Multicomponent Hydrogels: Smart Materials for Biomedical Applications

Description

Hydrogels are highly hydrated three dimensional networks with the ability to mimic the extracellular matrix of bodily tissues and have thus found application in a wide range of biomedical applications. Unique physiochemical properties such as biocompatibility, water permeability, stimuli responsiveness and self-healing characteristics make them especially useful for use as scaffolds and matrices drug delivery, tissue engineering/regeneration and sensing. Their weak and brittle nature, however, often limits their widespread application where improved mechanical strength is required. To resolve this problem, there has been a significant amount of research into the improvement of their mechanical properties. Among these efforts, versatile multicomponent hydrogels have received much attention as their physiochemical properties can be structurally engineered to provide a wide range of desired properties. These multicomponent formulations also allow for the combination of natural and synthetic polymers, which offers the scope to exploit the advantages of each component, with the synergistic effects resulting from mutual interactions. This book critically discusses the fundamental chemistry, synthesis, characterisation, physiochemical and biological properties of various types of multicomponent hydrogels. It reviews the different strategies employed in designing and synthesizing cutting-edge multicomponent hydrogels and their key applications in biomedical fields. The work is suitable for researchers working in the specific area of multicomponent hydrogels, and also more generally for those working in materials science, biomedical engineering, biomaterials science and tissue engineering. Cover Preface Contents Chapter 1 Hydrogels: Definition, History, Classifications,Formation, Constitutive Characteristics, and Applications 1.1 Introduction 1.1.1 History 1.1.2 Classification of Hydrogels 1.1.3 Characterization of Hydrogels 1.1.4 Applications in the Biomedical Field 1.2 Conclusion Acknowledgements References Chapter 2 Multicomponent Hydrogels: Design Architecture,Synthesis Methods, Chemical Reactions andMechanisms, Crosslinking Strategies, and Radiation Techniques 2.1 Hydrogel Architecture: General Considerations 2.2 Hydrogel Synthesis: Crosslinking Strategies 2.3 Conclusion References Chapter 3 Multicomponent Low Molecular Weight Gels and Gelators 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Classification of MCGs Based on the Gelation Ability of Individual Components 3.2.1 Gel AþGel B … MCG 3.2.2 Gel AþSol B … MCG 3.2.3 Sol AþSol B … MCG 3.3 Classification of MCGs Based on the Type of Molecular Assembly 3.3.1 Coassembled Gels 3.3.2 Self-sorted Gels 3.4 Classification of MCGs Based on the Number of Components 3.4.1 Multicomponent Gels Having Two Components 3.4.2 Multicomponent Gels Having More Than Two Components 3.5 Conclusion and Perspective Abbreviations References Chapter 4 Characterization Techniques of Multicomponent Hydrogels 4.1 Surface Characterization 4.1.1 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy 4.1.2 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy 4.1.3 Time-of-flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry 4.1.4 X-ray Diffraction 4.1.5 Scanning Electron Microscopy 4.1.6 Atomic Force Microscopy 4.1.7 Zeta Potential 4.2 Physicochemical Characterization 4.2.1 Thermogravimetric Analysis 4.2.2 Oxygen Permeability 4.2.3 Mechanical Properties 4.2.4 Transmission Electron Microscopy 4.2.5 Water Content or Retention 4.3 Biological Characterization 4.3.1 Cell Adhesion and Proliferation 4.3.2 Biocompatibility 4.3.3 Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy 4.4 Conclusion Abbreviations References Chapter 5 Dendritic Hydrogels and Their Biomedical Applications 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Drug Delivery Applications 5.2.1 Hydrogels from Dendritic Gelators by Self-assembly 5.2.2 Dendritic Hydrogel System by Radical Polymerization 5.2.3 Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) Based Hydrogels 5.2.4 4-Arm PEG Derived Hydrogels 5.3 Adhesives, Bandages, and Wound Healing 5.3.1 4-Arm (or Tetra-branched) Pentaerythritol-based PEG Derivatives 5.3.2 BPEI and Peptide Based Hydrogel Systems 5.3.3 Tannic Acid Based Hydrogels 5.3.4 Cationic Dendritic Hydrogels and Antibacterial Wound Healing 5.4 Tissue Engineering, Cell Culture, 3D Printing, and Cell Encapsulation 5.4.1 Dendritic Bis-MPA and Polyglycerol Derived Hydrogels 5.4.2 Tetra-branched or 4-Arm PEG Derived Systems 5.4.3 PAMAM Based Dendritic Systems 5.5 Miscellaneous Applications 5.6 Conclusions Acknowledgements References Chapter 6 Click Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Orthogonal Click Chemistry Reactions 6.2.1 Strain-promoted Alkyne–Azide Cycloaddition (SPAAC) 6.2.2 Michael-type Addition 6.2.3 Diels–Alder (DA) Reaction 6.2.4 Inverse Electron-demand Diels–Alder (iEDDA) Reaction 6.2.5 Thiol–Ene Polymerizations 6.2.6 Imines, (Acyl)hydrazones, and Oximes 6.3 Multicomponent Hydrogels Crosslinked Via Orthogonal Click Chemistry 6.3.1 Synthetic Hydrogels 6.3.2 Collagen and Collagen-derived Multicomponent Hydrogels 6.3.3 ''Clickable'' Poly (g-glutamic acid) 6.3.4 Silk-based Multicomponent Hydrogels 6.3.5 Glycosaminoglycan-based Multicomponent Hydrogels 6.3.6 Alginate, Chitosan, Methylcellulose, andCarrageenan-based Multicomponent Hydrogels 6.4 Applications of Click Chemistry Crosslinked Multi-component Hydrogels 6.4.1 Drug Delivery 6.4.2 Biofabrication and 3D Printing 6.4.3 3D Cell Culture for Disease Modelling and Stem Cell Differentiation 6.4.4 Dynamic Hydrogels for Modelling Disease and Development 6.5 Summary Acknowledgements References Chapter 7 Electrospinning of Multicomponent Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications 7.1 Electrospinning – A Powerful Technique in the Production of Nanofibers for Biomedical Applications 7.2 Electrospinning in the Production of Multicomponent Hydrogel Nanofibers 7.2.1 Multicomponent Electrospun Hydrogel Nanofibers – Synthetic Strategies 7.2.2 Multicomponent Electrospun Hydrogel Nanofibers – Biomedical Applications 7.3 Conclusions Abbreviations References Chapter 8 3D Printing of Multicomponent Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications 8.1 Introduction 8.2 3D Printing Technologies 8.2.1 Filament Extrusion-based 3D Printing 8.2.2 Droplet Jet-based 3D Printing 8.2.3 Vat Photopolymerization-based 3D Printing 8.3 Multicomponent Hydrogels for 3D Printing 8.3.1 General Requirements for Hydrogels in 3D Printing 8.3.2 Miscible Multicomponent Hydrogels in 3D Printing 8.3.3 Immiscible Multicomponent Hydrogels 8.4 Biomedical Applications of 3D Printed Multicomponent Hydrogels 8.4.1 Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine 8.4.2 Disease Modeling and Drug Testing 8.4.3 Biosensing and Bioelectronics 8.4.4 Soft Robotics in Biomedicine 8.4.5 Other Biomedical Devices 8.5 Concluding Remarks Abbreviations Acknowledgements References Chapter 9 Modeling and Simulations of Multicomponent Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications 9.1 Overview 9.2 Overview of Modeling Approaches for Multicomponent Hydrogels 9.3 Macroscopic Continuum Dynamics Models 9.4 Nanoscopic Models of Multicomponent Hydrogels 9.5 Conclusions and Outlook Acknowledgements References Chapter 10 Multicomponent Hybrid Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications: Opportunities and Challenges 10.1 Hybrid Hydrogels 10.2 Tissue Engineering Applications 10.2.1 Bone Tissue Engineering Applications 10.2.2 Cartilage Tissue Engineering Applications 10.2.3 Neural and Spinal Cord Regeneration Applications 10.2.4 Heart Tissue Engineering Applications 10.2.5 Skin Tissue Engineering Applications 10.3 Drug Delivery Systems 10.3.1 Hybrid Hydrogels Containing Biological Building Blocks 10.3.2 Polysaccharide-based Hybrid Hydrogels 10.3.3 Synthetic Polymer-based Hybrid Hydrogels 10.4 Artificial Intelligence Tools Applied to Hybrid System Development 10.5 Challenges and Future Perspectives for Multicomponent Hybrid Hydrogels 10.6 Conclusions Abbreviations References Chapter 11 Multicomponent Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering Applications 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Bone Tissue Engineering 11.3 Cartilage Tissue Engineering 11.4 Vascular Tissue Engineering 11.5 Skin Tissue Engineering 11.6 Conclusion and Perspective References Chapter 12 Multicomponent Hydrogels for Controlled Drug Release and Delivery 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Multicomponent Hydrogels Containing Marine-origin Polysaccharides 12.2.1 Alginate 12.2.2 Carrageenan 12.2.3 Hyaluronic Acid 12.2.4 Chitosan 12.3 Multicomponent Hydrogels Containing Plant/ Seed-origin Polysaccharides 12.3.1 Cellulose and Its Derivatives 12.3.2 Pectin 12.3.3 Starch 12.4 Multicomponent Hydrogels Containing Bacterial-origin Polysaccharides 12.4.1 Dextran 12.4.2 Salecan 12.4.3 Xanthan Gum 12.4.4 Gellan Gum 12.5 Conclusions, Challenges, and Future Perspectives Abbreviations Acknowledgements References Chapter 13 Multicomponent Antimicrobial Hydrogels for Wound Healing Applications 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Different Strategies Used for the Design of Multicomponent Hydrogels 13.3 Wound Healing 13.4 Multicomponent Hydrogels 13.4.1 Multicomponent Hydrogels Not Loadedwith Antimicrobial Agents for Wound Dressing Applications 13.4.2 Multicomponent Hydrogels Loaded withSynthetic Antimicrobial Agents as Potential Wound Dressings 13.4.3 Multicomponent Hydrogels Loaded withNaturally Occurring Bioactive Agents andEssential Oils for Wound Dressing Applications 13.4.4 Multicomponent Hydrogels Loaded withMetal-based Nanoparticles for Wound Dressing Applications 13.4.5 Multicomponent Hydrogels Prepared fromCarbon-based Biomaterials for Wound Dressing Applications 13.5 Future Perspectives and Conclusion Abbreviations Acknowledgements References Chapter 14 Multicomponent Hydrogels in Clinical and Pharmaceutical Applications 14.1 Introduction 14.2 The Polymer Precursors of Hydrogels with Therapeutic Potential 14.2.1 Polysaccharides 14.2.2 Proteins and Polypeptides 14.2.3 Synthetic Polymers 14.3 Clinical Translation 14.4 Clinically Approved Hydrogel Products 14.4.1 Hydrogel Contact Lenses 14.4.2 Cosmetic Applications 14.4.3 Disease Treatment 14.4.4 Wound Dressings 14.5 Design Challenges 14.6 Conclusion 14.7 Perspective Abbreviations Acknowledgements References Chapter 15 Multicomponent Hydrogels for Bioimaging and Biosensing Applications 15.1 Introduction 15.1.1 Stimuli Response of Hydrogels 15.1.2 Signal Recognition 15.1.3 Signal Transduction Methods 15.2 Hydrogel Structure and Properties 15.2.1 Signal Transduction Methods 15.2.2 Hydrogel Synthesis 15.3 Hydrogels Used in Bioimaging 15.4 Hydrogels Used in Biosensing 15.4.1 Hydrogel Surface Features 15.4.2 Hydrogel Structures 15.4.3 Hydrogel Cross-linking 15.4.4 Hydrogel Intermolecular Interactions 15.4.5 Advantages of Hydrogels in Biosensing 15.5 Limitations of Multicomponent Hydrogel Systems 15.6 Opportunities and Future Outlook for Multicomponent Hydrogel Systems 15.7 Conclusions References Chapter 16 Multicomponent Hydrogels for Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Cancer Treatment 16.2.1 Hydrogels for Systemic Delivery 16.2.2 Hydrogels for Local Delivery 16.3 Diagnosis or Imaging 16.4 Prevention of Adverse Effects 16.5 Cancer and Biomedical Research 16.6 Conclusions, Challenges, and Future Perspectives Acknowledgements References Chapter 17 Stimuli-responsive and Self-healing Multicomponent Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Various Stimuli for Physicochemical Changes of Multicomponent Hydrogels 17.2.1 Temperature Sensitive Hydrogels 17.2.2 pH Sensitive Hydrogels 17.2.3 Photosensitive Hydrogels 17.2.4 Magnetic Field Sensitive Hydrogels 17.2.5 Electric Field Sensitive Hydrogels 17.2.6 Glucose Sensitive Hydrogels 17.2.7 Enzyme Sensitive Hydrogels 17.2.8 Solvent Composition Sensitive Hydrogels 17.2.9 Shear Sensitive Hydrogels 17.2.10 Dual/Multi-stimuli Sensitive Hydrogels 17.3 Different Mechanisms of Self-healing of Multicomponent Hydrogels 17.3.1 Physical Interaction Based Self-healing Hydrogels 17.3.2 Chemical Interaction Based Self-healing Materials 17.4 Biomedical Applications of Stimuli Sensitive Multicomponent Hydrogels 17.4.1 Drug Delivery 17.4.2 Gene Delivery 17.4.3 Tissue Engineering 17.5 Biomedical Applications of Self-healing Multicomponent Hydrogels 17.5.1 Drug Delivery 17.5.2 Tissue Engineering 17.5.3 3D Printing 17.5.4 Soft Robotics 17.5.5 Sensors 17.5.6 Controlled Drug Release 17.6 Challenges and Future Perspectives 17.7 Conclusions Abbreviations Acknowledgements References Chapter 18 Toxicity, Regulatory Considerations, and Commercialization Aspects of Multi-component Hydrogels 18.1 Introduction 18.1.1 Multicomponent Hydrogels and Fundamental Types of Interactions 18.1.2 The Need for Multicomponent Hydrogels 18.2 Cytotoxicity Aspects and Health andEnvironmental Impacts of Multicomponent Hydrogels 18.3 Synthesis Methods for Multicomponent Hydrogels and Toxicity Considerations 18.4 Property–Toxicity Relationship of Multicomponent Hydrogels 18.5 Multicomponent Hydrogels and the Associated Toxicity Issues of Components 18.5.1 Natural and Synthetic Polymers 18.5.2 Hybrid Hydrogels with Nanoparticles 18.5.3 Hybrid Hydrogels with Stimuli-responsive Properties 18.5.4 Micro/nanogels and Hybrids 18.5.5 Interpenetrating Network (IPN) andSemi-interpenetrating Network (Semi-IPN) Hydrogels 18.5.6 Core– Shell Polymer Networks 18.6 Advantages, Disadvantages, and FuturePerspectives of Natural and Synthetic Polymer-based Hydrogels in Biomedical Applications 18.7 Medical Applications of Hydrogels, Limitations, and Related Toxicity 18.7.1 Tissue Regeneration 18.7.2 Wound Healing 18.7.3 Drug, Gene, and Protein Delivery 18.7.4 Hygiene and Sanitation 18.7.5 Medical Devices and Integrated Coatings 18.8 Technical and Regulatory Aspects for ClinicalTranslation and Industrial Implementation of Hydrogel Systems 18.9 Scale- up and Commercialization of Biomedical Hydrogels (from Laboratory to Industrialization) 18.10 Approval, Time Involved and Cost Aspects 18.11 Factors Affecting Scale-up and Manufacturing Processes 18.12 Conclusion References Subject Index