Remote Sensing for Hydrocarbon Exploration

Description

This book provides insights into the benefits of using remote sensing data from a geoscientist's perspective, by integrating the data with the understanding of Earth's surface and subsurface. In 3 sections, the book takes a detailed look at what data explorationists use when they explore for hydrocarbon resources, assess different terrain types for planning and hazards and extract present-day geologic analogs for subsurface geologic settings. The book presents the usage of remote sensing data in exploration in a structured way by detecting individual geologic features as building blocks for complex geologic systems. This concept enables readers to build their own workflows for the assessment of complex geologic systems using various combinations of remote sensing data. Section 1 introduces readers to the foundations of remote sensing for exploration, covers various methods of image processing and studies different digital elevation and bathymetry models. Section 2 presents the concept of geomorphology as a means to integrate surface and subsurface data. Different aspects of rendering in 2D and 3D are explained and used for the interpretation and extraction of geologic features that are used in exploration. Section 3 addresses remote sensing for hydrocarbon exploration in detail, from geophysical data acquisition to development and infrastructure planning. The organization of this chapter follows an exploration workflow from regional to local modeling studying basin and petroleum system modeling as well as logistics planning of seismic surveys and near-surface modeling. Aspects of field development and infrastructure planning comprise multi-temporal and dynamic modeling. The section closes with a structured approach to extracting geologic analogs from interpreted remote sensing data. The book will be of interest to professionals and students working in exploration for hydrocarbons and water resources, as well as geoscientists and engineers using remote sensing for infrastructure planning, hazard assessment and dynamic environmental studies. Foreword References Preface Acknowledgments About the Book Contents List of Figures List of Tables Abbreviations About the Author Part I: Basics of Remote Sensing Chapter 1: Basics of Remote Sensing 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Scope of Remote Sensing 1.3 History of Remote Earth Observation 1.4 Remote Sensing Methods 1.5 Atmospheric Absorption and Wavelength Bands for Remote Sensing 1.6 Interaction of Electromagnetic Radiation with Earth and Water References General Remote Sensing History of Remote Sensing Landsat Radarsat Transmission Through Atmosphere Interaction with Earth Surface Interaction with Seawater Microwave Radar for Geologic Interpretation and Elevation Models Electromagnetic Spectral Bands Used for Remote Sensing ASTER GDEM V3 GLOBE LiDAR DEM Radarsat Integration References Missing So Far Chapter 2: Electromagnetic Spectral Bands Used for Remote Sensing 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Optical Bands 2.3 Infrared Bands 2.4 Microwave Radar 2.5 Spatial Resolution 2.6 Penetration into Soil and Water References Landsat Radarsat Chapter 3: Foundations of Multi-Band Processing of Satellite Images 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Multi-Band Composite Images 3.3 Panchromatic Sharpening 3.4 Band Difference and Band Ratio Images 3.5 Inverted Colors 3.6 Multiband RGB Difference Composite References Multi-Band Composite Images Panchromatic Sharpening Band Difference and Band Ratio Images Multiband Differences and Ratios Introduction to Seismic Planning, Acquisition and Data Processing Seismic Logistics Case Studies Remote Sensing Case Study Qattara Depression and Western Desert, Egypt Chapter 4: Digital Relief Models 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Generation of Relief Models 4.3 Methods for Rendering Digital Relief Models 4.4 Resolution of Digital Relief Models 4.5 Assessment of Absolute Elevation in Digital Relief Models 4.6 Applications for Different Digital Relief Models References Digital Elevation Models General ASTER GDEM V3 ETOPO1 GLOBE LiDAR DEM Radar-Based Bathymetry SRTM DEM Stereo Image-Based DEM TerrainBase Part II: Primary Applications for Geosciences Chapter 5: Primary Applications for Geosciences 5.1 Introduction 5.2 The Concept of Geomorphology References Remote Sensing Case Study Uinta Mountain and Dinosaur NM, Utah U.S.A. Geomorphology Chapter 6: Rendering of Remote Sensing Data 6.1 Introduction 6.2 2D Rendering and Colormaps 6.3 Vertical Exaggeration and Slant Illumination 6.4 3D Rendering and Draping Chapter 7: Geologic Feature Extraction from Remote Sensing Data 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Structural Elements: Folds and Faults Appalachian Mountains U.S.A. 7.3 Arctic Features in Northwest Siberia 7.4 Arid Desert Features on the Colorado Plateau, U.S.A. References Structural Geology of Appalachians and Alleghany Plateau Remote Sensing Case Study Northwest Siberia, Russia Arctic Remote Sensing and Permafrost Mapping Colorado Plateau Geology Geologic Maps Part III: Remote Sensing for Hydrocarbon Exploration Chapter 8: Remote Sensing for Hydrocarbon Exploration 8.1 Introduction Chapter 9: Frontier Exploration 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Regional Modeling of the Equatorial Atlantic Conjugate Margin 9.2.1 Data Input and Preparation 9.2.2 Generating Geologic Models 9.2.3 Executing the Conjugate Margin Exploration Concept 9.2.4 Conclusions 9.3 Basin Modeling of Libyan Basins 9.3.1 Interpreting Satellite Gravity Data for Basin Depth 9.3.2 Interpreting the Digital Relief Model Data 9.3.3 Interpreting Radar Backscatter Data 9.3.4 Interpreting Multi-spectral Optical and Infrared Satellite Data 9.3.5 Interpreting Satellite Gravity Data for Basin Structure 9.3.6 Interpreting Surface Geologic Data 9.3.7 Integration of Basin Outline, Depth and Structure 9.4 Petroleum System Modeling Central Libya 9.5 Surface-Subsurface Integration 9.5.1 Integration from Surface to Deep Formations Using Geologic Analogs 9.5.2 Estimation of the Penetration of Satellite Radar from Integration with Seismic Data 9.6 Estimating Impact of Volcanic Rocks References Interaction with Earth Surface Multi-Band Composite Images Multiband Differences and Ratios ETOPO1 Free Air Gravity Anomaly from Satellite Altimetry Magnetic Anomaly Crustal Age NOAA Sediment Thickness NOAA Deep Sea Drilling Programs Global Modeling Software Platform Exploration Concepts and Techniques Gravity and Magnetic Inversion Petroleum System Modeling Gulf of Suez Integration Radarsat Integration Estimating Impact of Volcanic Rocks Chapter 10: Seismic Logistics and Planning 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Seismic Logistics Planning 10.2.1 Seismic Logistics Planning in Rough Volcanic Terrain 10.2.2 Operations in Wet and Dry Sabkha 10.2.3 Operations in Sand Dune Terrain 10.3 Seismic Data Quality Estimation 10.3.1 Prediction of Source and Receiver Coupling in Central Algeria 10.3.2 Mapping of Surface Scattering at Surface Karst, Western Desert Egypt 10.4 Near-Surface Velocity Model from Remote Sensing Near-Surface Characterization References Introduction to Seismic Planning, Acquisition and Data Processing Seismic Logistics Case Studies Remote Sensing Case Study Volcanic Terrain Payún, Argentina Remote Sensing Case Study Sabkha Matti, UAE Remote Sensing Case Study Berkine Sand Dunes, Algeria Remote Sensing Case Study Tademait Plateau, Algeria Remote Sensing Case Study Qattara Depression and Western Desert, Egypt Remote Sensing Case Study Western Desert, Egypt Chapter 11: Development and Oilfield Infrastructure 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Arctic Climate Alaska, USA 11.3 Humid Floodplain Setting Arkansas, U.S.A. 11.4 Coastal Setting Louisiana, U.S.A. 11.5 Subtropical Climate Chad 11.6 Desert Environment, Grand Erg Oriental Tunisia References LiDAR DEM Remote Sensing Case Study Teshekpuk, Alaska, U.S.A. Operations Case Studies in Arctic Climate Remote Sensing Case Study White River Floodplain, Arkansas, U.S.A. Operations Case Studies in Floodplains Remote Sensing Case Study Louisiana Coast, U.S.A. Remote Sensing Case Study Chad Operations and Subsurface Case Studies in Subtropical Setting Remote Sensing Case Study Grand Erg Oriental, Tunisia Operations Case Studies in Desert Setting Chapter 12: Geologic Analogs 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Structural Analogs 12.2.1 Relay Ramps, Arches NP UT, U.S.A. 12.2.2 Faults and Karsting, Hassi R’Mel, Algeria 12.2.3 Salt Tectonics and Salt Glaciers, Zagros Mountains, Iran 12.2.4 Salt Tectonics and Diapirs, Louisiana coast, U.S.A. 12.2.5 Rift Tectonics, Afar Triangle, Ethiopia and Djibuti 12.2.6 Pull-Apart Basins, Sinai, Egypt 12.2.7 Fold and Fault Belt, Appalachians, U.S.A. 12.3 Depositional Analogs 12.3.1 Shallow Water and Coastal Arid Environment, U.A.E. Coast 12.3.2 Coastal Arid Environment, Lake MacLeod, West Australia 12.3.3 Coastal and Deltaic Sabkha, Sabkha Matti, U.A.E. 12.3.4 Inland Sabkha, Umm As Samim, Oman 12.3.5 Carbonate Depositional Processes, Caicos Islands 12.3.6 Marine Deltas: Irrawaddi and Sittang Deltas, Myanmar 12.3.7 Tidal Floodplain, North Frisia Germany 12.3.8 Flood Plain Channels, Black River, AR U.S.A. 12.3.9 Intra-Cratonic Deltas of Okavango, Botswana, and Kufra, Libya 12.4 Erosional Analogs 12.4.1 Limestone Karsting, Karst Plateau, Slovenia and Italy 12.4.2 Glacial Valleys, Jutland, Denmark 12.4.3 Regional Glacial Mapping for Moraines, Great Lakes Basin, USA 12.4.4 Glacial Valleys, Finger Lakes NY, U.S.A. References Outcrop Analog: Arches NP Subsurface Case Studies of Relay Ramps Outcrop Analog: Hassi R’Mel and Talemzane Meteor Crater Surface and Shallow Subsurface Karst Deep Subsurface Karst and Karsted Reservoirs Outcrop Analog: Zagros Mountains, Iran Subsurface Case Studies of Salt Tectonics Outcrop Analog: Salt Louisiana Subsurface Case Studies of Pull-Apart Basins Depositional Analogs Outcrop Analog: Caicos Islands, Turks and Caicos, Caribbean Subsurface Case Studies of Carbonates Outcrop Analog: Irrawaddy Delta, Myanmar Subsurface Case Studies of Marine Deltas Outcrop Analog: North Frisia North Sea Coast, German Subsurface Case Studies of Tidal Floodplains Subsurface Case Studies of Floodplain Channels Outcrop Analog: Okavango Delta, Botswana Outcrop Analog: Kufra Delta, Libya Subsurface Case Studies of Intra-Cratonic Deltas Outcrop Analog: Karst Plateau, Slovenia and Italy Subsurface Case Studies of Karsting Glacial Geology Regional Glaciology Europe Regional Glaciology North America Glacial Tunnel Valleys Moraines Drumlins Glaciogenic Subsurface Reservoirs Glossary Index