Race and the Making of the Mormon People

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The nineteenth-century history of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Max Perry Mueller argues, illuminates the role that religion played in forming the notion of three “original” American races—red, black, and white—for Mormons and others in the early American Republic. Recovering the voices of a handful of black and Native American Mormons who resolutely wrote themselves into the Mormon archive, Mueller threads together historical experience and Mormon scriptural interpretations. He finds that the Book of Mormon is key to understanding how early followers reflected but also departed from antebellum conceptions of race as biblically and biologically predetermined. Mormon theology and policy both challenged and reaffirmed the essentialist nature of the racialized American experience. The Book of Mormon presented its believers with a radical worldview, proclaiming that all schisms within the human family were anathematic to God’s design. That said, church founders were not racial egalitarians. They promoted whiteness as an aspirational racial identity that nonwhites could achieve through conversion to Mormonism. Mueller also shows how, on a broader level, scripture and history may become mutually constituted. For the Mormons, that process shaped a religious movement in perpetual tension between its racialist and universalist impulses during an era before the concept of race was secularized. Max Perry Mueller is assistant professor of religious studies at the University of Nebraska. Reviews: “Argues that Mormonism is a quintessentially American religion. . . . Yet, while the story of race and the LDS Church is similar to other American experiences of race, it’s also distinctive, leaving Mormons to grapple with the legacy of racism and white supremacy in their own way.” --The Atlantic "Argues that the Book of Mormon both reinforced and challenged nineteenth-century Americans’ ideas about race--and that it set the stage for how Mormonism would develop in the decades to come." --Jana Riess, Religion News Service "Mueller’s excellent book tells us that race is a story we collectively write about ourselves."--Association for Mormon Letters "A mature, meditative, and mighty engagement with a complex topic. Scholars of American religion and race, not to mention those engaged in the academic analysis of Mormonism, will be struggling with his conclusions for quite some time."--Benjamin Park, The Junto "Unearths the buried stories of black Mormons such as Jane Manning James, who was close to Mormon founders like the (Joseph) Smith family.”-- Martin Marty, Sightings “Mueller becomes somewhat like one of the angels in Revelation, forcing us to compare ideals, history, and hopes against what the outside world's paradigm would allow us to become.”--Association for Mormon Letters Acknowledgments ix Prologue. Visions 1 Introduction. Race on the Page, Race on the Body 8 1 The Book of Mormon: A (White) Universal Gospel 31 2 Marketing the Book of Mormon to Noah’s Three Sons 60 3 From Gentile to Israelite 92 4 “Aunt Jane” or Joseph’s Adopted Daughter? 119 5 People Building, on Bodies 153 6 People Building, on Paper 181 Epilogue. Performing Red, Black, and White American 212 Notes 233 Bibliography 293 Index 319