New Research on Cell Aging and Death

Description

New Research on Cell Aging and Death reviews previous literature to describe the main behavioral and biochemical characteristics of the SAMP8 mouse model, discussing its main advantages as well as potential weaknesses to model age-related diseases. The subsequent chapter discusses the effect of the mechanism of cell death of neutrophil granulocytes on the realization of the inflammatory process. Neutrophil granulocytes play a central role in the innate nonspecific defense response of the human organism. In addition, neutrophils infiltrate secondary lymphoid organs where they regulate the development of adaptive immunity. Later, the authors suggest that in C. albicans, apoptotic mechanisms are valuable as major strategies with several characteristics such as phosphatidylserine exposure, DNA fragmentation, and activation of metacaspase. Studying antifungal agents with varying mechanisms of action can be effective in appropriately treating potentially fatal candidiasis. In one study, the authors focus on the effects of aging on adult neurogenesis, a process of producing new neurons from neural stem cells and neural progenitor cells in the neocortex, comparing the dentate gyrus and subventricular zone. In the concluding review the authors evaluated the effects of natural and chemical compounds on promoter activities of several human DNA repair-associated genes in HeLa S3 cells. . The results indicated that naturally occurring compounds, for example, trans-resveratrol, upregulate TP53 promoter activity. Sustaining an appropriate level of genes encoding DNA repair factors is thought to be necessary for cell survival by preventing the accumulation of DNA mismatches and epigenetic alterations. (Nova Biomedical) Contents......Page 6 Preface......Page 8 Abstract......Page 14 1. Introduction......Page 15 2. Background on the SAM Strains......Page 18 3.1. Life Expectancy......Page 20 3.2.1. Spatial Learning and Memory Ability......Page 21 3.2.2. Avoidance Response Capability......Page 22 3.2.3. Object Recognition......Page 23 3.3. Altered Emotional Behavior......Page 24 3.5.1. Oxidative Stress......Page 25 3.5.2. Neuromorphological Alterations......Page 26 3.5.4. Tau Phosphorylation......Page 28 3.5.5. Aβ......Page 29 3.5.6. Blood Brain Barrier Dysfunction......Page 30 4. SAMP8 as a Model For Age-Associated Metabolic Complications......Page 31 5.1. Myocardial Alterations......Page 32 6. SAMP8 as a Model for Musculoskeletal Aging......Page 33 Final Remarks......Page 35 References......Page 37 Abstract......Page 56 Introduction......Page 58 Necrosis of Neutrophils and Its Effect on the Development of Inflammation......Page 59 Apoptosis as a Physiological Cell Death, Which Manifests an Anti-Inflammatory Effect......Page 62 The Effect of NETosis on Inflammatory Reactions......Page 66 Autophagy as a Maintaining Process for Neutrophil Homeostasis and a Mechanism of Death That Regulates Inflammation......Page 72 Acknowledgment......Page 76 References......Page 77 Abstract......Page 92 Introduction......Page 93 Candidiasis in Human Fungal Infections......Page 94 Targeting the Cell Wall......Page 95 Inhibition of Fungal Nucleic Acid, Protein, and Microtubule Synthesis......Page 96 Targeting of Calcineurin Signaling......Page 97 Reactive Oxygen Species and Programmed Cell Death......Page 98 Conclusion......Page 102 References......Page 103 Biographical Sketch......Page 113 Abstract......Page 122 Adult Neurogenesis in the SVZ and Aging......Page 123 Adult Neurogenesis in the HDG and Aging......Page 125 Neocortical Adult Neurogenesis and Aging......Page 127 References......Page 134 Abstract......Page 144 Abbreviations......Page 145 Introduction......Page 146 Metabolism of NAD+......Page 147 TCA Cycle, ETC, and Mitochondrial Functions......Page 148 Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (PARylation)......Page 149 NAD+ and Aging......Page 150 NAD+ and Neurodegenerative Diseases......Page 151 Transcriptional Regulation of Mitochondrial Function- and DNA Repair-Associated Genes......Page 152 Cells and Cell Culture......Page 153 Construction of Luciferase Expression Reporter Plasmids......Page 154 Upregulation of NAD+/NADH Ratio by Chemical Compounds, Including Rsv......Page 155 Analysis of Promoter Activities of the Human DNA Repair-Associated Genes......Page 156 Discussion......Page 157 Acknowledgments......Page 160 References......Page 161 Biographical Sketch......Page 171 Index......Page 172 Blank Page......Page 0