International Law

Description

International Law is the definitive and authoritative text on the subject, offering Shaw's unbeatable combination of clarity of expression and academic rigour and ensuring both understanding and critical analysis in an engaging and authoritative style. Encompassing the leading principles, practice and cases, and retaining and developing the detailed references which encourage and assist the reader in further study, this new edition motivates and challenges students and professionals while remaining accessible and engaging. Fully updated to reflect recent case law and treaty developments, this edition contains an expanded treatment of the relationship between international and domestic law, the principles of international humanitarian law, and international criminal law alongside additional material on international economic law. Cover ......Page 1 Half-title page......Page 3 Reviews ......Page 4 Title page......Page 7 Copyright page......Page 8 Dedication......Page 9 Contents......Page 11 Preface to the Eighth Edition......Page 23 Table of Cases......Page 24 Table of Treaties and Selected Other International Instruments......Page 48 List of Abbreviations......Page 88 1 The Nature and Development of International Law......Page 91 Law and Politics in the World Community......Page 92 The Role of Force......Page 93 The International System ......Page 94 The Function of Politics......Page 98 Early Origins......Page 100 The Middle Ages and the Renaissance......Page 104 The Founders of Modern International Law......Page 106 Positivism and Naturalism......Page 108 The Nineteenth Century......Page 110 The Twentieth Century......Page 112 Communist Approaches to International Law......Page 113 The ‘Developing Countries’......Page 118 Suggestions for Further Reading......Page 121 The Expanding Legal Scope of International Concern......Page 122 Positive Law and Natural Law......Page 126 New Approaches ......Page 130 The Fragmentation of International Law? ......Page 138 Conclusion......Page 139 Suggestions for Further Reading......Page 140 3 Sources......Page 141 Introduction......Page 143 The Material Fact......Page 146 What is State Practice?......Page 150 Opinio Juris ......Page 152 Protest, Acquiescence and Change in Customary Law ......Page 156 Regional and Local Custom ......Page 158 Treaties ......Page 159 General Principles of Law ......Page 162 Equity and International Law ......Page 168 Judicial Decisions ......Page 171 Writers ......Page 173 Other Possible Sources of International Law......Page 174 The International Law Commission......Page 179 Unilateral Acts......Page 180 Hierarchy of Sources and Jus Cogens ......Page 181 Suggestions for Further Reading......Page 185 4 International Law and Municipal Law......Page 186 The Theories ......Page 187 The Role of Municipal Rules in International Law ......Page 190 International Law before Municipal Courts ......Page 193 The United Kingdom ......Page 195 Customary International Law......Page 196 Treaties ......Page 202 The United States ......Page 209 (i) Other Common Law and Related Legal Systems......Page 216 (ii) Civil Law Systems......Page 220 (iii) Conclusion......Page 225 Non-Justiciability, Act of State and Related Doctrines......Page 228 Executive Certificates......Page 242 Suggestions for Further Reading......Page 244 Legal Personality – Introduction......Page 245 States......Page 246 Creation of statehood ......Page 247 Self-Determination and the Criteria of Statehood......Page 252 Extinction of Statehood ......Page 254 Independence ......Page 256 Equality ......Page 258 Peaceful Co-Existence......Page 259 Protectorates and Protected States ......Page 260 Federal States ......Page 261 Mandated and Trust Territories ......Page 266 Germany 1945......Page 268 Condominium......Page 269 International Administration of Territories......Page 270 Taiwan ......Page 273 The ‘Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus’ (TRNC) ......Page 274 Kosovo......Page 275 Palestine ......Page 276 Various Secessionist Claimants......Page 278 Associations of States......Page 280 The Sovereign Order of Malta......Page 283 The Holy See and the Vatican City ......Page 284 National Liberation Movements (NLMs)......Page 285 International Public Companies......Page 286 Transnational Corporations......Page 287 The Establishment of the Legal Right......Page 288 The Definition of Self-Determination......Page 292 Individuals ......Page 294 International Organisations......Page 295 The Acquisition, Nature and Consequences of Legal Personality – Some Conclusions......Page 296 Suggestions for Further Reading......Page 299 The Nature of Human Rights ......Page 300 Ideological Approaches to Human Rights in International Law......Page 302 The Development of International Human Rights Law ......Page 303 The Exhaustion of Domestic or Local Remedies Rule ......Page 305 Priorities of Rights......Page 306 The United Nations System – General ......Page 307 Prohibition of Discrimination......Page 311 The Principle of Self-Determination as a Human Right ......Page 313 The Protection of Minorities ......Page 316 Political Bodies......Page 321 The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights ......Page 324 The Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination ......Page 326 The Human Rights Committee ......Page 328 The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women......Page 334 The Committee against Torture ......Page 336 The Committee on the Rights of the Child ......Page 339 The Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities ......Page 341 Conclusions......Page 342 The European Convention on Human Rights ......Page 345 The Convention System......Page 349 The European Social Charter ......Page 356 The European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman and Degrading Treatment or Punishment ......Page 357 The Council of Europe Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities ......Page 359 The European Union ......Page 361 The OSCE (Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe) ......Page 363 The CIS Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms ......Page 366 The Inter-American Convention on Human Rights ......Page 367 The Banjul Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights ......Page 373 Suggestions for Further Reading......Page 377 7 Individual Criminal Responsibility in International Law ......Page 378 International Criminal Courts and Tribunals ......Page 379 The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) ......Page 382 The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) ......Page 385 The Mechanism for International Criminal Tribunals......Page 387 The International Criminal Court (ICC) ......Page 388 The Special Court for Sierra Leone......Page 395 Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia......Page 398 Kosovo Regulation 64 Panels ......Page 399 East Timor Special Panels for Serious Crimes ......Page 401 The Bosnia War Crimes Chamber ......Page 402 The Special Tribunal for Lebanon ......Page 403 The Iraqi High Tribunal ......Page 404 International crimes ......Page 405 Prohibition of genocide......Page 406 War Crimes ......Page 412 Crimes against Humanity ......Page 414 Aggression ......Page 416 Suggestions for Further Reading......Page 418 8 Recognition......Page 419 Recognition of States......Page 420 Recognition of Governments ......Page 426 Premature Recognition ......Page 431 Implied Recognition ......Page 433 Withdrawal of Recognition ......Page 435 Non-Recognition ......Page 437 Internally......Page 439 The UK ......Page 440 The USA......Page 447 Suggestions for Further Reading......Page 450 The Concept of Territory in International Law......Page 451 Territorial Sovereignty......Page 453 New States and Title to Territory ......Page 455 Boundary Treaties and Boundary Awards......Page 457 Cession ......Page 459 Conquest and the Use of Force......Page 461 The Exercise of Effective Control......Page 462 Intertemporal Law ......Page 467 Critical Date......Page 468 Sovereign Activities (Effectivités)......Page 469 The Role of Subsequent Conduct: Recognition, Acquiescence and Estoppel......Page 472 Conclusions......Page 476 Territorial Integrity, Self-Determination and Sundry Claims......Page 477 The Doctrine of Uti Possidetis ......Page 481 Beyond Uti Possidetis......Page 484 ‘The Common Heritage of Mankind’......Page 486 The Polar Regions ......Page 487 Leases and Servitudes ......Page 491 The Law of Outer Space ......Page 493 The Definition and Delimitation of Outer Space......Page 494 The Regime of Outer Space......Page 495 Suggestions for Further Reading......Page 499 10 The Law of the Sea......Page 500 Internal Waters ......Page 502 Baselines ......Page 504 Bays ......Page 507 Islands ......Page 509 Archipelagic States ......Page 510 The Juridical Nature of the Territorial Sea ......Page 512 The Right of Innocent Passage......Page 513 Jurisdiction over Foreign Ships ......Page 516 International Straits ......Page 517 The Contiguous Zone ......Page 519 The Exclusive Economic Zone ......Page 521 The Continental Shelf ......Page 524 Definition......Page 526 The Rights and Duties of the Coastal State ......Page 528 Maritime Delimitation ......Page 529 Conclusion......Page 541 Landlocked States ......Page 542 The High Seas ......Page 543 Jurisdiction on the High Seas ......Page 545 Right of Visit ......Page 547 Piracy ......Page 548 The Slave Trade ......Page 549 Hot Pursuit ......Page 550 Treaty Rights and Agreements ......Page 551 Pollution ......Page 553 Straddling stocks ......Page 556 Introduction......Page 559 The 1982 Law of the Sea Convention (Part XI)......Page 560 The Reciprocating States Regime......Page 561 The 1994 Agreement on Implementation of the Seabed Provisions of the Convention on the Law of the Sea ......Page 562 The International Seabed Authority ......Page 563 Settlement of Disputes ......Page 564 The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea ......Page 566 Suggestions for Further Reading......Page 572 11 Jurisdiction......Page 573 The Principle of Domestic Jurisdiction ......Page 575 Legislative, Executive and Judicial Jurisdiction......Page 576 Civil Jurisdiction ......Page 577 The Territorial Principle......Page 578 The Nationality Principle ......Page 583 The Passive Personality Principle ......Page 587 The Protective Principle ......Page 589 War Crimes, Crimes against Peace and Crimes against Humanity......Page 590 Treaties Providing for Jurisdiction......Page 594 Illegal Apprehension of Suspects and the Exercise of Jurisdiction ......Page 599 The US Alien Tort Statute ......Page 601 Extradition ......Page 604 Extraterritorial jurisdiction ......Page 605 Suggestions for Further Reading......Page 612 Sovereign Immunity ......Page 613 The Absolute Immunity Approach......Page 616 The Restrictive Approach......Page 619 Sovereign and Non-Sovereign Acts......Page 622 State Immunity and Violations of Human Rights ......Page 627 Commercial Acts......Page 630 Contracts of Employment......Page 636 Other Non-Immunity Areas......Page 638 The Personality Issue – Instrumentalities and Parts of the State ......Page 639 The Personality Issue – Immunity for Senior Government Figures ......Page 644 Waiver of Immunity......Page 649 Pre-Judgment Attachment ......Page 651 Immunity from Execution ......Page 652 The Burden and Standard of Proof......Page 656 Diplomatic Law ......Page 657 The Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961......Page 658 The Inviolability of the Premises of the Mission......Page 659 The Diplomatic Bag......Page 663 Diplomatic Immunities – Property......Page 666 Diplomatic Immunities – Personal......Page 667 Waiver of Immunity......Page 672 Consular Privileges and Immunities: The Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, 1963 ......Page 673 The Convention on Special Missions, 1969 ......Page 675 The Vienna Convention on the Representation of States in their Relations with International Organisations of a Universal Character, 1975 ......Page 677 Suggestions for Further Reading......Page 678 13 State Responsibility......Page 679 The Nature of State Responsibility......Page 681 The Question of Fault ......Page 683 Attribution ......Page 684 Ultra vires acts......Page 687 State Control and Responsibility......Page 688 Mob Violence, Insurrections and Civil Wars......Page 689 Circumstances Precluding Wrongfulness ......Page 691 Invocation of State Responsibility ......Page 695 Reparation ......Page 696 Serious Breaches of Peremptory Norms (Jus Cogens)......Page 701 Diplomatic Protection and Nationality of Claims ......Page 702 The Exhaustion of Local Remedies ......Page 710 The Treatment of Aliens ......Page 712 The Relevant Standard of Treatment......Page 713 The Protection of Foreign Property and Investments ......Page 716 The Property Question......Page 718 The Nature of Expropriation ......Page 719 Public Purposes......Page 721 Compensation......Page 722 Bilateral Investment Treaties......Page 725 Lump-Sum Agreements......Page 728 Suggestions for Further Reading......Page 729 14 International Environmental Law......Page 730 The Basic Duty of States......Page 735 The Appropriate Standard......Page 737 Damage Caused......Page 738 Liability for Damage Caused by Private Persons......Page 740 Prevention of Transboundary Harm from Hazardous Activities ......Page 741 The Problems of the State Responsibility Approach......Page 742 Use of Territory......Page 743 Environmental Impact Assessments......Page 745 The Precautionary Principle......Page 747 Sustainable Development......Page 748 The Polluter Pays......Page 749 Atmospheric Pollution ......Page 750 Ozone Depletion and Climate Change ......Page 753 Outer Space ......Page 758 International Watercourses ......Page 760 Ultra-Hazardous Activities ......Page 763 Nuclear Activities ......Page 764 The Provision of Information......Page 765 The Provision of Assistance ......Page 766 Civil Liability ......Page 767 Hazardous Wastes ......Page 769 Marine Pollution ......Page 770 Pollution from Ships......Page 771 Suggestions for Further Reading......Page 773 15 The Law of Treaties......Page 774 Formalities......Page 778 Consent......Page 779 Consent by Signature ......Page 780 Consent by Ratification ......Page 781 Consent by Accession ......Page 782 Reservations to Treaties ......Page 783 Entry into Force of Treaties......Page 791 The Application of Treaties ......Page 792 Third States......Page 793 The Amendment and Modification of Treaties......Page 795 Treaty Interpretation ......Page 796 General Provisions......Page 801 Municipal Law......Page 802 Fraud and Corruption......Page 803 Coercion......Page 804 Jus Cogens ......Page 805 Termination by Treaty Provision or Consent......Page 806 Material Breach ......Page 807 Supervening Impossibility of Performance ......Page 809 Fundamental Change of Circumstances ......Page 810 Treaties between States and International Organisations ......Page 812 Suggestions for Further Reading......Page 814 16 State Succession......Page 815 Continuity and Succession......Page 817 Succession to Treaties ......Page 822 Categories of Treaties: Territorial, Political and Other Treaties......Page 823 Succession to Treaties Generally......Page 825 Absorption and Merger......Page 826 Cession of Territory from One State to Another......Page 827 Separation from an Existing State to Form a New State or States......Page 828 ‘Newly Independent States’......Page 830 Dissolution of States......Page 832 International Human Rights Treaties......Page 833 Membership of International Organisations ......Page 835 Succession to Assets and Debts ......Page 836 State Property ......Page 837 State Archives......Page 841 Public Debt ......Page 843 Private Rights......Page 847 State Succession and Nationality ......Page 849 State Succession and Responsibility ......Page 852 Suggestions for Further Reading......Page 853 17 The Settlement of Disputes by Peaceful Means......Page 854 Negotiation ......Page 857 Good Offices and Mediation ......Page 860 Inquiry ......Page 861 Conciliation ......Page 863 Regional Organisations ......Page 865 The African Union (Formerly the Organisation of African Unity) ......Page 866 The Organization of American States ......Page 869 Europe ......Page 870 The Settlement of International Economic Disputes ......Page 872 Binding Methods of Inter-State Dispute Settlement......Page 884 Arbitration ......Page 885 Suggestions for Further Reading......Page 892 18 The International Court of Justice ......Page 893 The Organisation of the Court ......Page 894 General......Page 898 The Nature of a Legal Dispute......Page 900 Contentious Jurisdiction ......Page 902 Article 36(1)......Page 906 Article 36(2) ......Page 911 Sources of Law, Propriety and Legal Interest......Page 915 Evidence......Page 917 Provisional Measures ......Page 920 Joinder of Cases ......Page 923 Counter-Claims ......Page 924 Third-Party Intervention ......Page 925 Remedies ......Page 928 Enforcement......Page 930 Application for Revision of a Judgment ......Page 931 Examination of a Situation after the Judgment......Page 932 The Advisory Jurisdiction of the Court ......Page 933 The Role of the Court......Page 937 Proliferation of Courts and Tribunals......Page 938 Suggestions for Further Reading......Page 940 Law and Force from the ‘Just War’ to the United Nations ......Page 941 The UN Charter ......Page 944 ‘Force’......Page 945 ‘Against the Territorial Integrity or Political Independence of Any State’......Page 947 Reprisals ......Page 949 The Right of Self-Defence ......Page 951 The Protection of Nationals Abroad ......Page 960 Collective Self-Defence ......Page 962 Civil Wars ......Page 964 Aid to the Authorities of a State ......Page 966 Aid to Rebels ......Page 968 Humanitarian Intervention ......Page 970 Terrorism and International Law ......Page 974 Suggestions for Further Reading......Page 980 20 International Humanitarian Law......Page 981 Development......Page 982 The Wounded and Sick......Page 984 Prisoners of War ......Page 985 Protection of Civilians and Occupation......Page 988 International Humanitarian Law and International Human Rights Law......Page 993 The Conduct of Hostilities ......Page 996 Armed Conflicts: International and Internal......Page 1001 Non-International Armed Conflict ......Page 1005 Enforcement of Humanitarian Law ......Page 1009 Conclusion......Page 1012 Suggestions for Further Reading......Page 1013 The UN System......Page 1014 The Security Council ......Page 1015 The General Assembly ......Page 1018 Other Principal Organs ......Page 1020 The United Nations System......Page 1023 The Security Council......Page 1024 The Secretary-General ......Page 1027 Peacekeeping and Observer Missions ......Page 1028 Conclusion......Page 1035 The Collective Security System ......Page 1036 Determination of the Situation......Page 1037 Measures Not Involving the Use of Force ......Page 1041 Measures Involving the Use of Force......Page 1048 The Use of Force in Non-Enforcement Situations......Page 1053 The Range of UN Actions from Humanitarian Assistance to Enforcement – Conclusions......Page 1060 The Security Council, International Law and the International Court of Justice......Page 1061 The Role of the General Assembly ......Page 1063 The UN and Regional Arrangements and Agencies ......Page 1065 Suggestions for Further Reading......Page 1071 Introduction......Page 1072 Some Legal Aspects of International Organisations ......Page 1079 Personality ......Page 1081 The Constituent Instruments ......Page 1085 The Powers of International Organisations ......Page 1088 The Applicable Law ......Page 1090 The Responsibility of International Organisations ......Page 1091 Liability of Member States ......Page 1094 The Accountability of International Organisations......Page 1096 Privileges and Immunities ......Page 1097 Dissolution ......Page 1106 Succession ......Page 1107 Suggestions for Further Reading......Page 1108 Index......Page 1109