Vaccines for Veterinarians

Description

Both a theoretical text and a practical handbook, Vaccines for Veterinarians is the first of its kind to bring the basic science of animal vaccination and the practical details of vaccine use together in one single volume. From the first chapter on the history of vaccination and the triumph of rinderpest eradication to the last chapter on the rapidly emerging field of cancer vaccines, this book offers a truly comprehensive grounding in established and emerging vaccines for both major and minor species. Specific topics include viral vectored vaccines, DNA-plasmid vaccines, RNA vaccines, reverse vaccinology, the complexities of adjuvant use, vaccine failures and adverse events, vaccine production and regulation, robotic vaccination machines, contraceptive and production-enhancing vaccines, and so much more. At a time when resistance to human vaccination is receiving much publicity, this evidence-based book is the ideal counter to ill-informed speculation ― serving as a timely reminder that vaccination is essential for the control of infectious diseases in animals. Well-respected and experienced veterinary author, Ian Tizard, provides expert guidance on the topic of vaccinations and immunology in veterinary medicine.Expert Consult site offers an online version of the book, making it easy to search the entire book electronically. The latest information on viral vectored vaccines keeps you up-to-date on the topic as well as the properties and relative advantages of currently used vectors in animal vaccines.Survey of vaccine responses covers the different mechanisms by which the immune system responds to different types of vaccines.Inclusion of the latest vaccine technologies discusses the advantages and disadvantages of DNA-plasmid vaccines, RNA vaccines, and more.Coverage of adverse events and hypersensitivities includes the best ways to treat them and report them.Coverage of passive immunization discusses the growing use of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies in veterinary medicine.Coverage of immunotherapy includes recent improvements and new products in both active and passive immunotherapy against animal cancers. Front Cover Inside Front Cover Front Matter Vaccines for Veterinarians Copyright Dedication Preface Commonly used abbreviations Table of Contents 1 A brief history of veterinary vaccines Key words: Variolation and vaccination Edward jenner Cattle plague Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia Louis pasteur Anthrax and rabies Dead vaccines Vaccination and antiviral vaccines Canine distemper The eradication of rinderpest Sources of additional information 2 The science behind vaccine use Keywords: Innate immunity Adaptive immunity Step 1: Antigen capture and processing Exogenous antigens Endogenous antigens Step 2: Helper T cell activation Helper T cells Step 3: B and T cell responses B cell responses T cell responses Macrophage activation Step 4: Memory cell generation Memory B cells Memory T cells A word of caution Sources of additional information 3 Nonliving vaccines Keywords: Bacterial vaccines Bacterins Toxoids Bacterin-toxoids Subunit vaccines Core antigens Glycoconjugate vaccines Outer membrane vesicles Cloned antigens Iron transport proteins Bacterial ghosts Viral vaccines Whole virus vaccines Virus-like particles Virosomes Subunit vaccines Cloned antigens The diva principle Sources of additional information 4 Living vaccines Keywords: Antigen processing Attenuation Bacterial attenuation Random mutagenesis Gene deletion Viral attenuation Gene-deleted vaccines Leaderless vaccines Marker vaccines Disa vaccines Safety issues Sources of additional information 5 Recombinant vectored vaccines Keywords: Vectors Poxvirus vectors Adenovirus vectors Herpesvirus vectors Other viral vectors Plant-based vaccines Chimeric virus vaccines Safety issues Sources of additional information 6 Nucleic acid vaccines and reverse vaccinology Keywords: DNA-plasmid vaccines Vaccine production Vaccine administration Cell entry Gene guns Electroporation Problems Prime-boost strategies RNA vaccines Alphavirus replicons Reverse vaccinology Step 1. Identifying candidate protein antigens Step 2. Identifying T cell epitopes Step 3. Identifying B cell epitopes Step 4. Synthesizing and testing the vaccine Other approaches New vaccines Mosaic vaccines Systems immunology Sources of additional information 7 Adjuvants and adjuvanticity Keywords: How adjuvants work Types of adjuvants Damage-associated molecular patterns-type adjuvants Aluminum adjuvants Saponin-based adjuvants Emulsion adjuvants Pathogen-associated molecular patterns-type adjuvants Synthetic polymer adjuvants Particulate adjuvants Combined adjuvants Cytokines Mucosal adjuvants Sources of additional information 8 The administration of vaccines Keywords: Vaccination principles Vaccination schedules Initial series Vaccination intervals Revaccination Maternal immunity Vaccination strategies Herd immunity Safety and efficacy Combined and polyvalent vaccines Administration Vaccine storage and handling Injection Mucosal vaccination Oral vaccination Intranasal vaccination Novel techniques Sources of additional information 9 Failures in vaccination Keywords Administration failure Incorrect storage or expired vaccines Wrong vaccine Lapses in vaccination Animal failure Failure to respond Vaccine failure Vaccination efficacy and effectiveness Correlates of protection Sources of additional information 10 Adverse consequences of vaccination Keywords: Adverse effect principles Adverse events Innate immune reactions Hypersensitivity responses Type I hypersensitivities Type II hypersensitivities Hemolytic disease of the newborn Bovine neonatal pancytopenia Type III hypersensitivities Blue eye Purpura hemorrhagica Type IV hypersensitivities Residual virulence Fetal abnormalities Immunosuppression Reversion to virulence Other issues Autoimmune disease. Vaccine-associated osteodystrophy Overvaccination Injection site sarcomas Errors in manufacture and administration Vaccine contamination Injection site lesions Human illness Reporting United States United Kingdom Australia New Zealand Sources of additional information 11 Production, assessment, and regulation of vaccines Keywords: Vaccine categories Vaccine production Key steps Vaccine excipients Cost/benefits of vaccination Combined/polyvalent vaccines Vaccine presentation Vaccine labels Vaccine regulation Genetically modified vaccines Regulatory authorities Canada Europe United Kingdom Australia New Zealand The Americas International Sources of additional information 12 Passive immunization Keywords: Immunoglobulins Polyclonal antibodies Immunized donor animals Chicken egg yolk Blood plasma Milk whey Antitoxins Clostridium tetani Serum sickness Clostridium botulinum Clostridium perfringens, types C and D Immune sera Neonatal foals Neonatal calves Neonatal piglets Rabies Snake and other venoms Human passive immunization Monoclonal antibodies Antimicrobial monoclonal antibodies Antiinflammatory monoclonal antibodies Atopic dermatitis Anticancer monoclonal antibodies Equine serum hepatitis Sources of additional information 13 Canine vaccines Keywords Species considerations Antibacterial vaccines Bordetella bronchiseptica Leptospirosis Borrelia burgdorferi Canine respiratory disease complex Antiviral vaccines Canine distemper Heterotypic immunization Canine adenovirus 2 Canine parvovirus Rabies Canine parainfluenza Canine influenza Combination vaccines Other noncore vaccines Canine coronaviruses Canine herpesvirus Crotalid vaccine Vaccination and maternal antibodies Management issues Risk factors Correlates of protection Shelter-housed dogs Obesity Adverse events Local reactions Generalized reactions Transient immunosuppression Residual virulence Sources of additional information 14 Feline vaccines Keywords Antibacterial vaccines Feline respiratory disease Bordetella bronchiseptica Chlamydia felis Antiviral vaccines Feline herpesvirus Feline calicivirus Feline parvovirus Rabies Other important vaccines Feline leukemia virus Feline coronavirus Feline immunodeficiency virus Dermatophytosis Maternal antibodies Other timing issues Special management issues Cat housing Feral cats Geriatric patients Assessment of vaccination needs Adverse events Injection-site sarcomas Sources of additional information 15 Equine vaccines Keywords Antibacterial vaccines Tetanus Botulism Strangles Anthrax Leptospirosis Potomac horse fever Antiviral vaccines Eastern and western equine encephalitis Venezuelan equine encephalitis West nile virus Equine rhinopneumonitis Rabies Equine viral arteritis Equine influenza Rotaviruses Other equine vaccines African horse sickness Hendra virus Crotalid snake bite Gonadotropin releasing hormone Prescottella (rhodococcus) equi Adverse events Purpura hemorrhagica International vaccine requirements Related species Donkeys Sources of additional information 16 Bovine vaccines Keywords: Vaccine administration Antibacterial vaccines Bovine respiratory disease complex Mannheimia haemolytica Pasteurella multocida Histophilus somni Leptospirosis Clostridial vaccines. Brucellosis Brucella abortus strain 19 vaccine Brucella abortus strain RB51 Campylobacteriosis Salmonellosis Colibacillosis Anaplasmosis Footrot Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (pinkeye) Mycobacterium avium, subspecies paratuberculosis Antiviral vaccines Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis Bovine virus diarrhea Parainfluenza 3 Bovine respiratory syncytial virus Other important vaccines Bovine coronavirus and rotaviruses Foot-and-mouth disease Lumpy skin disease Rift valley fever Bovine ephemeral fever Mastitis vaccines Maternal antibodies Adverse events Sources of additional information 17 Sheep and goat vaccines Keywords Vaccine administration Antibacterial vaccines Clostridial diseases Footrot Caseous lymphadenitis Campylobacter fetus Bacterial pneumonia Ovine enzootic abortion Antiviral vaccines Soremouth Bluetongue Rabies Other vaccines Q fever Sheep and goat pox Brucellosis Contagious agalactia Leptospirosis Peste des petits ruminants Production enhancing vaccines Adverse events Related species Goats Llamas and other camelids Sources of additional information 18 Porcine vaccines Keywords: Vaccine administration Injection Needle-free injection Oral vaccination Antibacterial vaccines Swine erysipelas Colibacillosis Atrophic rhinitis Leptospirosis Clostridial dysentery Mycoplasmal diseases Porcine pleuropneumonia Salmonellosis Lawsonia enteropathy Glasser’s disease Streptococcus suis Antiviral vaccines Porcine parvovirus Pseudorabies Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome Porcine epidemic diarrhea Transmissible gastroenteritis Other important vaccines Swine influenza Classical swine fever (hog cholera) African swine fever Foot-and-mouth disease Porcine circovirus disease Autogenous vaccines Boar taint vaccine Vaccination timing and protocols Adverse events Sources of additional information 19 Poultry vaccines Keywords Vaccine administration In ovo vaccination Subcutaneous neck injection Spray vaccination Gel vaccination Drinking water vaccines Eye-drop/intranasal vaccination Wing-web vaccination Antibacterial vaccines Pasteurellosis Mycoplasmosis Infectious coryza Colibacillosis Salmonellosis Antiviral vaccines Marek’s disease Newcastle disease Infectious bursal disease Infectious bronchitis Infectious laryngotracheitis Avian reoviruses Avian influenza Fowlpox Avian encephalomyelitis Egg drop syndrome Antiparasite vaccines Coccidiosis Maternal immunity Assessment of vaccination Hatchery vaccination Layer chickens Broiler chickens Small flocks Adverse events Ducks Duck septicemia Duck viral hepatitis Duck viral enteritis Duck parvoviruses Turkeys Turkey erysipelas Turkey coryza Turkey rhinotracheitis Turkey hemorrhagic enteritis Paramyxovirus 3 Guinea fowl Sources of additional information 20 Vaccination of exotic and wild species Keywords: Mammals Erysipelas Leptospirosis Clostridial diseases Bovine herpesvirus 1 Parainfluenza 3 Canine distemper Parvoviruses Canine adenovirus Feline calicivirus Feline herpesvirus Equine encephalitides Equine herpesvirus Human vaccines Rabies Birds Avian polyoma virus Herpesviruses West nile virus (WNV) Avian influenza Newcastle disease Other pigeon vaccines Poxviruses Commercial exotic vaccines Mink vaccines Botulism Canine distemper Mink virus enteritis Hemorrhagic pneumonia Rabbit vaccines Rabbit pasteurellosis Rabbit hemorrhagic disease Myxomatosis Wildlife vaccines Rabies Sylvatic plague Classical swine fever Brucellosis Immunocontraception Sources of additional information 21 Fish vaccines Keywords Fish immunity Adaptive immunity Methods of vaccination Injection Immersion vaccination Oral vaccination Vaccination process Antibacterial vaccines Vibriosis Cold-water vibriosis Furunculosis Winter ulcer Yersiniosis Pasteurellosis Warm water vibriosis Edwardsiellosis Flavobacteriosis Bacterial kidney disease Piscirickettsiosis Other bacterial vaccines Antiviral vaccines Infectious pancreatic necrosis Infectious salmon anemia Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus Salmon pancreas disease Viral hemorrhagic septicemia Spring viremia of carp Koi herpesvirus disease Viral nervous necrosis Antiprotozoan vaccine Adverse events Species differences Sources of additional information 22 Vaccines against parasites Keywords Protozoan vaccines Giardiasis Toxoplasmosis Neosporosis Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis Leishmaniasis (leishmaniosis) Tritrichomonas Theileriosis Babesiosis Coccidiosis Helminth vaccines Taenia ovis Echinococcus granulosus Taenia solium Lungworm vaccines Haemonchus contortus Arthropod vaccines Ticks Sources of additional information 23 Anticancer vaccines Keywords: Preventative vaccines Passive immunization Monoclonal antibodies Checkpoint inhibition Canine T cell lymphoma Active immunization Telomerase vaccine Canine oral melanoma Osteosarcomas Autologous tumor vaccines Sources of additional information Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W Y Z