Planning Climate Smart and Wise Cities: A Multidisciplinary Approach

Description

This book provides information that facilitates integrated climate actions in cities, leveraging disruptive technologies, business models, policies, financing, and leadership solutions. It fosters the development of climate smart and wise cities. It reviews the major developments of climate actions in cities and combines climate environment and energy technology, policy and financing instruments. A range of distinguished authors assess the experiences thus far and also consider future development from both theoretical and practical perspectives. They also discuss many policy and technical options, including climate smart and wise city planning, inclusion of urban nature, international and national carbon market mechanisms and measuring its impact and digital transformation. Moreover, attention is paid to the role of natural principles, the role of transparency principles and to aspects of democratic climate governance within a climate action scheme. This book makes clear that the carbon neutrality, sustainability, circularity, efficiency, connectivity and resiliency of cities depend to a large extent on the specific digital technologies and the leadership reshaping our cities. Discussing multidisciplinary aspects of climate action, this book offers new insights to academics, policymakers and practitioners both in the public and private sectors. Those insights are not only retrospective, relevant for understanding the past, but they are also prospective and forward-looking, guiding the achievements of the SDGs and the climate goals. 507352_1_En_OFC 507352_1_En_BookFrontmatter_OnlinePDF Preface Acknowledgements Disclaimer Contents Contributors Abbreviations 507352_1_En_1_PartFrontmatter_OnlinePDF Part I Climate Smart and Wise Cities 507352_1_En_1_Chapter_OnlinePDF 1 Planning Instruments for Climate Smart and Wise Cities: A Spatial, Green and Digital Deal Approach 1.1 Introduction: Issues and Solutions for Climate Emergency 1.2 Climate Smart and Wise City Planning Framework 1.2.1 Planning System: A Hierarchy of Physical and Digital Space Planning 1.2.2 Planning Procedure: Spatial Planning Process at the City Level 1.3 Planning Methodology: Development of Smart Platform Models 1.3.1 Definition and Types of Platform Models 1.3.2 New Green Agendas as Instruments for Planning Models 1.3.3 Practical Considerations for the Green Deal and Post COVID-19 in Developing Urban Planning Models: Towards Ecological Health, Economic Health Versus Human Health 1.3.4 Types of Planning Models 1.4 Planning Cases: Cases of Climate Smart and Wise City Planning Models for SDGs, COVID-19 Recovery and Green New Deal 1.4.1 Smart Platform Project Models for Climate Disaster and Recovery: The Cases of the Thames River in London, England and New York City, USA 1.4.2 Microgrid and Digital Technology Model: The Cases of Sub-Saharan Africa and Monash, Australia 1.4.3 Cases of Big Data in Practice 1.5 Evaluation of Sustainability, Smartness and Resource Wisdom of Climate Smart and Wise Cities: An Indicator Approach 1.5.1 Review of Existing Dataset 1.5.2 Strategy for Developing Climate Smart and Wise City Indicators 1.5.3 Steps for the Application of Domains, Associated Sub-Domains and Variables for the Project Evaluation 1.6 Conclusions References 507352_1_En_2_Chapter_OnlinePDF 2 The Role of Blockchain, Big Data, Internet of Things and Artificial Intelligence for Transformative Climate Action 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Climate Change and the Complexity Challenges 2.3 Complexity Can Be Navigated by First-Principle Thinking 2.3.1 Complexity Theorem 1: The Complexity Trap or the Unpredictability of Outcomes Within Higher Order Complexity Systems 2.3.2 Complexity Theorem 2: The Powerbase Shift in Higher Order Complexity Systems 2.3.3 Complexity Theorem 3: The Identity Crisis 2.4 Systems Thinking and Green Growth 2.5 Reshaping Socio-economic Future Through Technology Enabled Bottom-Up Emergence 2.5.1 The Decentralized Autonomous Organization 2.6 The Decentralized WEB3.0 or How to Make Decentralization Useful for Transformative Socio-economic Change 2.6.1 Resetting the Rules of the Game—Rethinking Governance and the Role of Regulation 2.6.2 Blockchain, Self-organization, Coordinated Action and Emerging Outcomes 2.6.3 Actor Alignment Through Incentivization for Noble Behavior and Emerging Outcomes 2.6.4 Linking Virtual Communities to the Physical World—The Role of Data 2.7 The Leader’s Challenge Within Fully Decentralized Society 2.7.1 Leading the Change 2.7.2 Embracing Challenge-Led Innovation 2.7.3 Beyond Innovation Models—Using Futures Skillfully 2.7.4 Zero-Gravitational Spaces Experimentation Spaces for Transformational Change 2.7.5 Deep Demonstration Spaces for Orchestrated Experimentation and Real-World Testing of a Transformative Theses 2.7.6 Reconciliation Spaces for Learning and Sensemaking 2.7.7 Initiate and Lead Upskilling and Re-Tooling Initiatives 2.7.8 Capital, Financing and Democratized Futures 2.8 Synthesis References 507352_1_En_2_PartFrontmatter_OnlinePDF Part II Nature-Based Approach in Cities 507352_1_En_3_Chapter_OnlinePDF 3 Climate Change and Urban Nature: Impacts and Policies at the Urban Level 3.1 Natural Capital and Climate Change 3.1.1 The Contribution of Natural Capital and Ecosystem Services to Climate Mitigation and Adaptation 3.1.2 The Role of NBS in the Paris Agreement 3.2 Climate Action at the Urban Level 3.3 Policy Instruments to Enhance Urban NBS 3.3.1 Payment for Ecosystem Services 3.3.2 Case Studies of PES at the Urban Scale 3.4 Conclusions References 507352_1_En_4_Chapter_OnlinePDF 4 Vulnerability and Risk Assessment of the Port Moresby (Papua New Guinea) Coastline—A Case Study 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Methodology 4.3 Study Area—Port Moresby 4.4 Background Overview of Port Moresby 4.4.1 Physical Environment 4.4.2 Socio-Economic Context of Port Moresby 4.5 Results 4.5.1 Coastal and Marine Resources 4.5.2 Urban Land Use Developments 4.6 Discussions 4.6.1 Sea Level Rise in PNG 4.6.2 Impacts of Sea Level Rise on Coastal and Marine Biodiversity 4.6.3 Impacts of Sea Level on Socio-Economic Development 4.6.4 Policy and Social Options to Nature Base Solutions to Climate Emergency 4.6.5 Adaptation Options to Reduce Coastal Vulnerability 4.7 Conclusion References 507352_1_En_5_Chapter_OnlinePDF 5 Assessment of Mangrove Distribution and Drivers of Mangrove Cover Change from 2010 to 2020 of the National Capital District (Port Moresby) Papua New Guinea 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Background 5.3 Purpose of the Study 5.4 Aim of the Study 5.5 Materials and Methodology 5.5.1 Study Area 5.5.2 Application of GIS Tool 5.6 Results 5.7 Discussion 5.7.1 Mangroves in the National Capital District 5.7.2 Mangroves at the Receiving End of Development and Climate Change 5.7.3 Anthropogenic Threats and Impacts on Mangrove Cover Change 5.7.4 Mangroves in the Context of Changing Climate 5.8 Conclusion References 507352_1_En_3_PartFrontmatter_OnlinePDF Part III Fostering Climate Action in Cities 507352_1_En_6_Chapter_OnlinePDF 6 Possible Climate Actions in Cities 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Sources of Emissions 6.3 Strategies for Climate Action 6.4 IPCC Assessment Reports and Buildings 6.5 C40 Cities Strategic Approach to Climate Action 6.6 Climate Action Pledges in Cities in Global Climate Action (NAZCA) Portal 6.7 Climate Action in Cities and NDCs 6.8 Climate Action in CDM Methodologies 6.9 Compilation of Climate Action Measures in Cities 6.10 Climate Action Measures in NDCs 6.11 Conclusions References 507352_1_En_7_Chapter_OnlinePDF 7 Innovative New Market Mechanisms from Project to Mitigation Activities in the Urban Context: A New Paradigm 7.1 Introduction: Urban Approach to Carbon Finance 7.2 Framework for Developing Urban Carbon Markets 7.3 Methodology: An Urban Model of Market Mechanism for an Integrated Holistic Approach 7.3.1 Localizing SDGs and Climate Actions for the Market Mechanisms: The Rationale for Urban Carbon Market Mechanisms 7.3.2 Spatial Dimension of the Carbon Markets 7.3.3 Scoping and Integration of Sectors: A Standardization of Scoping Process 7.3.4 Baseline and Additionality 7.3.5 Aggregation of Emission Reductions 7.3.6 MRV and Transparency 7.3.7 IoT-Driven Climate Action Tracking and Accounting: A Blockchain-Based Carbon Market 7.4 Procedure of Urban Carbon Markets: A Step-By-Step Guide 7.5 A City-Level Testbed Approach: Testing Standardized Baseline and Additionality Determination Under the Urban Carbon Market Mechanism 7.6 Conclusions References 507352_1_En_8_Chapter_OnlinePDF 8 How Can Global Carbon Markets Promote Low-Carbon Cities in Developing Countries? Lessons Learnt from the Clean Development Mechanism 8.1 Introduction 8.1.1 Global Climate Policy and CDM 8.1.2 Climate Protection in Developing Country Cities 8.2 Cities and the CDM—The Theory 8.2.1 The CDM 8.2.2 Local Governments and the CDM 8.2.3 How Would the CDM Drive Climate Action in Developing Country Cities? 8.3 Cities and the CDM—The Practical Side 8.3.1 Successful and Unsuccessful Projects 8.3.2 Insights on Problems with CDM Methodologies and Incentive Structures 8.4 ICLEI’s CCP and the CDM 8.5 Discussion References 507352_1_En_9_Chapter_OnlinePDF 9 Climate Change Mitigation Action Enablers for Climate Smart Cities 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Climate Action by Cities and Related Enabling Instruments 9.2.1 Features of the Enabling Instrument for Climate Action by Cities 9.2.2 Climate Action by Cities and Related Enabling Instrument 9.3 City Action Plan and Need-Based Solution-Oriented Approach to Climate Action 9.3.1 Cities Are Product Consumption Centers 9.3.2 Importance of City Action Plan on Climate Change Mitigation 9.3.3 Need-Based Solution-Oriented Approach to Climate Action 9.4 Climate Solutions Related to Finance 9.4.1 Self-financing 9.4.2 Citizen Cooperative Financing 9.4.3 Crowd Funding 9.4.4 Need Satisfaction Company (NSC) 9.4.5 Bank Debt Financing 9.4.6 Green Bond 9.5 Climate Solution Related to Technology 9.5.1 Challenge Related to MRV of Climate Action by Cities 9.5.2 Use Cases of Digital Technologies to Support MRV of Climate Action by Cities 9.6 Conclusions References 507352_1_En_10_Chapter_OnlinePDF 10 Market Mechanisms in the Building Sector from an Urban Perspective: Creative Building Solutions 10.1 Introduction: Issues on Building Sector and Energy Market 10.2 Framework for Market Mechanisms in the Building Sector 10.3 Methodologies for the Market Mechanisms in the Building Sector 10.3.1 Current Status of Methodologies and Implementation of the Market Mechanism in the Building Sector 10.3.2 Inclusion of More Elementary (or Unit) Technologies in Scoping of Project Activities 10.3.3 Incorporation of Green Building Standards, Certification, and Performance Systems into the Market Mechanism Rules and Regulations 10.3.4 AI-Driven IoT Smart Microgrid Systems 10.3.5 Standardized Baselines 10.3.6 Digital Technologies 10.3.7 Suggestions for New Methodologies 10.4 Models for the Market Mechanisms in the Building Sector: At the Residential Community Level 10.4.1 A Solar Energy-Connected Community Microgrid Model 10.4.2 A Model of the Market Mechanisms in Rainwater, Green Space and Solar Energy Sector for Housing Projects: Blue–Green Infrastructure 10.5 The Cases for Carbon Market Mechanisms in the Building Sector 10.5.1 ‘A Residential Community’ Level: The Case of Blue-Green Infrastructure, Augustenborg Neighborhood, Malmo City, Sweden 10.5.2 ‘A Site’ Level: The Case of Alternative Urban Forms for Energy Conservation and Energy Conservation Measures, Gwachon City, Korea 10.5.3 ‘A Whole Building’ Level: The Case of ‘The Green’, The Korea Land and Housing Corporation 10.6 Conclusions References 507352_1_En_11_Chapter_OnlinePDF 11 New Advanced GHG Accounting System for Cities Enabled by DLT 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Terms and Definitions 11.3 Accounting of GHG Emissions in Cities 11.3.1 Features of the GHG Emissions Accounting System in Cities 11.3.2 Most Used Approaches for GHG Accounting System in Cities 11.3.3 Moving from Eulerian to Lagrangian Description of the Flow of GHG Emission Embodied in Products for Enhanced Granularity of the GHG Accounting System 11.3.4 Addressing the Simplicity or Accuracy Trade-Off 11.4 Ex-post Determination of the Climate Contribution of a City 11.4.1 Leveraging Digital Technologies to Implement a Lagrangian Description of the Flow of GHG Emission Embodied in Products 11.4.2 Stepwise Approach for the Ex-post Determination of Cities’ Climate Contribution 11.4.3 Specificities of the Consumption-Based Approach to GHG Accounting and Limitation in Determining the Climate Contribution with no Linkage to Actions 11.5 Management of Cities’ GHG Emissions Through a Need-Based Solution-Oriented Approach 11.5.1 Theory of Change to Link Action and Impact 11.5.2 Target Setting for Cities 11.5.3 Categorization of the City Consumers 11.5.4 Outcomes for the Management of City Consumption 11.5.5 Categorization of the City Consumptions 11.5.6 Matrix for the Management of city’s Consumption 11.5.7 Identification of Mitigation Actions for the City Action Plan 11.5.8 Ex-ante Determination of the Impact of a City Action Plan 11.5.9 Policy Instrument Enabled by the New GHG Accounting System 11.6 Conclusions References 507352_1_En_BookBackmatter_OnlinePDF Appendix A Guide to Carbon Neutral City Plan 2050: An Urban Integration Platform Modeling Approach Introduction Framework for Developing the Guide Definition and Principles of Carbon Neutrality in Cities Definition Principles Dynamic Methodologies for Carbon Neutrality Analysis: An Urban Integration Platform Modeling Approach Critique of Current Approaches to City Carbon Neutrality Planning Types of Methodology The Process as a Whole City Profile Integrated Climate Actions in Practice: A Target and Indicator Approach Climate Targets: Optimal Scenarios for Achieving Carbon Neutrality by 2050 Strategies Measures Projects Gradual Pathways to Carbon Neutrality: Organizational Actions Implementation Roadmap Essential Project Deliverables for Carbon Neutral City Plan 2050 Technical Assessment Define and Measure Carbon Neutrality Policy Road Map Co-benefits of Carbon Neutral City Plan 2050 Evaluation of Plans, Implementation and Performance: A New MRV Approach Appendix A Comparison of the Selected Carbon Neutral City 2050 Plans Appendix B A Methodological Guide to Using Carbon Offsets for Carbon Sequestration Outside Cities Appendix C Digital Transformation to Carbon Emissions Reduction Tracking, Accounting and Trading: An Integration Platform Modeling Approach Appendix D Indicators of the Carbon Neutral City Plan 2050—Evolutionary Paths of Carbon Neutral City Projects References Index