Renewable energy conversion systems: Technologies, Design and Operation

Description

Fundamentals of Renewable Energy Systems goes beyond theoretical aspects of advances in renewable energy and addresses future trends. By focusing on the design of developing technologies, relevant operation and detailed background and an understanding of the application of power electronics and thermodynamics processes in renewable energy, this book provides an analysis of advancing energy systems. The book will be of interest to engineering graduates, researchers, professors and industry professionals involved in the renewable energy sector and is ideal for advanced engineering courses dealing with renewable energy, sources, thermal and electrical energy production and sustainability. With increasing focus on developing low carbon energy production, audiences need to have the engineering knowledge and practical skills to develop and implement creative solutions to engineering problems encountered with renewable energy technologies. By looking at renewable energy capture and conversion, system design and analysis, project development and implementation, each modular chapter examines recent advances in specific renewable energy systems with detailed methods, calculations and worked examples. Front Cover Renewable Energy Conversion Systems Copyright Page Dedication Contents 1 Fundamentals of renewable energy systems 1.1 Introduction 1.1.1 Why renewables 1.1.2 Types of energy 1.1.3 Conventional and renewable energy 1.1.4 SWOT analysis of the renewable energy 1.1.4.1 Strength 1.1.4.2 Weakness 1.1.4.3 Opportunities 1.1.4.4 Threats 1.1.5 Global warming and climate change 1.1.6 World energy transformation by 2050 1.1.7 Prospects of renewable energy in the world 1.1.7.1 Solar energy 1.1.7.2 Wind energy 1.1.7.3 Hydropower 1.1.7.4 Bioenergy 1.1.7.5 Geothermal 1.1.8 The structure of the book References 2 Thermodynamics for renewable energy systems 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Thermodynamic system 2.2.1 Open system 2.2.2 Closed system 2.2.3 Isolated system 2.3 Heat capacity 2.3.1 Heat capacity at constant volume (CV) 2.3.2 Heat capacity at constant pressure (CP) 2.3.3 Mayer’s equation 2.4 Phase change and latent heat 2.4.1 Latent heat of fusion 2.4.2 Latent heat of evaporation 2.5 Zeroth law of thermodynamics 2.6 The first law of thermodynamics 2.6.1 Isothermal process 2.6.2 Isobaric process 2.6.3 Isochoric process 2.6.4 Adiabatic process 2.7 The second law of thermodynamics 2.7.1 Kelvin–Planck statement 2.7.2 Clausius statement 2.8 Third law of thermodynamics 2.9 Thermodynamic cycles 2.9.1 Solar thermal Brayton cycle (GAS) 2.9.2 Solar thermal organic Rankine cycle (STEAM) 2.9.3 Solar combined power cycle Problems References 3 Power electronics for renewable energy systems 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Solid-state devices 3.2.1 Silicon controlled rectifier (Thyristor) 3.2.2 Gate turn-off thyristor 3.2.3 Silicon controlled switch 3.2.4 DIAC 3.2.5 TRIAC 3.3 Rectifiers (AC–DC converters) 3.3.1 Half-wave uncontrolled rectifier with resistive load 3.3.2 Half-wave uncontrolled rectifier with inductive load 3.3.3 Half-wave uncontrolled rectifier with inductive load and freewheeling diode 3.3.4 Half-wave controlled rectifier with resistive load 3.3.5 Half-wave controlled rectifier with an inductive load 3.3.6 Half-wave controlled rectifier with inductive load and a freewheeling diode 3.4 Converters (DC–DC converters) 3.4.1 Buck converters 3.4.2 Boost converters 3.4.3 Buck-Boost converters 3.4.4 Cuk converters 3.5 Inverters (DC–AC inverters) 3.5.1 H-Bridge inverter 3.5.2 Multilevel inverter 3.5.2.1 Diode clamped multilevel inverters 3.5.2.2 Cascaded H-Bridge multilevel inverters 3.5.2.3 Flying capacitor multilevel inverters 3.6 Cycloconverters (AC–AC converters) Problems References 4 Solar energy 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Solar thermal 4.2.1 Solar parabolic trough 4.2.2 Solar tower 4.2.3 Solar parabolic dish 4.2.4 Solar cooker 4.2.5 Solar water heater 4.2.6 Solar dryer 4.3 Solar photovoltaic 4.3.1 Modeling of PV cell 4.3.1.1 Photocurrent 4.3.1.2 Forward-biased diode 4.3.1.3 Series resistance 4.3.1.4 Shunt resistance 4.3.1.5 Open-circuit voltage 4.3.1.6 Short-circuit current 4.3.1.7 The efficiency of a solar cell 4.3.1.8 Fill factor 4.4 Effect of temperature on solar cell 4.5 Effect of irradiance on solar cell 4.6 Series and parallel connection of solar cells 4.7 Solar tracker 4.7.1 Single-axis solar tracker 4.7.2 Dual-axis solar tracker 4.8 Maximum power point tracker 4.8.1 Perturb and observe 4.8.2 Incremental conductance 4.9 Off-grid PV system 4.10 Grid-connected PV system 4.11 Hybrid PV systems 4.11.1 Series hybrid energy system 4.11.2 Parallel hybrid energy system 4.11.3 Switched hybrid energy system 4.12 Distributed generation 4.13 Optimization of hybrid renewable energy system 4.13.1 HOMER pro 4.13.2 iHOGA 4.13.3 Hybrid2 4.13.4 RETScreen 4.13.5 TRNSYS 4.14 Optimization of a hybrid energy system in HOMER: a case study 4.14.1 Load assessment 4.14.2 Resource assessment 4.14.2.1 Solar photovoltaic 4.14.2.2 Wind power 4.14.2.3 Hydro energy 4.14.3 Optimization results References 5 Wind energy 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Wind energy fundamentals 5.2.1 Types of winds: meteorology 5.2.2 Capturing the wind: wind speed, energy, and power 5.3 Potential and prediction of wind energy 5.3.1 Wind assessment 5.3.2 Turbine power assessment 5.3.2.1 Betz law 5.3.3 Estimating wind power 5.3.4 Predicting wind energy 5.4 Wind energy conversion systems 5.4.1 Basic components of wind turbine 5.4.1.1 Turbine 5.4.1.2 Yaw control system 5.4.1.3 The nacelle 5.4.1.4 The tower 5.4.1.5 Control mechanism 5.4.2 Wind turbine classification 5.4.2.1 Axis position-based classification 5.4.2.2 Size-based classification 5.4.2.3 Speed-based classification Fixed-speed wind turbines Variable-speed wind turbines 5.4.2.4 Location-based classification 5.4.3 Generator types 5.4.3.1 Synchronous generators 5.4.3.2 Induction generators 5.4.4 Electrical systems in wind turbines 5.4.5 Power electronics integration 5.4.6 Economics 5.5 Reliability science of wind turbines 5.6 Energy storage options of wind turbines 5.7 Application of wind turbines References 6 Hydro energy 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Basic components of the hydropower plant 6.2.1 Dam 6.2.2 Penstock 6.2.3 Turbines 6.2.3.1 Impulse turbines 6.2.3.2 Reaction turbines 6.2.3.3 Tailrace 6.2.3.4 Electric generators 6.3 Small/micro hydropower 6.4 Designing of the small/micro hydropower system 6.4.1 Flow duration curve 6.4.2 Weir and open channel 6.4.3 Trash rack design 6.4.4 Penstock design 6.4.4.1 Penstock diameter 6.4.4.2 Penstock thickness 6.4.4.3 Penstock cross-sectional area 6.4.4.4 Water velocity through the penstock 6.4.5 Penstock losses 6.4.5.1 Head friction losses 6.4.5.2 Inlet losses 6.4.5.3 Valve losses 6.4.6 Hydraulic power 6.4.7 Turbine power 6.4.8 Turbine speed 6.4.9 Specific speed 6.4.10 Turbine selection 6.5 SWOT analysis of hydropower 6.5.1 Strengths 6.5.2 Weaknesses 6.5.3 Opportunities 6.5.4 Threats References 7 Fuel cell 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Working principle of a fuel cell 7.3 Maximum efficiency of a fuel cell 7.3.1 Enthalpy of a reaction 7.3.2 The entropy of a reaction 7.3.3 Gibbs free energy 7.3.4 The efficiency of a fuel cell 7.4 Fuel cell potential 7.4.1 At anode 7.4.2 At cathode 7.5 Terminal voltage of the fuel cell 7.5.1 Activation losses 7.5.2 Concentration losses 7.5.3 Ohmic losses 7.6 Equivalent circuit model of the fuel cell 7.7 Types of fuel cell 7.7.1 Direct methanol fuel cell 7.7.2 Phosphoric acid fuel cell 7.7.3 Alkaline fuel cell 7.7.4 Molten carbonate fuel cell 7.7.4.1 Solid oxide fuel cell 8 Bioenergy 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Biomass 8.2.1 Palletization 8.3 Biogas 8.3.1 Anaerobic digestion process 8.3.1.1 Hydrolysis 8.3.1.2 Acidogenesis 8.3.1.3 Acetogenesis 8.3.1.4 Methanogenesis 8.4 Biodiesel 8.4.1 Physical characteristics of biodiesel 8.4.1.1 Flashpoint 8.4.1.2 Boiling point 8.4.1.3 Cloud point 8.4.1.4 Pour point 8.4.1.5 Calorific value 8.5 Hydrogen production 8.5.1 Biological processes 8.5.1.1 Biophotolysis 8.5.1.2 Dark fermentation 8.5.1.3 Photofermentation 8.5.2 Thermochemical process 8.5.2.1 Pyrolysis 8.5.2.2 Gasification 8.5.3 Water-splitting 8.5.3.1 Electrolysis 8.5.3.2 Thermolysis 8.5.3.3 Photolysis 8.6 Economic considerations 8.7 Conclusion References 9 Geothermal energy 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Geothermal resources 9.3 Geothermal energy conversion mechanism 9.3.1 Dry steam power plants 9.3.2 Flash steam power plants 9.3.3 Binary cycle power plants 9.3.4 Geothermal combined cycle power plants 9.4 Use of geothermal energy 9.4.1 Indirect uses of geothermal energy 9.4.2 Direct uses of geothermal energy 9.5 Environmental effects References Index Back Cover