Nanoporous Carbons for Soft and Flexible Energy Devices

Description

This book provides an interesting snapshot of new research within the fields of flexible and soft devices which use porous carbon-based materials. The increase in demand for soft and flexible electronics, electrochemical energy storage/conversion systems, piezoresistive pressure sensors has promoted the development of new strategies for the synthesis and integration of nanoporous carbon (NPC) into flexible and soft polymers and inorganic textures. The structural properties of such NPC materials combined with their mechanical, conductive and catalytic properties, show promising results for the technology they are designed for, which can be useful solutions in many other disciplines. An in-depth discussion of the use of NPC materials in different energy devices is provided in every chapter, while at the same time the knowledge of the reader on the various applications where these materials can be used will be broadened. This book sheds new light on nanoporous carbon-based materials and will be of great interest to graduate students and professionals working in this field. Preface Contents Acronym and Symbols 1 Carbon Nanotubes for Flexible Fiber Batteries 1.1 Brief Introduction 1.2 Carbon Nanotubes 1.2.1 Preparation of Carbon Nanotube Fibers 1.2.2 Properties of CNT Fibers 1.3 Flexible Fiber Batteries 1.3.1 Lithium-Ion Batteries 1.3.1.1 Fiber Electrodes 1.3.1.2 Fiber Lithium-Ion Batteries 1.3.2 Lithium-Metal Batteries 1.3.2.1 Lithium-Sulfur Batteries 1.3.2.2 Lithium-Air Batteries 1.3.3 Aqueous Metal-Air Batteries 1.3.3.1 Aluminum-Air Batteries 1.3.3.2 Zinc-Air Batteries 1.3.4 Other Batteries 1.4 Summary References 2 Carbon Nanotube Dual-Material Gate Devices for Flexible Electronics 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Principle of CNT-Based DMG Devices 2.3 CNT-Based DMG Devices Under the Transistor Configuration for Low-Power Applications 2.4 DMG Devices Operated in the Diode Configuration 2.5 Effect of Structural Parameters on the Characteristics of DMG Devices 2.6 Flexibility Test of DMG Devices 2.7 Multifunctional Integrated Circuits Constructed by the DMG Devices 2.8 Conclusions References 3 Integration of Cost-Efficient Carbon Electrodes into the Development of Microbial Fuel Cells 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Microbial Fuel Cells 3.3 Cost-Effective Carbon Electrodes 3.3.1 Carbon Veil 3.3.2 Activated Carbon 3.3.3 Activated Carbon Doped Carbon Veil Anode 3.3.4 Cathode Electrodes: Incorporation of Carbon Veil and Activated Carbon 3.4 Conclusions References 4 Bridging Electronics and Micro Energy Storage 4.1 On-Chip Technologies for Autonomous Systems 4.2 Fundamentals of Capacitance 4.3 Fundamentals of Transistors 4.4 Carbon Processing for Flexible Electronics 4.4.1 Introduction to Microfabrication and Patterning of Electronic Devices 4.4.2 One-Dimensional Flexible String Electrodes 4.4.3 Two-Dimensional Flexible Thin Film Electrodes 4.4.4 Three-Dimensional and Freestanding Flexible Electrodes 4.5 Ion-Gated Transistors (IGTs) and Advantages of Using Carbon-Based Gate Electrodes in IGTs 4.5.1 Enabling Low Voltage and Simple Design 4.5.2 Monolithic Integration of Supercapacitor and Ion-Gated Transistor: TransCap 4.6 Conclusions References 5 Nanoporous Composite Sensors 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Materials 5.3 Structure 5.3.1 Effects of Deformation 5.3.2 Structure Morphology 5.3.2.1 Subtractive Voids 5.3.2.2 Formed Voids 5.4 Fabrication 5.4.1 Mixing and Dispersion 5.4.1.1 Ultrasonication 5.4.1.2 Filler Functionalization 5.4.2 Freeze Casting 5.4.3 Sacrificial Cast-Etching 5.4.3.1 Gas Foaming 5.5 Discussion 5.5.1 Challenges 5.5.2 Opportunities 5.6 Conclusion References 6 Laser-Induced Graphene and Its Applications in Soft (Bio)Sensors 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Conversion into 3D Porous Graphene: LIG 6.3 Properties of LIG 6.4 From Flexible to Stretchable: Transfer onto Substrate 6.5 Applications 6.5.1 Piezoresistive Sensors 6.5.2 Electrophysiological Sensors 6.5.3 Electrochemical Sensors 6.5.4 Gas Sensors 6.6 Outlook References 7 Production of Carbon Nanofoam by Pulsed Laser Deposition on Flexible Substrates 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Pulsed Laser Deposition of Nanostructured Carbon Films 7.3 Growth Dynamics of PLD Carbon Nanofoam 7.4 Measurement of Nanofoam Density 7.5 Carbon Nanofoam on Flexible Substrates for Laser-Driven Acceleration Bibliography 8 Porosity of Nanostructured Carbon Thin Films 8.1 Introduction to the Porosity Characterization of Materials 8.2 Theoretical Description of Porosity Evolution in Thin Film 8.3 Experimental Strategies to Study the Porosity of Nanostructured Materials 8.4 The Role of the Porosity of Carbon Thin Films in Energy Devices 8.5 The Case of Cluster-Assembled Carbon Thin Film Integrated into Flexible Substrates 8.6 Conclusions References Index