The Vision Zero Handbook: Theory, Technology and Management for a Zero Casualty Policy

Description

This open access handbook provides a comprehensive treatment of Vision Zero, an innovative policy on public road safety developed in Sweden. Covering all the major topics of the subject, the book starts out with a thorough examination of the philosophy, ideas and principles behind Vision Zero. It looks at conditions for the effectiveness of the policy, principles of safety and responsibility as well as critique on the policy. Next, the handbook focuses on how the Vision Zero ideas have been received and implemented in various legislations and countries worldwide. It takes into account the way Vision Zero is looked at in the context of international organizations such as the WHO, the UN, and the OECD. This allows for a comparison of systems, models and effects. The third part of the handbook discusses the management and leadership aspects, including ISO standards, equity issues, other goals for traffic and transportation, and opportunities for the car industry. Part four delves into tools, technologies and organizational measures that contribute to the implementation of Vision Zero in road traffic. Examples of specific elements discussed are urban and rural road designs, human factor designs, and avoiding drunk and distracted driving. The final part of the handbook offers perspectives on the transfer of Vision Zero policy to other areas, ranging from air traffic to suicide prevention and nuclear energy. Vision Zero is a public road safety policy including both a long-term goal that no one shall be killed or seriously injured as a consequence of accidents in road traffic and a safety principle stating that the design and function of the road transport system shall be adapted to meet the requirements that follow from that goal. It is a new road safety paradigm which has resulted in new types of responsibilities among stakeholders, technological innovations, and new strategies and organizational measures to achieve a safe system. The road safety work based on Vision Zero has shown promising results, and although Sweden has not yet reached a safe system, the number of fatalities and severe injuries has decreased substantially. This is an open access book. Preface Contents About the Editors Contributors Part I: Ideas and Principles 1 Vision Zero and Other Road Safety Targets Introduction A Brief History of Goal-Setting in Road Safety Management Why Use Quantified Goals in Road Safety Management? When Is a Road Safety Target Rational? Precision Evaluability Approachability Motivity Balancing the Criteria Rationality Criteria for Systems of Goals Completeness The Number of Targets Consistency Why Does a Road Safety Target Have to Be Stable Over Time? Who Should Be Involved in the Goal-Setting Process? What About Contextual Rationality Aspects? Conclusions Cross-References References 2 Zero Visions and Other Safety Principles Introduction The ``Zero Family´´ Zero Defects Workplace Safety Traffic Safety Crime Prevention Preventive Medicine Environmental Protection Disarmament Comparisons Realism The Zero Object The Zero Subject Improvement Principles Continuous Improvement As Low as Reasonably Achievable (ALARA) Best Available Technology (BAT) Summary Aspiration Principles Risk Limits Exposure Limits Process and Equipment Regulations Cost-Benefit Analysis Individual Cost-Benefit Analysis Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Hypothetical Retrospection Summary Error Tolerance Principles Fail-Safety Inherent Safety The Substitution Principle Safety Factors Multiple Safety Barriers Redundancy Summary Evidence Evaluation Principles The Precautionary Principle A Reversed Burden of Proof Risk Neutrality ``Sound Science´´ Summary Conclusion Cross-References References 3 Arguments Against Vision Zero: A Literature Review Introduction Vision Zero: What It Is Vision Zero as a Goal Vision Zero as a Strategy Vision Zero as New Responsibilities Four Central Assumptions of Vision Zero Ethical Assumption: ``It Can Never Be Ethically Acceptable That People Are Killed or Seriously Injured When Moving Within the ... Empirical Assumption: Human Fallibility Is Unavoidable and Therefore Has to be Taken into Account in Traffic Safety Work Operational Assumption: The Ultimate Responsibility for Traffic Safety Should be Assigned to System Designers Empirical Assumption: Technology Can Solve Most Road Traffic Safety Problems Moral Criticism ``It Is Morally Misguided to Strive for a World Free from Suffering´´ ``It Is Not Ethically Unjustified That People Die on the Roads´´ ``Safety Should Not Have Higher Priority than Everything Else´´ ``It Is Immoral to Focus Only on Fatal and Serious Injuries´´ ``Vision Zero Is Paternalistic´´ ``Vision Zero Goes Contrary to Equity and Social Justice´´ Rationality-Based Criticism ``Vision Zero Is Unrealistic´´ ``Vision Zero Is Too Imprecise´´ ``Vision Zero Is Counterproductive and Self-Defeating´´ Operational Criticism ``Accident Statistics Do Not Provide a Reliable Picture of the Safety Level´´ ``Vision Zero Neglects the Probability of Accidents´´ ``Too Little Responsibility Is Assigned to Drivers´´ ``Too Little Responsibility Is Assigned to System Designers´´ Conclusion Cross-References References 4 What Is a Vision Zero Policy? Lessons from a Multi-sectoral Perspective Introduction Theoretical and Analytical Framework Governing by Visions Turning Visions into Policies and Goals Policy Content as a Framework for Description and Analysis The Five Vision Zero Policies Vision Zero for Road Traffic Safety Vision Zero for Fire Safety Vision Zero for Patient Safety The Vision Zero for Suicide The Vision Zero for Workplace Safety Analyzing Differences and Similarities in Vision Zero Components Problem Framing Monitoring and Surveillance Means, Programs, and Governing Structures Discussion Are There Discernable Determinants for a Vision Zero and for It Being Successful? Building the Vision Zero Ship at Sea? A Conceptual Distinction Cross-References References 5 Responsibility in Road Traffic Introduction What Is Responsibility? Causality The Multiplicity of Causal Factors The Insufficiency of Cause-Effect Relationships Agent Causality Causes with Moral Foundations The Politics of Causality Responsibility in Road Traffic The Traditional Approach Vision Zero Self-Driving Cars Institutional and Professional Responsibility Cross-References References 6 Liberty, Paternalism, and Road Safety Introduction Paternalism and Liberty Defining the Term How Bad Is Benevolence? What Options Can We Forbear? Sanitation Workplace Safety Seat Belts Helmets Drunk Driving Speeding Conclusions The Significance of Human Connectedness Combined Causes and Extended Anti-paternalism Herd Effects: How We All Influence Each Other Driver Assistance and Self-driving Cars In Conclusion: Vision Zero Cross-References References Part II: Vision Zero: An International Movement for Traffic Safety 7 Vision Zero: How It All Started Introduction So Where Is the Starting Point? The Ethical Rules of a Road Transport System Provider The Simple Model to Save Lives, Including Illustrations The ``Solutions´´ to Improve Safety How the Initiatives Were Shown: The Tylösand Story The Government Investigation and the Parliamentary Decision The Crash Tests The 2 + 1 Roads The Australian Story The Rhetoric and Illustrations of VZ The Integrated Safety Chain What Was Achieved and What Did Not Happen The Criticism The Society of Economics The ``Nanny State´´ and the Paternalism Discussion Reflections Cross-References References 8 Vision Zero in Sweden: Streaming Through Problems, Politics, and Policies Introduction Theoretical Considerations on Agenda Setting Multiple Streams Leading to the Adoption of Vision Zero, Adopted by the Swedish Parliament in 1997 The Logic and Approach of Vision Zero Problem Stream Political Stream Policy Stream Policy Window Opens Up Vision Zero: Continued Action for Road Safety, 1998-2004 Problem Stream Political Stream Policy Stream Policy Window Opens Up Discussion Epilogue References 9 Vision Zero in Norway Introduction Fatality Trends Before and After Vision Zero Demand for Updated Knowledge A New Forum for Road Safety Policymaking Quantified Road Safety Targets and Management by Objectives Converting Roads to Motorways or 2+1 Roads New Speed Limit Policy Criteria and Design Standards for Guardrails Other Developments Discussion and Conclusions References 10 Sustainable Safety: A Short History of a Safe System Approach in the Netherlands Introduction Road Safety in the Netherlands: A Success Story Causes of Crashes Start of the Dutch Safe System Approach: Sustainable Safety. National Road Safety Outlook for 1990-2010 Advancing Sustainable Safety: National Road Safety Outlook for 2005-2020 Sustainable Safety the Third Edition: The Advanced Vision for 2018-2030 Road Safety Principles of the Third Edition Epilogue Reflections on 30 Years Sustainable Safety The Future of Sustainable Safety in the Netherlands Sustainable Safety in International Perspective Sustainable Safety: Fourth Edition or a Next Paradigm? References 11 Vision Zero in Germany Adoption and Basic Principles (Christian Kellner, Ute Hammer DVR) Increase in Targeted Traffic Enforcement Adaptation of Maximum Speeds Prevention of Accidents with Trees Improvement of Safety for Motorcyclists Increased Safety Through Improvements of the Infrastructure Promotion of Driver Assistance Systems, Automation, and Networked Driving Increased Safety for Pedestrians and Cyclists Prevention of Driving Under the Influence of Alcohol and Drugs Improved Qualification of Novice Drivers Reduction of Hazards Due to Distractions Political Implementation (Guido Zielke BMVI) Research for Safe Cities (Clemens Klinke DEKRA) Munich: A City on Its Way to Vision Zero (Matthias Mück and Martin Schreiner, Mobility Department, City of Munich) Improvement of the Data Basis Systematic Mitigation of Accident Black Spots Strong Prevention Work The Need for Technology Assessment: E-scooters as an Example (Kurt Bodewig DVW) The Need for Technology Assessment: E-scooters as an Example References 12 Vision Zero in Poland Introduction State of Poland´s Road Safety Changes Between 1988 and 2019 The Situation in 2018 Key Road Safety Problems Poland´s Road Safety Programs General Characteristics of Road Safety Programs Detailed Characteristics of Road Safety Programs Integrated Road Safety Program GAMBIT 1996 (I NRSP) Poland´s Road Safety Program for the Years 2001-2010 GAMBIT 2000 (II NRSP) National Road Safety Program for the Years 2005-2007-2013 GAMBIT 2005 (III NRSP) Road Safety Program for the Years 2007-2013 - GAMBIT National Roads National Road Safety Program until 2020 - NRSP 2020 (IV NRSP) Role of Research Role of International Cooperation Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Poland´s Road Safety Programs Prospects for Poland´s Vision Zero Possible Scenarios Estimating the Expected Effects of the Scenarios, if Delivered Guidelines and Recommendations for New Road Safety Programs Summary References 13 Vision Zero in Lithuania Introduction Overview of Previous Programs to Improve Road Safety in Lithuania Needs for Building Strategic Directions Selection of Specific Measures for Traffic Safety Improvement and Evaluation of Its Efficiency First Priority: Safer Behavior of Road Users Compliance with Permitted and Safe Speed Public Intolerance of Drunk Driving No Use of Mobile Devices Use of Reflective Elements Use of Seat Belts in Rear Seats and Child Seats Higher Driving Culture and More Responsible Pedestrian Behavior Second Priority: Safer Roads Third Priority: Safer Vehicles Fourth Priority: More Efficient Rescue Assistance After a Road Crash Rail Transport and Road Traffic Safety Conclusions References 14 Vision Zero in EU Policy: An NGO Perspective Introduction Sweden´s Vision Zero: Not Just Zero Fatalities and Zero Serious Injuries Vision Zero Philosophy Driving Mechanisms for Change The Four Key Elements of Vision Zero EU Decision-Making in Road Safety Policymaking: A Cyclical Process The Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) The European Union´s Legal Acts Strategies, Work Programs, Conclusions and Own-Initiative Reports The Ordinary Legislative Procedure Implementing Measures Roots of Vision Zero in Europe 1984-2000 2001-2010: The First Numerical Target to Reduce Road Deaths - Still No Vision Zero The Third Action Program in 2003 and ETSC´s Response 2004: The European Parliament Proposes to Endorse Vision Zero for the First Time The Verona Process: Commitment of the Transport Council on Road Safety 2003-2006 ETSC PIN Program 2006: Mid-term Review of the Transport White Paper and the Fourth Road Safety Action Program Ahead of the Adoption of Vision Zero in 2011 Adoption of the Third Road Safety Action Program in 2010 The Groundbreaking Adoption of Vision Zero in the 2011 Transport White Paper Vision Zero Supported by the European Parliament Corporate Sustainability Reporting Mid-term Review of the Transport White Paper and Road Safety Policy Orientations The Adoption of an EU Serious Injury Target and Its Importance for Vision Zero in Europe The Valletta Declaration and the Adoption of an EU Serious Injury Target EU Road Safety Action Policy Framework: Next Steps Towards Vision Zero Ethics Shared Responsibility Philosophy of Safety Mechanisms for Change Renewal of Vision Zero plus the Safe System Approach: Is This Enough to Deliver Vision Zero in Europe? Examples of Vision Zero in Action at EU Level Adoption of the General Safety Regulation on Minimum Vehicle Safety Standards in the EU Adoption of the Infrastructure Safety Directive Conclusion References 15 The Development of the ``Vision Zero´´ Approach in Victoria, Australia Introduction The Years Before Vision Zero Early Years Safety in the 1970s and the Haddon Matrix Behavioral Approaches Predominate Throughout the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s Establishment of MUARC The Beginning of Towards Zero Moving Beyond Behavioral Approaches Introducing Vision Zero and Safe System to Victorian Decision-Makers Use of Safe System Across Australia Implementing a Safe System in the 2000s Early Implementation of Safe System Advancing Vehicle Safety Investing in Safe Infrastructure Towards Zero Adopting the Vision Zero Principles Adopting Towards Zero Public Education and Towards Zero Community Support for Towards Zero Adoption of Towards Zero Approach Across Australia Implications for the Future Challenges Remain Road Safety Management Reporting and Accountability Future Challenges and Opportunities How to Improve Speed Management and Road Infrastructure? Realizing the Benefits of Safer and Autonomous Vehicles Improved Data and Research Conclusion References 16 Vision Zero on Federal Level in Canada Introduction Overview of Canada Federal, Provincial, or Territorial Structure Government Structures Road Safety Efforts Leading up to Vision Zero in Canada Overview of Vision Zero in Canada Vision Zero National/Federal Transport Canada Overall Level of Road Safety Impaired Driving Distracted Driving Vulnerable Road Users (VRUs) Heavy Commercial Vehicles Automated and Connected Vehicles Canadian Council of Motor Transport Administrators Road Safety Strategy 2025 Canadian Association of Road Safety Professionals: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Vision Zero Transportation Association of Canada: Road Safety and Vision Zero Traffic Injury Research Foundation: Strategies to Support Vision Zero in Canada Parachute: Vision Zero Network Canadian Research Related to Vision Zero Active Transportation and Safe School Zones Impaired Driving Road Safety Countermeasures Vulnerable Road Users (VRU) Vision Zero Implementation British Columbia Background Vision Zero in British Columbia Countermeasures Collaborative Projects Enforcement Adapting to the Environment Summary Role of Partners Alberta City of Edmonton Background Vision Zero Edmonton Countermeasures Engineering Education Enforcement Evaluation Engagement Summary Role of Partners City of Calgary Background Vision Zero in Calgary Countermeasures Community Traffic Safety Meetings Rectangular Rapid Flashing Beacons Traffic Calming Policy and Investment in Changing Infrastructure Harmonization of School Zones and Playground Zones Review of Neighborhood Speed Limits Role of Partners City of Fort Saskatchewan Background Vision Zero Countermeasures Education Enforcement Engineering Evaluation Engagement Summary Role of Partners Ontario City of Toronto Background Vision Zero in Toronto Vision Zero 2.0 Countermeasures Programs, Initiatives, and Strategies Enhanced Enforcement Educational and Awareness Campaigns Pavement Markings Traffic Control Signal Changes and Enhancements Speed Management Data-Analysis and Safety Assessments Summary Role of Partners Québec Ville de Montréal Background Vision Zero in Montréal: Three Goals to Achieve Best Practices Four Keys to Vision Zero Success: The Montréal Vision Zero Action Plan Has Them All! Summary Role of Partners Looking Toward the Future References 17 Adoption of Safe Systems in the United States Introduction Early Consideration Focus on Zero Initial Steps Vision Zero Cities The Beginning of a National Movement Formulating a Long-Term Vision The Road to Zero Vision Expansion of Vision Zero Cities Differences Between Local-Level Vision Zero & State-Level Toward Zero Deaths Efforts Promoting and Facilitating Further Safe Systems Adoption in the U.S. Vision Zero Network Safe Systems Work Group Safe Systems Academic Center Federal Leadership and Support Focus on Children New Approach: New Expectations References 18 Establishing Vision Zero in New York City: The Story of a Pioneer Introduction Policy Change Levels of Policy Change Multiple Streams The Problem Stream The Policy Stream The Political Stream The Program Stream Research Design Vision Zero in New York City The Road Safety Problem in New York City Problem Entrepreneurs The Introduction and Development of the Vision Zero Policy Policy Entrepreneurs The Political Process Political Entrepreneurs The Vision Zero Program Program Entrepreneurs Analysis and Conclusions Problem Stream Policy Stream Political Stream Program Stream Discussion What Kind of Vision Zero? Learning from a Big City Experience Cross-References References 19 Traffic Safety in India and Vision Zero Introduction National Road Traffic Injury Fatality Rate Ranking in Causes of Death and Population Health International Comparison Analysis of Data at the National Level National Fatality Rates Estimates of Modal Share of RTI Fatalities in India RTI in Urban Areas RTI Details for Selected Cities RTI Victims and Impacting Vehicles RTI on Intercity Highways RTI Patterns on Highways Road Safety Policies and Enabling Legislation in India Can Current Safety Knowledge Lead to Vision Zero in India? The Approach to Reduction in Road Traffic Fatalities Estimation Intervention 1: Vehicle Safety Regulations in India Intervention 2: Regulations Regarding Use of Seat Belts and Helmets Methodology of Estimation of Effectiveness of Intervention Calculation of Scenarios to Achieve SDG 3.6 Vehicle Crashworthiness Standards (ECE and NCAP) for Promoting Road Safety Worldwide Relationship Between MTW Share in Vehicle Fleet, Pedestrian Exposure, and Fatalities Safety Standards for Vehicles Other than Cars (Not Covered by NCAP at Present) Safety of Para-Transit Vehicles (Three-Wheeled Scooter Taxis) Designs and Specifications Conclusions References 20 Vision Zero in the United Nations Introduction Road Safety in the United Nations and Its Specialized Agencies Before Vision Zero Road Safety in the United Nations and Its Specialized Agencies After Vision Zero Vision Zero in the United Nations Road Safety Documents and Programs Conclusion References 21 Towards a Potential Paradigm Shift: The Role of Vision Zero in Global Road Safety Policy Making Introduction How Do New Ideas and Policy Choices Enter and Consolidate on a Global Level? Global Policy Diffusion Global Policymaking and Agenda-Setting Global Advocacy Global Road Safety Policymaking Research Research Design Vision Zero in Global Road Safety Policymaking The Vision Zero Policy in Global Road Safety Policymaking Safe System and Vision Zero in Practice A Paradigm Shift in Road Safety Philosophy? The Role of Vision Zero in Global Road Safety Policymaking The Advantages of Vision Zero The Challenges of Vision Zero Analysis What Vision Zero Is Diffusing? Why Is Vision Zero Diffusing? Who Diffuses Vision Zero? How Is Vision Zero Diffusing? Conclusions and Discussion References Part III: Management and Leadership for Vision Zero 22 ISO 39001 Road Traffic Safety Management System, Performance Recording, and Reporting Background Terms and Definitions Context of the Organization Leadership and Commitment Planning Operations Evaluating Performance Management Review Conclusion Discussion References 23 What the Car Industry Can Do: Volvo Cars Introduction and Background Traffic Safety Improvements: Past and Present Swedish Vision Zero from an Industry Perspective The Roles and Responsibilities of Car Manufacturers for Improving Traffic Safety Volvo Cars Safety Vision Structured Safety Design of Vehicles Real-Life Safety: The Foundation for the Safety Design Overall Safety Strategy Focus on Designing Around People Driver Distraction and Attention Selection Improved Protection for All Occupants, Independent of Age, Gender, or Size Child Restraints and Child Safety Adaptions for Occupants with Special Needs Preventing Serious Violations Preventing Driving While Under Influence (DWI) Speeding The Responsibilities of Car Manufacturers for Sharing Car Technology Developments Globally Cooperation Between Different Traffic Stakeholders Manufacturers Sharing Research Data Further Improvements of the Infrastructure Further Vehicle Development/Autonomous Vehicles New Ways of Using Transportation Discussion Conclusions References 24 What the Car Industry Can Do: Mercedes-Benz´ View Introduction The Vision of Accident-Free Driving Traffic Involves Risks Current Developments in Road Safety Factors Influencing Safety on the Road The Automobile and Road Transport in a Time of Change Implications for the Vehicle The ESF Experimental Safety Vehicles as Technology Platforms The Mercedes-Benz ESF 2019 Experimental Safety Vehicle Informed Confidence - Cooperative Behavior and Intuitive Communication Biologically Effective Light - Daylight+ Seeing and Being Seen Child Safety PRE-SAFE Child Belt PRE-SAFE Child Side Installation Monitoring Monitoring of Vital Signs Baby Live Video The Virtual Crumple Zone: The Fundamental Premise Behind PRE-SAFE Impulse and PRE-SAFE Impulse Side PRE-SAFE Impulse Front: Electric Belt Tensioners Instead of Pyrotechnics PRE-SAFE Impulse Rear Occupant Protection Systems for the Driver, New Interior Layout Safety of Rear Seat Passengers Securing the Hazardous Area (Accident or Breakdown) PRE-SAFE Side Lighting Summary References 25 Consumer Ratings and Their Role in Improving Vehicle Safety Introduction Consumer Safety Ratings as Policy Mechanism The Development of NCAP Vehicle Frontal Crashworthiness Encouraging Side Impact Protection Forgiving Vehicle Front-End Designs for Pedestrians and Cyclists Mitigating Rollover and Loss of Control Crashes Promoting Seat Belt Usage Safe Transport of Children Whiplash Prevention The Advent of Crash Avoidance Autonomous Emergency Braking Lane Support Systems Speed Assistance Systems Combining Passive and Active Safety Consumer Information in the Era of Automation NCAP Challenges for the Next Decade Correlation with Real-Life Injury Risks? Vehicle Safety in Low- and Middle-Income Countries Harmonization of Standards Population Diversity Encouraging ADAS From Assisted to Autonomous and Connected Driving Conclusions References 26 Saving Lives Beyond 2020: The Next Steps Foreword Executive Summary Preamble Reflections on the Decade of Action 2011-2020 Origins of the Decade Major Milestones and Accomplishments Vision for the Second Decade Strengthened Road Safety Pillars Safe System Approach Integration of Road Safety in Sustainable Development Goals Importance of the Vision for Low- and Middle-Income Nations Sustainable Development Goals Sustainable Development Goals: Integrated and Indivisible Strategies and Tools for Achieving Sustainable Development Goals Prerequisites for Change Expanded Engagement of Public and Private Sectors Capacity-Building Recommendations Recommended Target for 2030 Criteria Considered in Formulating Recommendations Recommendation #1: Sustainable Practices and Reporting Summary Rationale Actions and Responsibilities This Recommendation Is Linked to Others Including Recommendation #2: Procurement Summary Rationale Actions and Responsibilities This Recommendation Is Linked to Others Including Recommendation #3: Modal Shift Summary Rationale Actions and Responsibilities This Recommendation Is Linked to Others Including Recommendation #4: Child and Youth Health Summary Rationale Actions and Responsibilities This Recommendation Is Linked to Others Including Recommendation #5: Infrastructure Summary Rationale Actions and Responsibilities This Recommendation Is Linked to Others Including Recommendation #6: Safe Vehicles Across the Globe Summary Rationale Actions and Responsibilities This Recommendation Is Linked to Others Including Recommendation #7: Zero Speeding Summary Rationale Actions and Responsibilities This Recommendation Is Linked to Others Including Recommendation #8: 30 km/h Summary Rationale Actions and Responsibilities This Recommendation Is Linked to Others Including Recommendation #9: Technology Summary Rationale Actions and Responsibilities This Recommendation Is Linked to Others Including Discussion Lessons Learned from the Decade of Action 2011-2020 Opportunities Beyond 2020 Recommendations from the Academic Expert Group Next Steps for Progress References 27 Miscommunications Based on Different Meanings of ``Safe´´ and Their Implications for the Meaning of Safe System Introduction The Meaning of the Adjective ``Safe´´ Confounded Use of ``Safe´´ in Safe System Conclusions: The Necessary Meaning of Safe System Including Vision Zero in Road Safety References Part IV: Tools and Technologies for Vision Zero 28 Road Safety Analysis Introduction: Why Is Road Safety Analysis Necessary? Retrospective Analysis Real-Life Evaluation of Road Safety Countermeasures Risk Factors and Boundary Conditions Injury Risk Curves Model for Safe Traffic In-Depth Analysis of Crashes and Injuries Analysis of Future Safety Gaps The Challenges with Using of Retrospective Accident Data Correlation, Independence, Overlapping Variables, Non-Linearity, and System Effects An Analytical Approach in Vision Zero Planning and Target Setting Step 1: Outline Business as Usual System Improvements Step 2: Baseline Development Through Crash and Injury Assessment Step 3: Residual Analysis Step 4: Scenarios to Address Residual Trauma Methodological Considerations Summary and Key Messages References 29 Speed-Limits in Local Streets: Lessons from a 30 km/h Trial in Victoria, Australia Introduction Speed Limits in Local Urban Streets Global Mandate for 30 km/h Speed Limits Global Ministerial Conference A Safe System Approach The Benefits of Lower Speed Zones 20s Plenty for Us Community Acceptance Speed Limits in Urban Victoria The City of Yarra The 30 km/h Trial Motivation Behind Trial Study Methodology Study Design Speed Observations Attitudes Safety The Findings Speed Reductions Average Speed Speed Categories Speed Trends: Before and After Treatment Effect Community Survey Safety Benefits Crash Reductions Summary of Results Implications from the Trial Enforcement Speed Technology Challenges and Potential Hurdles Community Acceptance Government Support Societal Lethargy Added Costs Conclusion References 30 Urban Road Design and Keeping Down Speed Introduction Eliminating Severe Road Trauma in Cities and Towns The Safe System Systemic Risk vs. Crash History Vehicle to Vehicle Collisions at Intersections Pedestrian Collisions Cyclist and Motorcyclist Collisions Single-Vehicle Crashes Within the Roadside Rear-End Collisions at and Between Intersections The Need for Innovation Eliminating Crash and Injury Risk Exposure to Crash Risk Crash Risk Injury Risk Impact Biomechanics and Injury Risk The Relationship Between Impact Speed and Travel Speed Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Vision Zero Design and Operation for Urban Roads and Streets Safety and Environment Separation Versus Managing Kinetic Energy The Practical Application of Kinetic Energy Management Principles Unprotected Road Users Pedestrian Collisions Exposure Crash Likelihood and Injury Risk Cyclist Collisions Exposure Crash Likelihood Injury Risk Vehicle Occupants Intersection Collisions Exposure Crash Likelihood Injury Risk Lane Departure Collisions (Head-On and Single-Vehicle) Exposure Crash Likelihood Injury Risk Rear-End Collisions Exposure Crash Likelihood Injury Risk Barriers to Implementing Safe Urban Speeds Achieving Synergies with Other High-Order Goals Population Health Environment Liveability Sustainability Social Equity Concluding Comment Cross-References References 31 Rural Road Design According to the Safe System Approach Introduction Infrastructure Countermeasures to Protect Vulnerable Road Users Speed Calming Road Infrastructure Bicycle and Pedestrian Paths Bus Stop Location in Rural Areas Infrastructure Countermeasures Addressing Vehicle Occupants Road Types on Rural Roads The Two-plus-One Lane road Design Barriers Types Barrier Design for Motorcycles Rumble Strips Intersections Roadside Area Cross-References References 32 Speed and Technology: Different Modus of Operandi Introduction Setting Speed Limits Influencing Road Users´ Speed Behavior Manual Enforcement or Technology Different Modus of Operandi Method and Data Speed Camera System in Sweden, Norway, the Netherlands, and France Attitudes to Speeding and Enforcement Traffic Safety Effects of Speed Cameras Comparison Between Section Control and Spot Speed Cameras Change of Speed Distribution Experience from the Netherlands, Sweden, Norway, and France Sweden Norway The Netherlands France Discussion References 33 Driver Distraction: Mechanisms, Evidence, Prevention, and Mitigation Introduction Driver Distraction: Definition, Mechanisms, and Impacts on Driving Performance Defining ``Driver Distraction´´ Factors That Trigger Driver Distraction Competing Activities and Sources of Distraction Types of Distraction and Triggered Responses Types of Distraction Triggered Responses Interference Moderating Factors and Self-Regulation Impact on Driving Performance Evidence Implicating Distraction as a Traffic Safety Problem Crash Studies Crash Risk Studies Impact of Distraction on Crash Risk Impact of Mobile Phones Use While Driving on Crash Risk Impact of In-Vehicle Information Systems (IVIS) on Crash Risk Impact of Interactions with Passengers on Crash Risk Impact of External Distractions on Crash Risk Impact of Other Distractions on Crash Risk Prevention of Distracted Driving Countermeasures for Distracted Driving Type of Countermeasures Review of Countermeasures Elimination Substitution Engineering Controls: In-Vehicle and Mobile Technology Engineering Controls: Roads Administrative Controls Distraction and Vehicle Automation Automation Creating Distraction Distraction and Takeover Ability Self-Regulation and Individual Differences ``Vehicle Distraction and Inattention´´ Conclusion and Strategies Moving Forward Cross-References Appendix References 34 Automated Vehicles: How Do They Relate to Vision Zero Introduction The Vision Zero Concept Vision Zero Models for Safe Traffic The Vision Zero Integrated Safety Chain Model What About Automated Cars? Is Performing as Good/Bad as Humans Good Enough? The Vienna Convention Article 13 Discussion Conclusions References Part V: Vision Zero in Other Areas 35 Vision Zero in Workplaces Introduction: The Global Challenges Concerning Safety and Health in Workplaces Vision Zero in Workplaces: Roots and Developments The Origin of Accident Prevention (Early 1800s) Zero Defects (Since 1966) Zero Accidents (Since 1970) Japan´s Zero Accident: Total Participation Campaign (Since 1973) From Safety Culture to Prevention Culture (Since 1986) National Vision Zero Networks (Since 2003) Social Accident Insurance Policies (Since 2008) National and International Policies for Vision Zero in Workplaces (Since 2008) Innovating to Zero (Since 2012) The Global Vision Zero Fund (Since 2015) Implementation of Vision Zero in 27 European Workplaces (2017) The ISSA´s Global Strategy for Vision Zero (Since 2017) Examples of the Implementation of Vision Zero in Workplaces The ISSA´s Proactive Leading Indicators for Vision Zero (Since 2020) Vision Zero in Workplaces and Road Traffic Workplace Vision Zero and Road Traffic Policies Case: Shell´s Lifesaving Rules Pitfalls in the Implementation of Vision Zero in Workplaces Vision Zero Criticism and Response Conclusion: Key Messages References 36 Suicide in the Transport System Introduction Suicides in the Transport System Promote Good Life Opportunities for Less Privileged Groups Reduce Alcohol Consumption in the Population and in Groups at High Risk for Suicide Reduce Access to Means and Methods of Suicide View Suicide as a Psychological Mistake Improve Medical, Psychological, and Psychosocial Initiatives Distribute Knowledge About Evidence-Based Methods for Reducing Suicide Raise Skill Levels Among Staff and Other Key Individuals in the Care Services Perform ``Root Cause´´ or Event Analyses After Suicide Support Voluntary Organizations Suicide Classification Methodology and Psychosocial Factors Criteria to Undergo the Classification Process Classification Scale Data Collection and Psychosocial Examination Expert Group Data on Suicides in Road Traffic 2010-2018 Data on Suicides on Railway 2010-2018 Data on Suicides by Jumping from Bridges 2010-2017 How Do We Address the Problem of Suicides in the Transport System? Suicide Prevention in the Society Conclusions for the Future References 37 Vision Zero in Suicide Prevention and Suicide Preventive Methods Introduction Models for Suicide Prevention Sociological Theory Hopelessness Theory Psychache Theory Escape Theory of Suicide Emotional Dysregulation Theory Stress-Diathesis Model Interpersonal-Psychological Theory of Suicide World Health Organization (WHO) Socioecological Model Vision Zero for Suicide Definition of Vision Zero for Suicide Advantages and Challenges of Vision Zero for Suicide Advantages of Vision Zero for Suicide Challenges of Vision Zero for Suicide Vision Zero in the World Vision Zero in Sweden Vision Zero in the United States Vision Zero in the United Kingdom Vision Zero in Other Countries Toward a Vision Zero for Suicide Label? What Does the Evidence Say about Suicide Prevention Public Health Approaches Increase Public Awareness Restrictive Access to Lethal Means Medication Firearms Pesticides Barriers Control of Carbon Monoxide: Charcoal and Gas Hanging Alcohol School-Based Universal Suicide-Prevention Gatekeepers Media Guideline Internet Initiatives for Suicide Prevention Helplines Indigenous Suicide Prevention Healthcare Approach Treatment of Depression Chain of Care Education of Primary Care Physicians Screening in Primary Care Conclusion References 38 Vision Zero on Fire Safety Introduction Background The Swedish Vision Zero Initiative The Updated Status of Knowledge; What Is New, and What Are the Implications? Residential Fires and How They Are Managed Killed and Injured Effectiveness of Measures Knowledge Gaps and Innovation Needs Trends and Implications Continued Strategic Development Work Conclusions and Future Work References 39 Vision Zero in Disease Eradication Introduction Part I: Clarifying the Definitions of Disease Control, Elimination, and Eradication Part II: Twelve Lessons from Infectious Disease Campaigns Lesson 1: This Is a Cause and Effect World If We Understand the Causes, We Have a Chance to Change the Effects Lesson 2: Know the Truth Continuous Reassessment Has Collateral Benefits The Closer You Get to Elimination, the Closer You Have to Look; the Closer You Look, the More You See Surveillance Is Useful for Tracking More Than Just the Number of Cases Be Open and Honest with Your Data Even When That Might Be Risky Establish a Very Clear Goal and a Mechanism to Certify That You Have Reached It Lesson 3: Coalitions Are Absolutely Essential and Absolutely Hard Clear, Overriding, and Common Goal Strategy for Reaching the Goal Structure Defined Membership Management of Meetings and Programs Lesson 4: Avoid Certainty (the Achilles Heel of Science) A Great Many Things Are Subject to Change as We Learn More About Them Lesson 5: Measure Frequently and Build in Continuous Improvement Lesson 6: Respect the Culture and Work with the People You Are Trying to Help Lesson 7: The Best Decisions Are Based on the Best Science, but the Best Results Are Based on the Best Management Lesson 8: The Best Solutions Move Us Closer to Global Health Equity Lesson 9: Do Not Underestimate the Time, Resources, Tenacity, and Focus It Will Take to Succeed Lesson 10: Eradication Does Not Always Require a Vaccine or a Cure Lesson 11: Start in the Most Difficult Places First Lesson 12: You Don´t Begin at the End The Lessons from Disease Eradication and Elimination Apply to Road Traffic Safety Conclusion References 40 Zero-Waste: A New Sustainability Paradigm for Addressing the Global Waste Problem Introduction The Anatomy of Zero-Waste The Development of Zero-Waste Concepts The Enigma of Consumerism, Environmental Degradation, and Zero-Waste Zero-Waste Practices Around the World Zero-Waste Family Kamikatsu, Japan: A Zero-Waste Community Kamikatsu Community Kamikatsu Zero-Waste Declaration Zero-Waste Practices at the Kamikatsu Community Zero-Waste Business Adidas: Zero-Waste Sporting Project The Zero-Waste Stores to Phase -Out Unnecessary Packaging Zero-Waste City: The Case Study of San Francisco, USA Waste Management in San Francisco Regulatory Policies and Zero-Waste Strategies Implementation of the Zero-Waste Strategies Conclusion References Index