Political Expression in Sport

Description

This powerful new book looks at how private institutions governing and organising sport restrict political expression. Uniquely, it makes a case for the freedom of expression for athletes, spectators and audiences built upon philosophical foundations. In the era of Colin Kaepernick and taking a knee, politics and protest in sport have never been more visible and immediate. Drawing on a wide range of international cases, including protest actions from athletes such as Tommie Smith and John Carlos, Naomi Osaka and Feyisa Lilesa, as well as the reactions from sport organisations including the IOC, FIFA, UEFA and the NFL, the book argues that the organisation of sport at the hands of associations and leagues and their transnational power to regulate, adjudicate and enforce matters according to their interests lead to the restriction of freedom of expression. Focusing on the individual, the book presents a framework for the defence of freedom of expression in sport on moral grounds and also explores the limits to freedom of expression, especially those arising from hate speech, that might better serve both the individual and sport as an institution. This book is fascinating reading for anybody with an interest in the ethics, philosophy or politics of sport, sport governance, the relationship between sport and wider society, or moral or political philosophy. Cover Half Title Series Title Copyright Dedication Contents Acknowledgements A Note to the Reader List of Abbreviations List of Written Norms List of Cases Introduction Part I Sport, Politics, the Market and the Law 1 The Autonomy of Sport 1.1 A Worthy Foundation 1.2 Rethinking Autonomy 1.2.1 Interlinked Autonomies 1.2.2 Legal Autonomy 1.3 The Moral in the Normative 2 Power Over Stakeholders 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Maintaining the Normative Order 2.3 Regulatory Powers 2.4 Adjudicatory Powers 2.5 Enforcement Powers 2.6 A Plurality of Normative Orders 3 Political Sport 3.1 A Brief Overview of Nation-States, Politics, Symbols and Sport 3.2 Sport Associations as Collaborators 3.2.1 The Setting 3.2.2 The Practices of International Sport Associations 3.2.3 Domestic Sport Associations’ Front 3.2.3.1 The US 3.2.3.2 England 3.2.3.3 Turkey 3.2.4 A Possible Objection 3.3 Final Remarks Part II Defending Freedom of Expression 4 Arguments for Freedom of Expression 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Argument from Truth 4.3 Argument from Democracy 4.4 Arguments from Autonomy and Self-Fulfilment 4.5 Suspicion of Government 4.6 Constructivist/Rights-Based Approach 4.7 The Way Forward 5 Athletes, Spectators and Audiences as Individuals 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Fashioning the Ideal Individual for Sport 5.3 Global Entertainment and the Role of Borders 5.4 The Monopoly of Sport Associations 5.5 Preassigned Roles in Sport 5.5.1 Overview 5.5.2 The Athlete: ‘Additive Identity’? 5.5.3 The Spectator: ‘Multiplicative Identity’? 5.6 Captive Audiences 5.6.1 Athletes, Spectators and Audiences as Captive Audiences? 5.6.2 Arguments Against Captive Audiences in Sport 5.7 Final Remarks Part III Limiting Freedom of Expression 6 The Limits of Freedom of Expression 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Restriction or Regulation? 6.3 Harms, Rights and Interests 6.3.1 The Harm in Expression 6.3.2 Balancing 6.4 Valuation and Categorisation of Expressions 6.4.1 The Foundations and Their Critique 6.4.2 The Situation in Sport 6.5 Arguments for Restriction 6.6 The Impact on Play 7 Hate Speech 7.1 Introduction 7.2 What Is Hate Speech? 7.3 The View from Sport 7.3.1 Overview 7.3.2 Expanding the Scope of Hate Speech 7.3.3 Hate Speech on the Part of Athletes 7.3.4 Hate Speech on the Part of Spectators 7.4 Histories 7.4.1 Challenging Histories 7.4.2 Unacceptable Histories 7.4.3 Acceptable Histories Conclusion Index