Applied Biostatistical Principles and Concepts. Clinicians’ Guide to Data Analysis and Interpretation

Description

Contents......Page 3 Foreword......Page 7 Preface......Page 10 value, and statistical significance......Page 13 Confounding......Page 20 Null hypothesis and types of errors......Page 22 References......Page 26 Design Process......Page 27 Introduction......Page 28 Why conduct clinical research?......Page 30 Subject selection......Page 31 Generalization......Page 32 Screening (detection) and diagnostic (confirmation) tests......Page 33 Balancing benefits and harmful effects in medicine......Page 46 Summary......Page 47 Questions for discussion......Page 49 References......Page 50 Introduction......Page 52 Epidemiologic study designs......Page 53 Nonexperimental designs......Page 55 Experimental designs (clinical trials)......Page 57 Nonexperimental versus experimental design......Page 59 Measures of disease association or effect......Page 61 Precision, random error, and bias......Page 62 Confounding, covariates, effect measure modifier, interaction......Page 64 Summary......Page 66 Questions for discussion......Page 67 References......Page 68 Introduction......Page 69 Populations......Page 70 Sample and sampling strategies......Page 71 Biostatistical reasoning......Page 72 Measures of central tendency and dispersion......Page 73 score statistic......Page 92 Simple and unconditional probability......Page 93 Conditional probability......Page 94 Independence and conditional probability......Page 95 Summary......Page 96 Questions for discussion......Page 97 References......Page 98 --- Biostatistical Modeling......Page 99 Introduction......Page 100 Variables and sources of variation (variability)......Page 105 Sampling, sample size, and power......Page 107 Research questions, hypothesis testing, and statistical inference......Page 110 Summary......Page 123 Questions for discussion......Page 124 References......Page 125 Introduction......Page 129 Sample size computation......Page 132 Sample size estimation for single- or one-sample proportion hypothesis testing......Page 136 One-sample estimation of sample size with outcome mean......Page 138 Two independent samples: Proportions......Page 139 Two independent group means......Page 141 Prospective cohort or two-group comparison in clinical trials......Page 142 Case–control study......Page 143 Summary......Page 144 References......Page 145 Introduction......Page 146 Test statistic......Page 151 test......Page 157 tests......Page 159 Summary......Page 166 References......Page 169 Introduction......Page 171 test)......Page 172 Test for two independent proportions......Page 182 Chi-square test of proportions in two groups......Page 184 Summary......Page 188 Questions for discussion......Page 189 References......Page 190 Statistical inference in 3 or more samples......Page 191 Analysis of variance (ANOVA)?......Page 193 Other hypothesis tests based on ANOVA......Page 202 Summary......Page 208 Questions for discussion......Page 209 References......Page 210 Statistical inference involving relationships or associations......Page 211 Correlation and correlation coefficients......Page 222 Simple linear regression......Page 229 Multiple/multivariable linear regression......Page 237 Logistic regression technique......Page 239 Model building and interpretation......Page 242 Survival analysis: Time-to-event method......Page 249 Poisson regression......Page 257 Summary......Page 261 References......Page 263 Introduction......Page 266 Big data and implication in evidence discovery......Page 267 Reality in statistical modeling of translational and clinical science data......Page 270 Tabulation versus regression analysis: When and when not to use regression......Page 273 Questions for discussion......Page 281 References......Page 282 Appendix......Page 283 Index......Page 287