current Situation and Future Directions 8.3 Summary References Chapter 9: Urbanization Trends, Climate Change, and Environmental Sustainability 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Factors That Encourage Urbanization 9.2.1 Employment Opportunity 9.2.2 Industrial Growth 9.2.3 Social Factor 9.2.4 Modernization 9.2.5 Educational Facility 9.3 Environmental Impact of Urbanization 9.3.1 Pollution 9.3.1.1 Air Pollution 9.3.1.2 Noise Pollution 9.3.1.3 Water Pollution 9.3.2 Over Exploitation of Natural Resources 9.3.3 Global Warming 9.3.4 Solid Waste Generation 9.3.5 Loss of Biodiversity 9.3.6 Urbanization Induce Climate Change 9.4 Urbanization and Sustainability 9.5 Conclusion References Chapter 10: Novel Technologies and Eco-Friendly Lifestyle for Sustainable Cities 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Sustainable City Goals 10.3 Societies in Ancient Times 10.3.1 Indus Valley Civilization 10.3.2 Egyptian Society: Lifestyle 10.4 Cities During Mughal Period 10.5 Concept of Smart Cities 10.6 Use of Novel Technologies 10.6.1 Eco-Friendly Green Buildings 10.6.2 Energy Uses for House-Related Activities 10.6.3 Smart Traffic System 10.6.4 Waste Management Strategy 10.6.5 Clean Fuel for Vehicles 10.7 Certain Eco-Friendly Model Cities 10.7.1 Vadodara 10.7.2 Copenhagen 10.7.3 Portland 10.7.4 Singapore 10.7.5 London 10.7.6 Yokohama 10.7.7 Marrakesch 10.8 Expo 2020 Dubai: Digitally Connected 10.9 Eco-Friendly Lifestyle Needed 10.9.1 Eco-Friendly Housing 10.9.2 Different Alternatives for Waste Management 10.9.3 Safe Transport Facility 10.9.4 Energy Uses in Future 10.9.5 Education and Entertainment 10.9.6 Yoga and Healthy Life 10.10 Conclusion References Chapter 11: Spatial Analysis of Precipitation Climatology Over India: Using Satellite Remote Sensor 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Study Area 11.3 Data and Methodology 11.4 Results 11.4.1 Seasonal Variation and Trend in Precipitation 11.4.2 Monthly Variation and Trend in Precipitation 11.5 Discussion References Chapter 12: Timberline and Climate in the Indian Western Himalayan Region: Changes and Impact on Timberline Elevations 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Study Area and Timberline 12.3 Methodology 12.3.1 Mapping of Timberline 12.3.2 Climate Data at Timberline Elevations 12.4 Results 12.4.1 Changes in Timberline Elevation During Last Four Decades (1976-2015) 12.4.2 Annual Mean Temperature and Total Rainfall at Timberline-Present (Year 2015) 12.4.3 Annual Mean Temperature and Total Rainfall at Timberline Altitudes-Past (Year 1976) and Rate of Changes 12.4.4 Changes in Timberline Elevations Between 1976 and 2015 and Corresponding Changes in Climate at Different Timberline Loc... 12.4.4.1 No Change in Timberline Altitude Between the Years 12.4.4.2 Upward Shift in ITL Locations 12.4.4.3 Upward Shift in CTL Locations 12.5 Discussion 12.5.1 Comparison with Previous Studies 12.6 Conclusion References Chapter 13: Design of Humanitarian Logistics Network Using Imperialist Competitive Algorithm 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Literature Review 13.2.1 Gaps in Literature 13.2.2 Contributions to the Literature 13.3 Problem Description 13.3.1 Contributors 13.3.2 Course of Events 13.3.3 Sources of Uncertainty 13.4 Mathematical Model 13.5 Proposed Algorithm for the Problem 13.5.1 Imperialist Competitive Algorithm (ICA) 13.5.1.1 Generation of Initial Empires (Fig. 13.3a) 13.5.1.2 Assimilation: Movement of Colonies Toward the Imperialist 13.5.1.3 Revolution: A Sudden Change in Socio-Political Characteristics of a Country (Fig. 13.3b) 13.5.1.4 Movement of the Position of Imperialist and Colony 13.5.1.5 Total Power of an Empire 13.5.1.6 Imperialistic Competitions 13.6 The Case Description 13.6.1 Computational Results for Large Instances 13.7 Conclusions and Future Research Directions References Chapter 14: Impact of Climate Change Related Heat Stress on Thermophysiological Vulnerability Among Workers in Unorganized Sec... 14.1 Introduction 14.1.1 Thermophysiological Variables 14.1.2 Physical Activity in Hot Environment 14.1.3 Acclimatization 14.1.4 Human Tolerance to Work in Hot Environment 14.1.5 Uses of Heat Stress and Strain Indices 14.2 Case Study 1: Heat Load on Workers in Open Cast Mines (Dutta et al. 2021) 14.3 Case Study 2: Heat Load on Indoor Workers (Dutta and Chorsiya 2014) 14.4 Recommendations for Human Exposure to Hot Environment References Chapter 15: Seagrass of Southeast Asia: Challenges, Prospects, and Management Strategies 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Seagrasses of Southeast Asia 15.3 Taxonomic Uncertainty 15.4 Fishes Are in Preference of Seagrass Ecosystem 15.5 Feasibility in Seagrass Conservation 15.6 Knowledge Gaps 15.7 Future Challenges 15.8 Conclusion References Chapter 16: Effect of Climate Change and Urbanization on Mangrove Ecosystem 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Causes of Mangrove Degradation 16.2.1 Climate Change 16.2.2 Effect of Rise in Temperature 16.2.3 Acidification 16.2.4 Effects on Coral Reefs 16.2.5 Urbanization 16.2.6 Industrialization 16.2.7 Anthropogenic Activities 16.2.8 Mangrove Resistance to Climate Change 16.3 Conclusion References Chapter 17: Impacts of Urbanization and Climate Change on Habitat Destruction and Emergence of Zoonotic Species 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Urbanization and Climate Change Induced Emergence of Zoonotic Species 17.2.1 West Nile Virus (WNV) 17.2.2 Dengue Fever Virus 17.2.3 Rabies 17.2.4 Monkeypox 17.2.5 Zika Fever Virus 17.2.6 Hantavirus 17.2.7 Lassa Fever Virus 17.2.8 Covid-SARS 17.2.9 Malaria 17.2.10 Helminthiasis 17.2.11 Leptospirosis 17.2.12 Yellow Fever Disease 17.2.13 Other Diseases 17.3 Methodology Used for the Impact Study 17.4 Conclusion References Chapter 18: Roles of Community Resilience and Risk Appraisal in Climate Change Adaptation 18.1 Introduction 18.1.1 Climate Change and the Impact 18.1.1.1 Livelihoods 18.1.1.2 Farming 18.1.1.3 Water Scarcity in the Hindu Kush Himalayas Region Has Led to an Uncertain Future for Water 18.1.1.4 Landslide 18.1.1.5 Clean Cooking 18.1.2 Community Kitchen and Events 18.1.3 Project Implementation-Case Study 18.1.4 Groundwork Methodology and Challenges 18.2 Conclusion Further Reading