Modern Handbook of Physics

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Front Cover Title Page Contents Preface PART ONE MECHANICS CHAPTER 1 KINEMATICS 1.1 Mechanical Motion. The Subject Matter of Mechanics 1.2 Frames of Reference. Path, Path Length and Displacement Vector of a Particle 1.3 Velocity 1.4 Acceleration 1.5 Translational and Rotary Motion of a Rigid Body CHAPTER 2 NEWTON'S LAWS 2.1 Newton's First Law. Inertial Frames of Reference 2.2 Force 2.3 Mass. Momentum 2.4 Newton's Second Law 2.5 Newton's Third Law. Motion of the Centre of Mass 2.6 Motion of a Body of Variable Mass 2.7 Law of Conservation of Momentum 2.8 Galilean Transformations. Mechanical Principle of Relativity CHAPTER 3 WORK AND MECHANICAL ENERGY 3.1 Energy, Work and Power 3.2 Kinetic Energy 3.3 Potential Energy 3.4 Law of Conservation of Mechanical Energy 3.5 Perfectly Elastic and Inelastic Collisions CHAPTER 4 DYNAMICS OF ROTARY MOTION 4.1 Moment of Force and Angular Momentum 4.2 Moment of Inertia 4.3 The Fundamental Law in the Dynamics of Rotary Motion 4.4 Law of Conservation of Angular Momentum CHAPTER 5 FUNDAMENTALS OF THE SPECIAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY 5.1 Postulates of the Special Theory of Relativity 5.2 Simultaneity of Events. Synchronization of Clocks 5.3 Lorenfz's Transformations 5.4 Relativity of Lengths and Time Intervals. Time Interval Between Two Events 5.5 Transformation of Velocities and Accelerations in Relativistic Kinematics 5.6 Basic Law of Relativistic Dynamics 5.7 Mass-Energy Relation CHAPTER 6 GRAVITATION 6.1 Law of Universal Gravitation 6.2 Gravitational Field 6.3 Kepler's Laws. Space Velocities CHAPTER 7 MOTION IN NONINERTIAL FRAMES OF REFERENCE 7.1 Kinematics of Relative Motion 7.2 Inertial Forces 7.3 Relative Motion in a Frame of Reference Fixed to the Earth. Gravity Force and Weight of a Body 7.4 Principle of Equivalence PART TWO FUNDAMENTALS OF MOLECULAR PHYSICS AND THERMODYNAMICS CHAPTER 8 IDEAL GASES 8.1 Subject Matter of Molecular Physics.Thernal Motion 8.2 Statistical and Thermodynamic Methods of Investigation 8.3 Thermodynamic Variables. Equations of State. Thermodynamic Processes 8.4 Equation of State of an Ideal Gas CHAPTER 9 FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 9.1 Total and Internal Energy of a System 9.2 Heat and Work 9.3 First Law of Thermodynamics 9.4 Graphical Representation of Thermodynamic Processes and Work 9.5 Heat Capacity of Matter. Applying the First Law of Thermodynamics to Isoprocesses in an Ideal Gas CHAPTER 10 KINETIC THEORY OF GASES 10.1 Certain Information on Classical Statistical Physics 10.2 Basic Equation of the Kinetic Theory of Gases 10.3 Maxwell's Molecular Velocity and Energy Distribution Law (Maxwell's Distribution Law) 10.4 Particle Distribution in a Potential Force Field (Boltzmann Distribution) 10.5 Mean Free Path of Molecules 10.6 Principle of the Equipartition of Energy. Internal Energy of an Ideal Gas 10.7 Heat Capacity of Monatomic, Diatomic and Polyatomic Gases 10.8 Transport Phenomena in Gases 10.9 Properties of Rarified Gases CHAPTER 11 SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 11.1 Cycles. The Carnot Cycle 11.2 Reversible and Irreversible Processes 11.3 Second Law of Thermodynamics 11.4 Entropy and Free Energy 11.5 Statistical Interpretation of the Second Law of Thermodynamics 11.6 Fluctuations 11.7 Brownian Movement 11.8 Third Law of Thermodynamics CHAPTER 12 REAL GASES AND VAPOURS 12.1 Forces of Intermolecular Interaction 12.2 Van der Waals Equation of State 12.3 Isothermals of Real Gases. Phase Transitions 12.4 Superfluidity of Helium CHAPTER 13 LIQUIDS 13.1 Certain Properties of Liquids 13.2 Frenkel's Hole Theory of the Liquid State 13.3 Diffusion and Viscosity Phenomena in Liquids 13.4 Surface Tension of Liquids 13.5 Wetting and Capillary Phenomena 13.6 Vaporization and Boiling of Liquids PART THREE ELECTRODYNAMICS CHAPTER 14 ELECTRIC CHARGES. COULOMB'S LAW 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Coulomb's Law CHAPTER 15 ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH AND DISPLACEMENT 15.1 Electric Field. Field Strength 15.2 Principle of Superposition of Electric Fields 15.3 Electric Displacement. Ostrogradsky-Gauss Electric Flux Theorem CHAPTER 16 ELECTRIC FIELD POTENTIAL 16.1 Work Done in Moving an Electric Charge in an Electrostatic Field 16.2 Potential of an Electrostatic Field 16.3 Relation Between the Potential and Strength of an Electrostatic field 16.4 Conductors in an Electrostatic Field CHAPTER 17 CAPACITANCE 17.1 Capacitance of an Isolated Conductor 17.2 Mutual Capacitance. Capacitors CHAPTER 18 DIELECTRICS IN AN ELECTRIC FIELD 18.1 Dipole Moments of Molecules of a Dielectric 18.2 Polarization of Dielectrics 18.3 Relation Between Displacement, Field Strength and Polarization Vectors 18.4 Ferroelectric Materials CHAPTER 19 ENERGY OF AN ELECTRIC FIELD 19.1 Energy of a Charged Conductor and an Electric Field 19.2 Energy of a Polarized Dielectric CHAPTER 20 DIRECT ELECTRIC CURRENT 20.1 Concept of an Electric Current 20.2 Current and Current Density 20.3 Fundamentals of the Classical Electron Theory of Electrical Conduction in Metals CHAPTER 21 DIRECT CURRENT LAWS 21.1 Extraneous Forces 21.2 Ohm's Law and the Joule-Lenz Law 21.3 KirchhoH's Laws CHAPTER 22 ELECTRIC CURRENT IN LIQUIDS ND GASES 22.1 Faraday's Laws of Electrolysis. Electrolytic Dissociation 22.2 Atomicity of Electric Charges 22.3 Electrolytic Conduction of Liquids 22.4 Electrical Conduction in Gases 22.5 Various Types of Gas Discharges 22.6 Certain Information on Plasma CHAPTER 23 MAGNETIC FIELD OF DIRECT CURRENT 23.1 Magnetic Field. Ampere's Law 23.2 The Biot-Savarf-Laplace Law 23.3 Simplest Cases of Magnetic Fields Set Up by Direct Currents 23.4 Interaction of Conductors. Effect of a Magnetic Field on Current-Carrying Conductors 23.5 Total Current Law. Magnetic Circuits 23.6 Work Done in Moving a Current-Carrying Conductor in a Magnetic Field CHAPTER 24 MOTION OF CHARGED PARTICLES IN ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS 24.1 Lorentz Force 24.2 Hall Effect 24.3 Charge-fo-Mass Ratio of Particles. Mass Spectroscopy 24.4 Charged Particle Accelerators CHAPTER 25 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 25.1 Basic Law of Electromagnetic Induction 25.2 Phenomenon of Self-Induction 25.3 Mutual Induction 25.4 Energy of a Magnetic Field Set up by an Electric Current CHAPTER 26 MAGNETIC MATERIALS IN A MAGNETIC FIELD 26.1 Magnetic Moments of Electrons and Atoms 26.2 An Atom in a Magnetic Field 26.3 Diamagnetic and Paramagnetic Materials in a Uniform Magnetic Field 26.4 Magnetic Field in Magnetic Materials 26.5 Ferromagnetic Materials CHAPTER 27 FUNDAMENTALS OF MAXWELL S THEORY 27.1 General Features o! Maxwell's Theory 27,2 Maxwell's First Equation 27.3 Displacement Current. Maxwell's Second Equation 27.4 Complete Set of Maxwell's Equations for an Electromagnetic Field PART FOUR OSCILLATIONS AND WAVES CHAPTER 28 FREE HARMONIC OSCILLATIONS 28.1 Harmonic Oscillations 28.2 Mechanical Harmonic Vibrations 23.3 Free Harmonic Oscillations in an Oscillatory Electric Circuit 28.4 Adding Harmonic Oscillations CHAPTER 29 DAMPED AND FORCED OSCILLATIONS 29.1 Damped Oscillations 29.2 Forced Mechanical Vibration 29.3 Forced Electrical Oscillation CHAPTER 30 ELASTIC WAVES 30.1 Longitudinal and Transverse Waves in an Elastic Medium 30.2 Travelling Wave Equation 30.3 Phase Velocity and Energy of Elastic Waves 30.4 Principle of Superposition of Waves. Group Velocity 30.5 Interference of Waves. Standing Waves 30.6 Doppler Effect in Acoustics CHAPTER 31 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES 31.1 Properties of Electromagnetic Waves 31.2 Energy of Electromagnetic Waves 31.3 Electromagnetic Radiation 31.4 Electromagnetic Spectrum 31.5 Reflection and Refraction of Electromagnetic Waves at the Interface Between Two Dielectric Media 31.6 Doppler Effect PART FIVE OPTICS CHAPTER 32 INTERFERENCE OF LIGHT 32.1 Monochromaticity and Time Coherence of Light 32.2 Interference of Light. Spatial Coherence of Light 32.3 Interference of Light in Thin Films 32.4 Multiwave Interference CHAPTER 33 DIFFRACTION OF LIGHT 33.1 Huygens-Fresnel Principle 33.2 Fresnel Diffraction 33.3 Fraunhofer Diffraction 33.4 Diffraction by a Space Lattice 33.5 Resolving Power of Optical Instruments 33.6 Holography CHAPTER 34 ABSORPTION, SCATTERING AND DISPERSION OF LIGHT. VAVILOV-CHERENKOV RADIATION 34.1 Interaction of Light With Matter 34.2 Absorption of Light 34.3 Scattering of Light 24.4 Normal and Anomalous Light Dispersion 34.5 Classical Electron Theory of Light Dispersion 34.6 Yavilov-Cherenkov Radiation CHAPTER 35 POLARIZATION OF LIGHT 35.1 Polarization of Light in Reflection and Refraction at the Interface Between Two Dielectric Media 35.2 Birefringence (Double Refraction) 35.3 Interference of Polarized Light 35.4 Artificial Optical Anisotropy 35.5 Rotation of the Plane of Polarization CHAPTER 36 THERMAL RADIATION 36.1 Thermal Radiation. Kirchhoff's Law 36.2 Sfefan-Boltzmann and Wien Laws 36.3 Planck's Formula 36.4 Optical Pyrometry CHAPTER 37 FUNDAMENTALS OF QUANTUM OPTICS 37.1 External Photoelectric Effect (Photoemissive Effect) 37.2 Mass and Momentum of the Photon. Light Pressure 37.3 Compton Effect 37.4 Wave-Particle Duality of the Properties of Light PART SIX ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS CHAPTER 38 ELEMENTS OF QUANTUM MECHANICS 38.1 Wave-Particle Dualism of the Properties of Particles of Matter 33.2 Schrddinger Wave Equation 38.3 Motion of a Free Particle 38.4 A Particle in a One-Dimensional Infinitely Deep Potential Well 38.5 Linear Harmonic Oscillator 38.6 Heisenberg Indeterminacy Principle 38.7 Tunnel Effect CHAPTER 39 STRUCTURE OF ATOMS AND MOLECULES AND THEIR OPTICAL PROPERTIES 39.1 The Hydrogen Atom and Hydrogen-Like Ions 39.2 Space Quantization 39.3 Pauli Exclusion Principle. Mendeleev's Periodic Table 39.4 Chemical Bonds and Molecular Structure 39.5 Optical Properties of Molecules. Molecular Spectra 39.6 Raman Scattering of Light 39.7 Luminescence. X rays 39.8 Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Lasers PART SEVEN BASIC SOLID-STATE PHYSICS CHAPTER 40 STRUCTURE AND CERTAIN PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS 40.1 Structure of Solids 40.2 Thermal Expansion of Solids 40.3 Brief Information on the Elastic Properties of Solids 40.4 Basic Concepts of Phase Transitions in Solids CHAPTER 41 AN OUTLINE OF THE QUANTUM PHYSICS OF SOLIDS 41.1 Basic Concepts of Quantum Statistics 41.2 Bose-Einsfein and Fermi-Dirac Distribution Functions 41.3 Degeneracy of Systems of Particles Described by Quantum Statistics 41.4 Degenerate Electron Fermi Gas in Metals 41.5 Quantum Theory of Electrical Conduction in Metals 41.6 Superconductivity 41.7 Heat Capacity of Solids 41.8 Band Theory of Solids 41.9 Metals and Dielectrics in the Band Theory 41.10 Electrical Conduction of Sei luctors 41.11 Concept of Contact Electrical Phenomenain Metals and Semiconductors PART EIGHT NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND ELEMENTARY PARTICLES CHAPTER 42 STRUCTURE AND BASIC PROPERTIES OF ATOMIC NUCLEI 42.1 Main Properties and Structure of the Nucleus 42.2 Binding Energy of Nuclei. Mass Defect 42.3 Nuclear Forces 42.4 Radioactivity 42.5 Alpha Decay 42.6 Beta Decay 42.7 Gamma Rays 42.8 Mossbauer Effect 42.9 Nuclear Reactions CHAPTER 43 ELEMENTARY PARTICLES 43.1 Preliminary Information on Elementary Particles 43.2 Classification of Elementary Particles and Their Interaction 43.3 Certain Information on Various Elementary Particles 43.4 Certain Conservation Laws in Elementary-Particle Physics 43.5 Antiparticles 43.6 Structure of the Nucleon PART NINE APPENDICES I. SYSTEMS OF UNITS OF PHYSICAL QUANTITIES II. FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICAL CONSTANTS INDEX