Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer

Description

Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer 8th Edition has been the gold standard of heat transfer pedagogy for many decades, with a commitment to continuous improvement by four authors’ with more than 150 years of combined experience in heat transfer education, research and practice. Applying the rigorous and systematic problem-solving methodology that this text pioneered an abundance of examples and problems reveal the richness and beauty of the discipline. This edition makes heat and mass transfer more approachable by giving additional emphasis to fundamental concepts, while highlighting the relevance of two of today’s most critical issues: energy and the environment. Front Cover......Page 1 Title Page......Page 3 Copyright Page......Page 4 Preface......Page 5 CONTENTS (with direct page links)......Page 11 Symbols......Page 21 1. Introduction......Page 25 1.1 What and How?......Page 26 1.2.1 Conduction......Page 27 1.2.2 Convection......Page 30 1.2.3 Radiation......Page 32 1.3 Relationship to Thermodynamics......Page 36 1.3.1 Relationship to the First Law of Thermodynamics (Conservation of Energy)......Page 37 1.3.2 Relationship to the Second Law of Thermodynamics and the Efficiency of Heat Engines......Page 52 1.4 Units and Dimensions......Page 57 1.5 Analysis of Heat Transfer Problems: Methodology......Page 59 1.6 Relevance of Heat Transfer......Page 62 1.7 Summary......Page 66 Problems......Page 69 2. Introduction to Conduction......Page 83 2.1 The Conduction Rate Equation......Page 84 2.2 The Thermal Properties of Matter......Page 86 2.2.1 Thermal Conductivity......Page 87 2.2.2 Other Relevant Properties......Page 94 2.3 The Heat Diffusion Equation......Page 98 2.4 Boundary and Initial Conditions......Page 106 2.5 Summary......Page 110 Problems......Page 111 3. One-Dimensional, Steady-State Conduction......Page 123 3.1.1 Temperature Distribution......Page 124 3.1.2 Thermal Resistance......Page 126 3.1.3 The Composite Wall......Page 127 3.1.4 Contact Resistance......Page 129 3.1.5 Porous Media......Page 131 3.2 An Alternative Conduction Analysis......Page 145 3.3.1 The Cylinder......Page 149 3.3.2 The Sphere......Page 154 3.5 Conduction with Thermal Energy Generation......Page 155 3.5.1 The Plane Wall......Page 156 3.5.2 Radial Systems......Page 162 3.5.4 Application of Resistance Concepts......Page 163 3.6 Heat Transfer from Extended Surfaces......Page 167 3.6.1 A General Conduction Analysis......Page 169 3.6.2 Fins of Uniform Cross-Sectional Area......Page 171 3.6.3 Fin Performance Parameters......Page 177 3.6.4 Fins of Nonuniform Cross-Sectional Area......Page 180 3.6.5 Overall Surface Efficiency......Page 183 3.7.1 The Bioheat Equation......Page 187 3.7.2 Thermoelectric Power Generation......Page 191 3.7.3 Nanoscale Conduction......Page 199 3.8 Summary......Page 203 References......Page 205 Problems......Page 206 4. Two-Dimensional, Steady-State Conduction......Page 233 4.1 General Considerations and Solution Techniques......Page 234 4.2 The Method of Separation of Variables......Page 235 4.3 The Conduction Shape Factor and the Dimensionless Conduction Heat Rate......Page 239 4.4.1 The Nodal Network......Page 245 4.4.2 Finite-Difference Form of the Heat Equation: No Generation and Constant Properties......Page 246 4.4.3 Finite-Difference Form of the Heat Equation: The Energy Balance Method......Page 247 4.5.1 Formulation as a Matrix Equation......Page 254 4.5.2 Verifying the Accuracy of the Solution......Page 255 4.6 Summary......Page 260 Problems......Page 261 5. Transient Conduction......Page 277 5.1 The Lumped Capacitance Method......Page 278 5.2 Validity of the Lumped Capacitance Method......Page 281 5.3 General Lumped Capacitance Analysis......Page 285 5.3.2 Negligible Radiation......Page 286 5.3.4 Additional Considerations......Page 287 5.4 Spatial Effects......Page 296 5.5 The Plane Wall with Convection......Page 297 5.5.2 Approximate Solution......Page 298 5.5.4 Additional Considerations......Page 300 5.6.1 Exact Solutions......Page 301 5.6.3 Total Energy Transfer: Approximate Solutions......Page 302 5.6.4 Additional Considerations......Page 303 5.7 The Semi-Infinite Solid......Page 308 5.8.1 Constant Temperature Boundary Conditions......Page 315 5.8.2 Constant Heat Flux Boundary Conditions......Page 317 5.8.3 Approximate Solutions......Page 318 5.9 Periodic Heating......Page 325 5.10.1 Discretization of the Heat Equation: The Explicit Method......Page 328 5.10.2 Discretization of the Heat Equation: The Implicit Method......Page 335 5.11 Summary......Page 342 Problems......Page 343 6. Introduction to Convection......Page 365 6.1.1 The Velocity Boundary Layer......Page 366 6.1.2 The Thermal Boundary Layer......Page 367 6.1.3 The Concentration Boundary Layer......Page 369 6.2.1 Heat Transfer......Page 370 6.2.2 Mass Transfer......Page 371 6.3.1 Laminar and Turbulent Velocity Boundary Layers......Page 377 6.3.2 Laminar and Turbulent Thermal and Species Concentration Boundary Layers......Page 379 6.4 The Boundary Layer Equations......Page 382 6.4.1 Boundary Layer Equations for Laminar Flow......Page 383 6.5 Boundary Layer Similarity: The Normalized Boundary Layer Equations......Page 386 6.5.2 Dependent Dimensionless Parameters......Page 387 6.6 Physical Interpretation of the Dimensionless Parameters......Page 396 6.7 Boundary Layer Analogies......Page 398 6.7.1 The Heat and Mass Transfer Analogy......Page 399 6.7.2 Evaporative Cooling......Page 402 6.7.3 The Reynolds Analogy......Page 405 6.8 Summary......Page 406 References......Page 407 Problems......Page 408 7. External Flow......Page 419 7.1 The Empirical Method......Page 421 7.2 The Flat Plate in Parallel Flow......Page 422 7.2.1 Laminar Flow over an Isothermal Plate: A Similarity Solution......Page 423 7.2.2 Turbulent Flow over an Isothermal Plate......Page 429 7.2.3 Mixed Boundary Layer Conditions......Page 430 7.2.4 Unheated Starting Length......Page 431 7.2.5 Flat Plates with Constant Heat Flux Conditions......Page 432 7.3 Methodology for a Convection Calculation......Page 433 7.4.1 Flow Considerations......Page 441 7.4.2 Convection Heat and Mass Transfer......Page 443 7.5 The Sphere......Page 451 7.6 Flow Across Banks of Tubes......Page 454 7.7.1 Hydrodynamic and Geometric Considerations......Page 463 7.7.2 Convection Heat and Mass Transfer......Page 464 7.8 Packed Beds......Page 468 7.9 Summary......Page 469 Problems......Page 472 8. Internal Flow......Page 493 8.1.1 Flow Conditions......Page 494 8.1.2 The Mean Velocity......Page 495 8.1.3 Velocity Profile in the Fully Developed Region......Page 496 8.1.4 Pressure Gradient and Friction Factor in Fully Developed Flow......Page 498 8.2 Thermal Considerations......Page 499 8.2.1 The Mean Temperature......Page 500 8.2.3 Fully Developed Conditions......Page 501 8.3.1 General Considerations......Page 505 8.3.2 Constant Surface Heat Flux......Page 506 8.3.3 Constant Surface Temperature......Page 509 8.4.1 The Fully Developed Region......Page 513 8.4.2 The Entry Region......Page 518 8.5 Convection Correlations: Turbulent Flow in Circular Tubes......Page 520 8.6 Convection Correlations: Noncircular Tubes and the Concentric Tube Annulus......Page 528 8.7 Heat Transfer Enhancement......Page 531 8.8.1 Microscale Convection in Gases (0.1 µm