Cisco IOS XR Fundamentals

Description

Cisco's IOS (Internetwork Operating System) is the operating system that Cisco has been developing for many years for use in their routers and switches. IOS is a package of routing, switching, internetworking and telecommunications functions tightly integrated with a multitasking operating system. Originally IOS used an integrated kernel, but more recently the new version of Cisco IOS called IOS XR has been released that uses a 3rd party real-time operating system microkernel (QNX). This new kernel offers modularity and memory protection between processes, lightweight threads, pre-emptive scheduling and the ability to independently re-start failed processes.

This book, on the 'Fundamentals' of the operating system is very complete. The first few chapters talk about the basics of the operating system itself including its architecture, infrastructure, installation and the like. The remaining chapters talk more about using the OS. This includes things like security, configuration control, routing and switching.

The book is intended for the individual actively managing a Cisco network and provides a basic understanding and details of its use. Contents......Page 10 Foreword......Page 20 Introduction......Page 21 Evolution of Networking......Page 24 Requirements for Carrier-Grade NOS......Page 25 Failure Recovery and Microkernel-Based NOS......Page 26 Operating System Concepts......Page 27 Process Scheduling......Page 28 Memory Management......Page 29 High-Level Overview of Cisco IOS XR......Page 30 Cisco CRS-1 Carrier Routing System......Page 34 Cisco ASR 9000 Series......Page 35 Threads......Page 38 Scheduling Algorithms......Page 42 Synchronization Services......Page 44 Cisco IOS XR System Manager......Page 47 Process Attributes......Page 48 System Manager and Process Lifecycle......Page 49 CLI for Sysmgr and Processes......Page 50 Synchronous Versus Asynchronous......Page 52 Intra-node Versus Inter-node......Page 53 Connection-Oriented Versus Rendezvous......Page 54 Atomic Descriptor Ring......Page 55 Distributed Services......Page 56 GSP......Page 57 Bulk Content Downloader......Page 61 Process Placement......Page 63 Cisco IOS XR System Database......Page 67 High Availability Architecture......Page 71 Forwarding Path......Page 75 Introduction to Cisco IOS XR Packages......Page 80 Image Naming Conventions......Page 81 Cisco IOS XR Bootable Files, PIEs, and SMUs......Page 82 Composite Bootable Files......Page 84 Optional PIEs......Page 86 Install System Overview......Page 88 Preparing to Install Cisco IOS XR......Page 92 Setting the TURBOBOOT ROMMON Variable......Page 93 Booting the .vm File from ROMMON......Page 94 Verifying the Software Installation......Page 97 Installing Packages......Page 99 TURBOBOOT Considerations for the c12000 Platform......Page 102 Upgrading to a Major Cisco IOS XR Version Using mini.pie......Page 103 Install Rollback......Page 106 Removing Inactive Packages......Page 108 Performing an Install Audit......Page 109 Disk Backup and Recovery......Page 110 Creating a Backup Disk with Golden Disk......Page 111 Disk Mirroring......Page 112 Creating a Disk Partition......Page 113 Turning On Disk Mirroring......Page 114 Anticipating Disk Space Usage......Page 116 Clearing Configuration Inconsistency......Page 117 Data Plane Configuration Management......Page 120 Shared Plane......Page 121 Configuration Manager......Page 122 Configuration File System......Page 124 Role of SysDB in Configuration Management......Page 128 Replicated Data Service File System......Page 130 Understanding the Two-Stage Commit Model......Page 131 Building the Target Configuration......Page 132 Commit Operation......Page 133 Commit Failures......Page 136 Configuration Failures During Startup......Page 137 Deleting Physical Interface......Page 138 Configuration Navigation......Page 139 Troubleshooting Configuration Inconsistencies......Page 140 Configuration Session Lock......Page 141 Option 1: Unlock the Configuration Session......Page 142 Option 4: Use the end or exit Commands......Page 143 Configuration Management During Online Insertion and Removal Events......Page 144 Case 3: Replace the Node with a Higher Density Node......Page 145 Case 4: Replace the Node with a Lower Density Node......Page 146 Configuration Management During Package Activation and Deactivation......Page 147 Interface Preconfiguration......Page 148 Configuration Template......Page 149 Configuration Management During Router Startup......Page 150 Configuration Rollback......Page 151 Using SNMP......Page 156 Configuring SNMP......Page 158 SNMP in the Context of a VRF......Page 159 Logging Destination......Page 160 Local Archiving of Logging Messages......Page 161 Embedded Event Manager......Page 162 None Event Detector......Page 163 Registering and Using Onboard EEM Policies......Page 164 User-Defined EEM Policy......Page 165 EEM Reliability Metrics......Page 167 Monitoring Processes......Page 168 WDSYSMON......Page 170 Monitoring Memory......Page 171 Using the show system verify Command......Page 172 Operations and Monitoring Best Practices......Page 175 Secure Operating System......Page 180 Securing Access to the Router......Page 181 Admin Plane......Page 182 User Groups and Task Groups......Page 183 User Group and Task Group Inheritance......Page 188 External AAA......Page 190 Configuring a TACACS+ Server......Page 192 Authentication Using RADIUS......Page 193 Configuring Secure Shell......Page 194 Management Plane Protection......Page 198 Access Control Lists......Page 199 Unicast RPF......Page 202 Local Packet Transport Service......Page 204 Mechanics Behind LPTS: A High-Level Overview......Page 206 Configuring LPTS......Page 212 Understanding RIP Fundamentals......Page 216 Configuring RIP in Cisco IOS XR......Page 217 Configuring Route Policy Language......Page 219 Restarting, Shutting Down, and Blocking RIP......Page 220 Verifying and Troubleshooting RIP......Page 222 Reliable Transport Protocol......Page 224 Configuring EIGRP in Cisco IOS XR......Page 225 Configuring Routing Policy......Page 226 Configuring Router ID......Page 227 Configuring and Verifying NSF......Page 228 Verifying EIGRP Process Status......Page 229 Verifying and Troubleshooting EIGRP......Page 231 Understanding OSPF Fundamentals......Page 232 Configuring and Verifying OSPFv2......Page 234 Hierarchical CLI and Inheritance......Page 236 Configuring OSPFv2 Authentication......Page 240 Verifying NSF Configuration and Standby RP Status......Page 242 Configuring and Verifying Nonstop Routing......Page 245 Configuring and Verifying Multiarea Adjacencies......Page 247 Configuring and Verifying Bidirectional Forwarding Detection......Page 248 Configuring and Verifying OSPFv3......Page 250 Understanding IS-IS Fundamentals......Page 253 Configuring IS-IS in Cisco IOS XR......Page 254 Verifying the Single Topology Model......Page 256 Configuring and Verifying the Multitopology Model......Page 258 Configuring and Verifying Interface States......Page 259 Configuring IS-IS NSF and IS-IS Timers......Page 260 Configuring and Verifying BFD in IS-IS......Page 262 Configuring and Verifying IP Fast Reroute......Page 263 Configuring and Verifying Authentication in IOS XR IS-IS......Page 264 Cisco IOS XR BGP Architectural Overview......Page 268 Cisco IOS XR BGP Hierarchical Configuration......Page 271 Address Family Configuration Mode......Page 272 Configuration Groups......Page 273 Implementing BGP Policies......Page 277 Routing Policy Language......Page 278 Prefix Set......Page 280 Community Set......Page 282 Routing Policies......Page 283 Hierarchical Policies and Parameterization......Page 293 BGP Policy Accounting......Page 297 BGP Remotely Triggered Black Hole......Page 299 BGP Graceful Restart......Page 301 BGP Distributed Speaker......Page 303 Cisco IOS XR BGP Convergence......Page 307 Understanding Cisco IOS XR MPLS Architecture Fundamentals......Page 314 Cisco IOS XR MPLS Load Balancing......Page 320 Label Distribution Protocol......Page 323 LDP Basic Configuration......Page 326 LDP Label Control......Page 327 LDP-IGP Sync and LDP Session Protection......Page 329 MPLS Traffic Engineering......Page 333 Cisco IOS XR Peer-to-Peer L3VPN......Page 338 Virtual Routing Forwarding Tables......Page 339 MP-iBGP Between PE Routers......Page 341 Static Routing for CE-PE......Page 355 eBGP as CE-PE Protocol......Page 356 OSPF as CE-PE Protocol......Page 359 RIP as CE-PE Protocol......Page 360 Virtual Private Wire Service......Page 361 VPWS Configuration in IOS XR......Page 362 Pseudo Wire Redundancy......Page 367 Virtual Private VLAN Service......Page 368 Understanding Multicast Routing Fundamentals......Page 378 IGMPv3......Page 379 Protocol Independent Multicast......Page 380 Understanding Cisco IOS XR Multicast......Page 381 Understanding Cisco IOS XR PIM Sparse Mode......Page 383 Understanding PIM Source Specific Multicast on IOS XR......Page 395 Configuring IGMP......Page 398 Auto-RP......Page 399 PIM SSM Configuration......Page 400 Monitoring and Troubleshooting Cisco IOS XR Multicast......Page 401 Debugging Multicast in Router's Fabric and Egress Path......Page 402 Debugging an RPF Failure Using a Line Card MFIB Command......Page 403 Owner and Non-Owner SDR......Page 406 Understanding SDR Privileges......Page 407 DRP......Page 409 Configuring a Secure Domain Router......Page 410 Creating a Named Secure Domain Router......Page 413 Assigning Resources to a Named SDR......Page 414 Logging In to a Newly Named SDR......Page 416 Process Placement......Page 418 Line Card Chassis......Page 422 Fabric Card Chassis......Page 423 Fabric Data Path......Page 425 Multishelf Fabric Interconnect......Page 426 SEA Links......Page 427 Optical Array Cables......Page 429 Recommended Practices and Considerations......Page 430 Single Module Fabric Configuration......Page 431 Multimodule Configuration......Page 433 Multishelf Control Ethernet......Page 434 Multishelf Configuration......Page 437 Viewing the Configuration......Page 440 Line Card Chassis to Multishelf Preparation......Page 445 Troubleshooting Multishelf Fabric Planes......Page 447 Troubleshooting Fabric Links......Page 450 Appendix A: ROMMON and Configuration Register Settings......Page 458 Appendix B: Multishelf 2+1 Array Cable Mapping......Page 462 Appendix C: Switch Fabric Down Flags......Page 466 A......Page 469 B......Page 470 C......Page 472 D......Page 478 E......Page 479 F......Page 480 I......Page 481 J - K - L......Page 485 M......Page 486 O......Page 489 P......Page 491 Q - R......Page 493 S......Page 497 T......Page 502 V......Page 503 W - X - Y - Z......Page 504