The handbook of child life : a guide for pediatric psychosocial care

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THE HANDBOOK OF CHILD LIFE INTRODUCTION CONTENTS Chapter 1 THE STORY OF CHILD LIFE INTRODUCTION A Brief History of Childhood The Health and Welfare of Children in the Modern Era THE GROUND WE STAND ON Pediatrics: Developmental Medicine “Hospitalism” An Early Play Program Developmental Psychology THE CHILD LIFE MOVEMENT Emma Plank: Child Life Speaks Out THE ASSOCIATION FOR THE CARE OF CHILDREN’S HEALTH Child Life and the Founding of ACCH ACCH as Identity and Context for Child Life Parents and Families CHILD LIFE COMES OF AGE The Child Life Position Statement, 1979 The Child Life Council Independence Publications Academic Programs Professional Validation A Place at the Table CHILD LIFE IN THE LONG RUN The Developing Role of Child Life in Healthcare Vision to Action REFERENCES Chapter 2 THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONSOF CHILD LIFE PRACTICE INTRODUCTION Play as a Conceptual Framework Cognitive Theories Social Cultural Theory Attachment Theory Psychosocial Development Temperament Theory Social Learning Theory Stress and Coping Theories Systems Theories SUMMARY REFERENCES Chapter 3 RESEARCH IN CHILD LIFE INTRODUCTION EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE ANDITS RELATIONSHIP TO RESEARCH RESEARCH SPECIFIC TO CHILD LIFE Professional Issues Research on Efficacy of Child LifePrograms and Their Components CHILDREN’S RESPONSES TO HOSPITALIZATIONAND HEALTHCARE ENCOUNTERS Effects of Hospitalization on Children’s Behavior Stress-Coping Responses EFFECTIVENESS OF INTERVENTIONS USED BY CHILD LIFE Play Preparation PARENT PRESENCE AND PARTICIPATIONIN THE CARE OF THEIR CHILDREN SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS Methodological Problems Recommendations REFERENCES Chapter 4 THERAPEUTIC RELATIONSHIPSIN CHILD LIFE HISTORY OF THERAPEUTIC RELATIONSHIPS CONCEPTS IN THERAPEUTIC RELATIONSHIPS Types of Relationships Phases of Therapeutic Relationships Theoretical Foundations Trust Communication Skills Boundaries Transference and Countertransference TYPOLOGY OF CHILD LIFE THE INTERFACE BETWEEN TYPOLOGY AND RELATIONSHIP DEVELOPING RELATIONSHIP SKILLS SUMMARY REFERENCES Chapter 5 COMMUNICATION AND CHILD LIFE INTRODUCTION LITERATURE: HEALTH COMMUNICATION AND CHILD LIFE THE COMPLEXITY OF HUMAN COMMUNICATION Process Transaction Context Symbolic VERBAL COMMUNICATION IN CHILD LIFE:PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS Fact Inference Confusion Allness Errors Word-Thing Confusion Jargon NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION:CONSIDERATIONS FOR CHILD LIFE SPECIALISTS Physical Appearance Clothing Facial Expression Gaze Gesture Touch Voice Space LISTENING Listening Misconceptions CONCLUSION REFERENCES Chapter 6 PATIENT- AND FAMILY-CENTERED CAREAND THE IMPLICATIONS FORCHILD LIFE PRACTICE OVERVIEW DEFINITION OF PATIENT- AND FAMILY-CENTERED CARE HISTORY OF PATIENT- AND FAMILY-CENTERED CARE BENEFITS OF PATIENT- AND FAMILY-CENTERED CARE From the Patients’ and Families’ Perspectives From Healthcare Providers’ Perspective From the Institution’s Perspective From the Healthcare Systems’ Perspective THE ROLE OF THE CHILD LIFE SPECIALIST BEST SERVICE/BEST PRACTICE:THE FOUR ELEMENTS OF PATIENT- ANDFAMILY-CENTERED CARE IN ACTION Element 1. Dignity and Respect Element 2. Information Sharing Element 3. Participation Element 4. Collaboration ASSESSING CHILD LIFE PROGRAMS FOR CONSISTENCYWITH PATIENT- AND FAMILY-CENTERED PRINCIPLES CHILD LIFE PROGRAMMING:PROVIDING CULTURALLY COMPETENT CARE Incorporating Cultural Competence in Child Life Practice Spirituality of Parents and Family Members Implications for Clinical Practice SUMMARY REFERENCES Chapter 7 ASSESSMENT AND DOCUMENTATIONIN CHILD LIFE OVERVIEW Information from the Healthcare Team Information from the Family Information from the Child MODELS FOR ASSESSMENT The Stress Potential Assessment Process Psychosocial Risk Assessment in Pediatrics Child Life Assessment Intervention Plan Formal Developmental Assessment Tools Benefits of Child Life Assessment for Other Disciplines DOCUMENTATION Benefits of Documentation for the Child and Family Benefits of Documentation for the Healthcare Team Benefits of Documentation for the Child Life Specialist Benefits of Documentation from thePerspective of the Child Life Profession Hospital Documentation Standards Child Life Departmental Standards The Child Life Consult Workload Measurement CONCLUSION REFERENCES Appendix A CHILD LIFE CONSULT/INTERVENTION RECORD Appendix B-1 IWK CHILD LIFE SERVICES Appendix B-2 IWK CHILD LIFE SERVICES Appendix C COPING PLAN Appendix D CHILD AND FAMILY ASSESSMENT STANDARD OF CARE Appendix E SAMPLE CHILD LIFE REFERRAL INDICATORS Chapter 8 PARADIGMS OF PLAY FOUNDATIONS Play as Enjoyment Play as Learning Play as Therapy EXPANDED PARADIGMS OF PLAY Play as Flow Play as Comfort Play as Hope CONCLUSION REFERENCES Chapter 9 PSYCHOLOGICAL PREPARATIONAND COPING INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW OVERVIEW OF THE STRESS-COPINGFRAMEWORK AND RELEVANT LITERATURE The Stress-Coping Framework Components of the Preparation Process An Additional Perspective on Stress and Coping:Overwhelming Stress and its Impact on the Brain APPLYING THEORY TO PRACTICE:THE PROCESS OF INITIATING PREPARATION Involving Team Members Gathering Information Assessing the Demands of the Situation Assessing Individual Child and Family Variables Using Assessment of Needs to Determine the Focus of Care PROVIDING PREPARATION WITH PLANNED COPING Providing Information and Influencing Appraisal Attention to Language Tools that Facilitate Preparation PLANNING AND FACILITATING COPING Recognizing Naturally Occurring Coping Styles Selecting and Rehearsing Coping Strategies Post-Procedural Evaluation REFERENCES Chapter 10 PROGRAM ADMINISTRATIONAND LEADERSHIP Organizational Structure MANAGEMENT FUNDAMENTALS Mission, Vision, and Values Operational Guidelines Staffing Models RECRUITMENT AND HIRING Professional Identity Clinical Advancement ORIENTATION AND TRAINING FOR STAFF AND OTHERS Orientation for Child Life Staff Training and Development for Child Life Staff Orientation and Training for Child Life Interns Orientation and Training for Volunteers Supervision PROGRAM GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT Institutional Standards FINANCE AND BUDGET Sources of Funding Allocation of Budget PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT Special Events Internal Programming External Programming Patient Experience and Engagement CONCLUSION REFERENCES Chapter 11 ONE-PERSON CHILD LIFE PROGRAMS BEFORE YOU START WHERE TO START? GROWING YOUR OWN PROGRAM CONCLUSION REFERENCES Chapter 12 CHILD LIFE INTERVENTIONS IN CRITICALCARE AND AT THE END OF LIFE PARENTAL STRESSORS WITHIN THE ENVIRONMENT STRESSORS FOR THE PEDIATRIC PATIENT SIBLING STRESSORS THE DYING CHILD SUPPORTING THE DYING CHILD SUPPORTING THE DYING ADOLESCENT SUPPORTING THE PARENTS OF A DYING CHILD OR TEEN PATIENT INVOLVEMENT ANDEND-OF-LIFE DECISION MAKING SUPPORTING SIBLINGS OF A DYING CHILD PALLIATIVE CARE CULTURALLY SENSITIVE CARE AT THE TIME OF DEATH SUMMARY REFERENCES Chapter 13 WORKING WITH GRIEVINGCHILDREN AND FAMILIES GRIEF AS A FAMILY PROCESS PARENTAL GRIEF SIBLING GRIEF TASKS OF GRIEVING CULTURAL AND RELIGIOUS INFLUENCES CHILD LIFE SPECIALIST COMPETENCY DEVELOPMENT Play Facilitation Skills Communication and Therapeutic Response Skills Group Facilitation Skills Advocacy and Collaboration Skills Self-Reflection Skills Implications for Training and Competency Development BEREAVEMENT SUPPORT SYSTEMS Family Support Systems Staff Support Systems FACILITATING PEER GRIEF IN THE HOSPITAL SETTING BEREAVEMENT SUPPORT GROUPS SUMMARY REFERENCES Chapter 14 CHRONIC ILLNESS AND REHABILITATION INTRODUCTION LITERATURE REVIEW ADJUSTMENT TO CHRONIC CONDITIONS STATE OF THE ART PRACTICE Promoting Developmental Tasks Facilitating Adaptation Support Systems Normalcy and Redefinition of Self Adjustment over Time Interdisciplinary Collaboration Professional Considerations CONCLUSION REFERENCES Chapter 15 THE EMERGENCY DEPARTMENTAND AMBULATORY CARE INTRODUCTION THE SCOPE OF CHILD LIFE OUTPATIENT SERVICE Type of Services Staffing Plans and Service Hours Other Service Tasks and Assignments EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT SPECIFIC ISSUES,PATIENT ASSESSMENT AND PRIORITIZATION AMBULATORY CARE SETTING SPECIFIC ISSUES TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES DOCUMENTATION PROFESSIONAL ISSUES CONCLUSION REFERENCES Chapter 16 CHILD LIFE AND EDUCATION ISSUES:THE CHILD WITH A CHRONIC ILLNESSOR SPECIAL HEALTHCARE NEEDS INTRODUCTION CHILDREN WITH SPECIAL HEALTHCARE NEEDS Gaps in Educational Services UNDERSTANDING THE EDUCATION LAW INDIVIDUALIZED EDUCATION PLAN (IEP) THE ROLE OF CHILD LIFE SOCIALIZATION AND SCHOOL CASE STUDIES Randy Joey Max CONCLUSION Tips for Child Life Specialists REFERENCES Chapter 17 CHILD LIFE IN THE COMMUNITY ANDIN OTHER NON-TRADITIONAL ROLES INTRODUCTION THE APPLICATION OF CHILD LIFE PROFESSIONALFUNDAMENTALS IN NON-TRADITIONAL ROLES Child Life Competencies Standards of Clinical Practice Code of Ethical Responsibility THE EDUCATION AND TRAINING OF CHILD LIFESPECIALISTS IN NON-TRADITIONAL ROLES GATEWAY TO COMMUNITY-BASEDOR NON-TRADITIONAL ROLES THE BENEFITS AND CHALLENGES OF MOVINGBEYOND TRADITIONAL CHILD LIFE ROLES CONCLUSION REFERENCES Chapter 18 CHILD LIFE: A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE INTRODUCTION PART I: CHILDREN OF THE WORLD The Current Health Status of Children around the World A Definition of Health and Factors That Contribute to Health The Universal Rights of Children The Evolution of Children’s Rights in Healthcare PART II: THE UNIVERSAL NATURE OF SUPPORTIVEPSYCHOSOCIAL SERVICES IN HEALTHCARE PART III: INTERNATIONAL EFFORTS TO PROMOTEPSYCHOSOCIAL CARE IN HEALTH Taking Stock: Pediatric PsychosocialService Models around the World PART IV: CHILD LIFE INVOLVEMENT The Opportunities and Challenges forChild Life Practice Internationally Preparing for International Work CONCLUSION REFERENCES INDEX