Functional Materials in Biomedical Applications

Description

This book presents modern trends that regard the utilization of advanced functional materials for the development of innovative pharmaceuticals. Such materials include classes of lipids, polymers, proteins, and peptides, as well as inorganic materials, which find application in nanomedicinal products, drug delivery systems, medical devices, biotechnological products, and several other technologies. These products are promising for the therapy and diagnosis of diseases. Special attention is given to the available analytical techniques utilized for the evaluation of materials, their interactions, and their properties as well as the functionality of the final pharmaceutical forms. In addition, scale-up opportunities and limitations of nanomaterials and the current and emerging challenges in their clinical translation, with reference to relative regulatory aspects, are discussed. The book covers the latest advances in functional materials for biomedical applications and will serve as a guide for the industry and aid future research. It will be useful for upper undergraduate students and graduate students, young researchers (in the fields of pharmaceutics and materials sciences), scientists who want to enrich their knowledge on advanced drug delivery nanocarriers and their applications, researchers in the Big Pharma and readers who want to learn more about the role of nanoscience in the design and development of nanomedicines. Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents Preface Chapter 1: Functional Bio-Based Chitosan Films: From Material Design to Biological Properties 1.1: Introduction 1.2: Preparation of Chitosan Films 1.3: Chitosan Reinforced with Lamellar Particulates 1.4: Chitosan Reinforced with Cellulose Nanocrystals 1.5: Biological Response of Chitosan-Based Films 1.5.1: Chitosan-Based Antimicrobial Films for Food Packaging Applications 1.5.1.1: Antimicrobial activity of graphene-CS and metal (oxide)-CS nanocomposites 1.5.1.2: Antimicrobial activity of plant-based chitosan films 1.5.2: Antimicrobial Activities of Chitosan-Based Films for Biomedical Application 1.5.2.1: Biological properties of graphene-CS, cellulose-CS, and metal-CS nanocomposites films 1.6 Conclusion and Perspective Chapter 2: Cyclodextrins in Drug Development: Challenging Multifunctional Excipients 2.1: Introduction 2.2: Structure and Physicochemical Properties of CDs 2.3: CDs Derivatives 2.4: Complex Formation 2.5: Pharmacokinetic Approach 2.6: Toxicological Approach 2.7: Basic Applications 2.8: Advanced Applications 2.8.1: Nanosponges 2.8.1.1: CD-based NSs 2.8.1.2: Possible crosslinkers 2.8.1.3: Preparation methods 2.8.1.4: Loading of drugs into NSs 2.8.1.5: Main pharmaceutical applications of CD-based NSs 2.8.2: Cyclodextrin-Metal-Organic Framework 2.8.2.1: Preparation methods 2.8.2.2: CD-MOF stability and solubility characteristics 2.8.2.3: CDs-modified MOFs 2.8.2.4: Main pharmaceutical applications of CD-MOFs 2.9 General Conclusions Chapter 3: Block Copolymer-Protein/Peptide Nanostructures for Biomedical Applications 3.1: Introduction 3.2: Key Features of Block Copolymers 3.3: Structural Characteristics and Properties of Proteins and Peptides 3.4: Nanoparticulate Block Copolymer/Protein Structures 3.4.1: Block Copolymer/Protein Complexes by Electrostatic Interactions 3.4.2: Protein Encapsulation into Block Copolymer Nanoparticle 3.4.3: Block Copolymer-Protein Conjugates 3.4.4: Protein-Based Block Copolymers Formed by Chemical Bonding and Ligand-Like Binding 3.5: Block Copolymer/Protein Thin Films and Surface Structures 3.6: Biomedical and Biomaterials Related Applications 3.7: Conclusions Chapter 4: Polymeric Stimuli Responsive Theranostic Agents 4.1: Introduction 4.2: Therapeutic Action of Theranostic Agents 4.2.1: Chemotherapy 4.2.2: Photodynamic Therapy 4.2.3: Photothermal Therapy 4.2.4: Sonodynamic Therapy 4.3: Diagnostic/Imaging Modalities in Theranostics 4.3.1: Optical Imaging 4.3.2: Magnetic Resonance Imaging 4.3.3: Ultrasound 4.4: Polymeric Stimuli-Activatable Nanotheranostics 4.4.1: Polymer Nanotheranostics 4.4.2: Hybrid Nanotheranostic Agents 4.5: Conclusions and Future Perspectives Chapter 5: Protein- and Peptide-Inorganic Nanoparticles as Theranostic Vehicles 5.1: Introduction 5.1.1: Inorganic Particles 5.1.1.1: Definition 5.1.1.2: Synthesis 5.1.1.3: Applications 5.1.1.4: Challenges 5.1.1.5: Protein and peptide inorganic hybrids 5.2: Hybrids with Natural Proteins 5.2.1: Proteins of Human Origin 5.2.1.1: Albumin 5.2.1.2: Lipoprotein 5.2.2: Proteins from Food 5.2.3: Other Natural Resources 5.2.3.1: Silk 5.3: Hybrids with Peptides 5.3.1: Peptides and Inorganic Material Hybrids 5.3.1.1: Overview of peptides and their source of inspiration 5.3.1.2: Natural peptides 5.3.1.3: Synthetic peptides 5.3.2: Synthesis, Interaction, and Analytical Techniques for the Evaluation of Peptide-Nanoparticle Hybrids 5.3.3: Peptide Properties and Advantages Compared to Proteins 5.3.4: Applications of Peptide-Nanoparticle Hybrids: Diagnosis and Therapy 5.3.4.1: Drug delivery 5.3.4.2: Gene therapy 5.3.4.3: Radiotracers 5.3.5: Emerging Technologies 5.4: Hybrids with Engineered Proteins 5.4.1 Protein Engineering for Theranostics: Design, Production, and Functionalization 5.4.1.1: Design 5.4.1.2: Production 5.4.1.3: Functionalization 5.4.2: Multifunctional Bio-Hybrids Based on Engineered Proteins for Diagnosis and Treatment 5.4.2.1: Synthesis and characterization of engineered bio-hybrids 5.4.2.2: Sensors for clinical diagnosis using engineered bio-hybrids 5.4.2.3: Targeted therapies and tissue imaging using bio-hybrids based on engineered antibodies 5.4.2.4: Emerging technologies of bio-hybrids based on engineered proteins 5.5: Conclusions Chapter 6: Conjugated Polymer Nanoparticles as Emerging Nanomaterials for Cancer Theranostic Applications 6.1: Introduction 6.2: Conjugated Polymer Nanoparticles 6.3: Relationship among Enhanced Permeability, Retention Effect, and Nanoparticles’ Size 6.4: Near-Infrared Light Interactions with Biological Tissue 6.5: Fluorescence Imaging 6.5.1: Fluorescence Contrast Agents in NIR‐I Biological Window 6.5.2: Fluorescence Contrast Agents in NIR‐II Biological Window 6.6: Photoacoustic Imaging 6.6.1: PA Contrast Agents in NIR‐I Biological Window 6.6.2: PA Contrast Agents in NIR‐II Biological Window 6.7: Raman Spectroscopy 6.8: Innovative CPN-Based Phototherapeutic Strategies for Cancer Treatment 6.8.1: CPN-Based PTT 6.8.1.1: Main CPN cores used as photothermal agents 6.8.1.2: Mechanisms of photothermal anti-cancer activity 6.8.2: Application of CPNs for PDT of Cancer 6.8.2.1: CP-based nanostructures used in PDT of cancer 6.8.2.2: Mechanisms of anti-cancer effects triggered by PDT 6.9: Combinatorial Use of CPNs as Multimodal Imaging Probes, Phototherapeutic Agents, and Drug Delivery Systems: Future Perspectives Chapter 7: Chemically Functionalized Carbon Nanohorns for Drug Delivery Applications 7.1: Introduction 7.2: Covalently Functionalized CNHs as Drug Carriers 7.3: Non-Covalent Interactions between CNHs and Biologically Active Compounds 7.4: Conclusion Chapter 8: Nanodispersions: A Tool for Efficient Dermal Drug Delivery 8.1: Introduction 8.2: Nanodispersions: Principles and Physicochemical Properties 8.2.1: Microemulsions 8.2.2: Nanoemulsions 8.2.3: Solid-in-Oil Nanodispersions 8.2.4: Emulsification Methods 8.3: Nanodispersions in Dermal and Transdermal Drug Delivery 8.3.1: Skin Cancer 8.3.2: Acne and Dermal Inflammation 8.3.3: Psoriasis 8.4: Conclusion Chapter 9: Functional Peptides for Skin Disorders 9.1: The Skin 9.2: Cosmetics or Skin Care Products or Drugs 9.3: Functional Peptides 9.4: Classification of Functional Peptides Used in Cosmetic Products 9.5: Signal Peptides 9.5.1: Trifluoroacetyl-Tripeptide-2 9.5.2: Tripeptide-10 Citrulline 9.5.3: Palmitoyl Tripeptide-1 9.5.4: Palmitoyl Tripeptide-3/5 9.5.5: Tetrapeptide PKEK 9.5.6: Palmitoyl Tripeptide-38 9.5.7: Palmitoyl Tetrapeptide-7 9.5.8: Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-4 9.5.9: Palmitoyl Hexapeptide-12 9.5.10: Acetyl Tetrapeptide-9/11 9.5.11: Tetrapeptide-21 9.5.12: Hexapeptide-11 9.5.13: Hexapeptide-14 9.6: Carrier Peptides 9.6.1: Manganese Tripeptide-1 9.6.2: Copper Tripeptide 9.7: Neurotransmitter Inhibitor Peptides 9.7.1: Tripeptide-3 9.7.2: Pentapeptide-3 9.7.3: Pentapeptide-18 9.7.4: Acetylhexapeptide-3 οr Acetylhexapeptide-8 9.8: Enzyme Inhibitor Peptides 9.8.1: Silk Fibroin Peptides 9.8.2: Soybean Peptides 9.8.3: Rice Peptides 9.9: Peptides Derived from Structural Protein Digestion 9.10: Antioxidant Peptides 9.11: Applications of Functional Peptides in Skin Disorders 9.11.1: Skin Hypopigmentation 9.11.2: Skin Hyperpigmentation 9.12: Αnti-Inflammatory Treatments 9.13: Atopic Dermatitis 9.14: Skin Protectant Peptides 9.15: Applications in Skin Diseases 9.15.1: Wound Healing 9.15.2: Acne Management 9.15.3: Melanoma Treatment 9.16: Applications in Oral Diseases 9.16.1: Periodontitis 9.17: Nutraceuticals 9.18: Aspects to be Considered 9.18.1: Skin Permeability Enhancement 9.18.2: Peptide Stability Challenge in Topical Formulation 9.19: Conclusion Chapter 10: Investigations of Complex Functional Bionanoformulations by Small Angle Neutron Scattering 10.1: Introduction 10.2: Theoretical Background of SANS 10.3: Experiment Preparation and Data Optimization 10.4: Scattering Functions of Nanoparticles, Macromolecules, and Complex Hierarchical Systems 10.4.1: Neutron Scattering Length Density and Form Factor 10.4.2: Scattering in Limits of Low and High q 10.4.3: SANS from Well-Defined Objects 10.4.4: Scattering Functions of Fractal and Hierarchical Systems 10.4.5: Scattering Functions of Polymer Chainsin Dilute and Semidilute Solutions and Gels 10.5: Self-Assembled and Stimuli-Responsive Polymeric Nanoparticles 10.6: Protein-Based Nanoformulations 10.7: Liposomal Nanoassemblies with Multi-Component Membranes 10.8: Multifunctional Hydrogels and Nanogels 10.9: Conclusion and Future Perspective Index