Understanding Cyber Warfare: Politics, Policy And Strategy

Description

This textbook offers an accessible introduction to the historical, technical, and strategic context of cyber conflict. The international relations, policy, doctrine, strategy, and operational issues associated with computer network attack, computer network exploitation, and computer network defense are collectively referred to as cyber warfare. This new textbook provides students with a comprehensive perspective on the technical, strategic, and policy issues associated with cyber conflict as well as an introduction to key state and non-state actors. Specifically, the book provides a comprehensive overview of these key issue areas: • the historical emergence and evolution of cyber warfare, including the basic characteristics and methods of computer network attack, exploitation, and defense; • a theoretical set of perspectives on conflict in the digital age from the point of view of international relations (IR) and the security studies field; • the current national perspectives, policies, doctrines, and strategies relevant to cyber warfare; • and an examination of key challenges in international law, norm development, and the potential impact of cyber warfare on future international conflicts. This book will be of much interest to students of cyber conflict and other forms of digital warfare, security studies, strategic studies, defense policy, and, most broadly, international relations. Cover......Page 1 Half Title......Page 2 Praise......Page 3 Title Page......Page 4 Copyright Page......Page 5 Table of Contents ......Page 6 Boxes......Page 7 Tables......Page 8 Acknowledgements......Page 9 List of abbreviations......Page 10 Chapter 1: Introduction......Page 12 Aims of the book......Page 13 What is cyber-security?......Page 14 What is the scope of cyber warfare and conflict?......Page 15 Themes of the book......Page 16 Notes......Page 19 Further reading......Page 20 Chapter 2: The technological foundations of insecurity in the digital age......Page 21 The technological foundations of cyber insecurity......Page 22 What’s vulnerable in the information age?......Page 40 Beyond design: network externalities as an underlying source of insecurity......Page 43 Notes......Page 44 Further reading......Page 46 Chapter 3: Cyberspace and international relations......Page 47 The rise of a global cyber ecosystem......Page 48 Why cyberspace matters for IR theory......Page 53 Realism, liberalism, constructivism: IR’s paradigms and cyber conflict......Page 57 Notes......Page 67 Further reading......Page 70 The unbreakable marriage of computers and espionage......Page 72 Enter Enigma......Page 74 The Tunny and the Colossus......Page 79 Cold War computing and the move from narrow to general......Page 81 Enter the Internet......Page 82 Stunted development, crypto protection, and delayed realization......Page 83 Maturation and exploitation in the age of cyber conflict......Page 85 Towards cyber warfighting......Page 87 Notes......Page 88 Further reading......Page 90 OCOs and the digital domain today......Page 91 Offensive cyber operations as a revolution in military affairs......Page 94 The special characteristics of cyber “weapons”......Page 95 What do offensive cyber operations actually look like?......Page 103 Notes......Page 105 Further reading......Page 107 Chapter 6: A brief history of major cyber conflict episodes......Page 108 Formative episodes in the history of interstate cyber conflict......Page 109 Next steps......Page 122 Notes......Page 123 Further reading......Page 125 What is vulnerable in the age of cyber conflict?......Page 126 Cyberwar: how likely is it to take place?......Page 132 Does cyberspace make states more likely to attack one another?......Page 134 Can states use cyber weapons for coercion?......Page 140 Can states deter cyber aggression?......Page 144 Cyber power and power in the digital age......Page 148 Implications for policy and statecraft......Page 153 Notes......Page 154 Further reading......Page 159 Chapter 8: Cyber conflict as “not war”......Page 160 Between war and peace......Page 161 Information warfare......Page 163 The utility of cyber conflict for “not war”......Page 165 Making sense of cyber conflict in the “grey zone”......Page 169 Notes......Page 177 Further reading......Page 179 Non-state actors and cyber security: some terminology......Page 180 Social activism in the digital age......Page 183 Hactivism......Page 190 Terrorism and information technologies......Page 193 Subversion......Page 200 Criminal and political hacking......Page 205 Notes......Page 211 Further reading......Page 214 The shape of cyber-security policymaking......Page 215 Realization, fragmentation, and militarization......Page 219 U.S. cyber experience......Page 220 Europe, NATO, and cyber-security......Page 230 Polarizing perspectives: Russia and China’s cyber experiences......Page 236 On the periphery: the experiences of Iran and North Korea......Page 246 Notes......Page 251 Further reading......Page 255 Chapter 11: Norms, ethics, and international law for offensive cyber operations......Page 256 Indicators of early norms in the age of cyber conflict......Page 257 Organizational platforms and norm leaders’ efforts to reach consensus......Page 260 Predicting norm evolution going forward......Page 268 Notes......Page 278 Further reading......Page 282 The shape of global cyber conflict......Page 283 More wrenches in the works: revisiting exogenous development......Page 284 Where to from here?......Page 287 Notes......Page 288 Glossary......Page 289 Index......Page 298