Fuel Cells and Hydrogen: From Fundamentals to Applied Research

Description

Fuel Cells and Hydrogen: From Fundamentals to Applied Research provides an overview of the basic principles of fuel cell and hydrogen technology, which subsequently allows the reader to delve more deeply into applied research. In addition to covering the basic principles of fuel cells and hydrogen technologies, the book examines the principles and methods to develop and test fuel cells, the evaluation of the performance and lifetime of fuel cells and the concepts of hydrogen production. Fuel Cells and Hydrogen: From Fundamentals to Applied Research acts as an invaluable reference book for fuel cell developers and students, researchers in industry entering the area of fuel cells and lecturers teaching fuel cells and hydrogen technology. 组合 1 Front-Matter_2018_Fuel-Cells-and-Hydrogen Title Page Copyright_2018_Fuel-Cells-and-Hydrogen Copyright Contributors_2018_Fuel-Cells-and-Hydrogen Contributors Preface_2018_Fuel-Cells-and-Hydrogen Preface Nomenclature_2018_Fuel-Cells-and-Hydrogen Nomenclature 1 Introduction Electrochemical Systems and Fuel Cells Types of Fuel Cells and their Applications Thermodynamics Energy Conversion Efficiency of Fuel Cells Electrochemical and Thermal Energy Conversion Efficiency Ideal Reversible Fuel Cell Efficiencies Recapitulation Comprehension Questions and Exercises References 2 Irreversible Losses in Fuel Cells Introduction Definition of Losses Modeling Approach Loss Mechanism Losses at Open Circuit Conditions Gas Solubility in Thin Liquid Films Losses at Small Current Butler-Volmer equation Approximation for low overpotential: Charge transfer resistance Approximation for high overpotential: Tafel equation Fuel cells and stack modeling Difference of using the Bulter-Volmer or Tafel equation for the polarization curve Ohmic Resistance Losses at High Current: Transport Limitation Thickness of the diffusion barrier Application to the polarization curve Obtaining Model Parameters from Single Cell Experiments Fitting Procedure Interdependence of Model Parameters Obtaining Model Parameters from Half Cell Experiments Recapitulation Comprehension Questions and Exercises References 3 Modeling of Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells Basic Principle of Fuel Cell Modeling Application of the CFD Simulation in PEFC Simplified Approach to Predict PEFC Performance Generated Water Gas Diffusion in GDL Base Material and Micro Porous Layer Water Diffusion Through the Membrane Electroosmosis Through the Membrane Practical Examples Dry Oxygen Supply Humidified Air Supply Membrane Transport Model Governing Equations Experimental Validation of the Model Role of Water Diffusion and Electroosmosis in the Water Management Modeling Degradation in PEFCs Recapitulation Comprehensive Questions and Exercises References 4 Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells Introduction Components of H2/O2 PEFC Electrode Materials Basic Features of Electrode Materials Methods for Fabricating Electrocatalyst (Anode or Cathode) Materials Polyol Method Water-in-Oil Microemulsion Method Impregnation-Reduction Process Bromide Anion Exchange Method Electrocatalysts Synthesized by the Instant Method Polymer Electrolyte Materials Membrane Properties Conducting Channels and Proton Transport Water Transport and Conductivity Bipolar Plates Recapitulation Comprehensive Questions and Exercises References 5 Other Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells High-Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells Introduction Electrolytes Electrodes Alkaline Fuel Cell Introduction Electrolytes Electrodes Direct Fuel Cells Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells Direct methanol fuel cell Direct ethanol fuel cell Other direct alcohol fuel cells Direct Borohydride Fuel Cells Direct Hydrazine Fuel Cells Recapitulation Comprehension Questions and Exercises References 6 Preparation of MEA Introduction The MEA and the Test-Holder Electrolyte Membrane Catalyst Layer Ink Deposition Methods Gas Diffusion Layer MEA Assembling Recapitulation Comprehension Questions and Exercises References Further Reading 7 Degradation Mechanisms and Their Lifetime Introduction Polymer Membrane Lifetime Chemical Degradation Mechanical Degradation Carbon Corrosion Catalyst Impurities Anode Gas Stream Carbon monoxide (CO) Carbon dioxide (CO2) Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) Ammonia (NH3) Cathode Gas Stream Nitrogen oxides (NOX) Sulfur oxides (SOX) Carbon oxides (COX) Contaminations of Components Costs Versus Lifetime Recapitulation Comprehensive Questions and Exercises References 8 Chapter 8:###Characterization Methods for Components and Mate X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Principle Instrumentation X-ray source Electron transfer lens Electron energy analyzer Detection systems Chemical Shift Spectrum Shape Spin-orbit coupling Shake-up satellites Multiplet splitting Quantification Practical Features Pass energy Charging Effect Binding energy scale reference Sample preparation Electron Microscopy Techniques Scanning Electron Microscope Secondary electrons Backscattered electrons X-rays (or X-photons) Transmission Electron Microscope Image Formation Specimen Interactions and Utilization Unscattered electrons Elasticity scattered electrons Inelastically scattered electrons Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy Atomic Force Microscopy Raman and Infrared Spectroscopy Recapitulation Comprehensive Exercises References 9 Electrochemical Measurement Methods and Characterization on the Cell Level Introduction Electrochemical Systems From the Two-Electrode to the Three-Electrode System Examples of Three-Electrode Glass Cells The Reference Electrode as a Cornerstone for Electrochemical Measurements Method for Cleaning Glassware for Electrochemical Measurements Cyclic Voltammetry Chronoamperometry and Chronopotentiometry Kinetics of Reactions: ORR General Considerations of the ORR Polarization Curve Determination of the Electrochemically Active Surface Area RRDE Experimental Setup: Determination of the Collection Efficiency N Diffusion-Limited Region: The Use of Levich's Law Kinetic Region: From the Koutecky-Levich Equation to Fundamental Data From the Koutecky-Levich Plots to the Kinetic Current From the Kinetic Current Densities to the Limiting Current Density Determination of the Exchange Current Density and the Tafel Slope From Water Formation Efficiency to the Number of Exchange Electrons Tips for a Proper Report of ORR Results Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) Graphical Representation of Impedance Spectra Equivalent Circuits Measurement Techniques Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) Recapitulation Comprehension Questions and Exercises References 10 Hydrogen Production Introduction Carbon-Based Hydrogen Production Technologies Steam Reforming Partial Oxidation Autothermal Reforming Gasification Hydrogen Upgrading and Separation Technologies Water-Gas Shift Adsorption Absorption Sorption-Enhanced Hydrogen Production Chemical Looping (CL) Chemical Looping Hydrogen (CLH) Membrane Reactors Electrolysis for Hydrogen Production Introduction and Fundamentals Alkaline Water Electrolysis (AEL) PEM Water Electrolysis (PEMEL) High-Temperature Solid-Oxide Water Electrolysis Application and Integration of Electrolysis Summary Recapitulation Comprehension Questions and Exercises References 11 Role of Hydrogen Energy Carriers Introduction Properties of Hydrogen and Hydrides Hydrogen Storage Ammonia NH3 Toluene-Methylcyclohexane Borohydride-Based Systems Metals as Chemical Energy Carriers Hydrogen Transportation Role of Hydrogen Energy Carriers in Renewable Energy-Based Systems Recapitulation Comprehension Questions and Exercises References 12 Environmental Impact Factors Associated with Hydrogen Energy Introduction Relation of Self-Regulating Systems and Materials Circulation Environmental Impact Factor Local EIF of Hydrogen and Carbon in Japan Future Trends Recapitulation Comprehension Questions and Exercises References 13 Index A B C D E F G H I K L M N O P R S T U V W X Y