Introduction To Modern Physics

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INTRODUCTION TO MODERN PHYSICS FIFTH EDITION......Page 1 HALF-TITLE......Page 2 INTERNATIONAL SERIES IN PURE AND APPLIED PHYSICS......Page 3 TITLE-PAGE......Page 4 COPYRIGHT......Page 5 PREFACE TO THE FIFTH EDITION......Page 6 PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION......Page 8 CONTENTS......Page 12 INTRODUCTION......Page 18 4. Anaxagoras and Empedocles......Page 22 6. Aristotle......Page 23 9. From the Greeks to Copernicus......Page 26 10. The Copernican System......Page 28 11. Galileo Galilei......Page 29 12. Tycho Brahe and Kepler......Page 33 13. The Experimental Method Spreads......Page 36 14. Sir Isaac Newton......Page 37 17. Heat during the Eighteenth Century......Page 44 18. Light during the Eighteenth Century......Page 45 19. Electricity during the Eighteenth Century......Page 46 20. Close of the Second Period......Page 47 22. Heat and Energy......Page 48 23. Light......Page 50 24. Electricity and Magnetism......Page 52 25. Michael Faraday......Page 53 26. Joseph Henry......Page 60 27. James Clerk Maxwell......Page 61 28. The Completion of Electromagnetic Theory......Page 64 29. Newtonian Relativity......Page 66 30. Relativity and the Propagation of Light......Page 67 31. The Michelson-Morley Experiment......Page 69 32. The New Relativity of Einstein......Page 73 33. Simultaneity and Time Order......Page 74 34. The Lorentz Transformation......Page 76 35. Contractions in Space and Time......Page 78 36. The Transformation of Velocities._......Page 80 37. Relativistic Mechanics The Variation of Mass......Page 81 38. Force and Kinetic Energy......Page 84 39. A Relation between Mass and Energy......Page 85 40. Relativity and Electromagnetism......Page 87 41. General Theory of Relativity......Page 90 42. Einstein's Law of Gravitation......Page 91 43. Discovery of the Photoelectric Effect......Page 94 44. A Problem......Page 95 45. Electricity in Matter......Page 96 46. The Zeeman Effect......Page 97 47. The Discovery of the Electron......Page 100 48. Electronic Magnitudes......Page 103 49. Photoelectrons......Page 106 51. Energy Distribution of Photoelectrons......Page 108 52. Relation between the Velocities of Photoelectrons and the Frequency of the Light......Page 110 53. Other Properties of Photoelectric Emission......Page 111 54. Thermionic Emission......Page 112 55. What Is the Photoelectric Mechanism ?......Page 114 56. The Free-electron Theory of Metals......Page 117 57. Origin of Photoelectrons......Page 119 59. The Isothermal Enclosure and Black-body Radiation......Page 123 60. Pressure and Energy Flux Due to Isotropic Radiation......Page 125 61. The Stefan-Boltzmann Law......Page 127 62. Reflection from a Moving Mirror......Page 130 63. Effect of an Adiabatic Expansion upon Black-body Radiation......Page 132 64. The Wien Displacement Law......Page 134 65. The Formula for Black-body Radiation......Page 135 66. The Principle of the Equipartition of Energy......Page 136 67. Degrees of Freedom in an Enclosure......Page 138 68. The Rayleigh-Jeans Formula......Page 140 69. Planck's Investigation of Black-body Radiation......Page 141 70. Distribution and Average Energy of Harmonic Oscillators in Thermal Equilibrium......Page 142 71. Planck's Quantum Hypothesis......Page 144 72. Planck's Radiation Law......Page 147 CHAPTER 5 THE NUCLEAR ATOM AND THE ORIGIN OF SPECTRAL LINES......Page 150 73. Spectroscopic Units......Page 151 74. Early Search for Regularities in Spectra......Page 152 75. Spectral Series and Their Interrelations......Page 155 76. Further Relationships between Series. Spectral Terms......Page 156 77. Early Views on Atomic Structure......Page 158 78. The Scattering of Alpha Particles by Atoms......Page 159 79. The Nuclear Atom......Page 161 80. The Bohr Theory of Atomic Hydrogen......Page 165 81. Quantum States of One Electron in an Atom......Page 167 82. Spectrum of a One-electron Atom......Page 171 83. The Spectrum of Atomic Hydrogen......Page 173 84. Ionized Helium......Page 175 85. Energy Levels and Series Relationships for Sodium......Page 176 86. Excitation and Ionization of Atoms by Electrons......Page 178 87. Absorption and Reemission of Radiation.......Page 181 88. The Boltzmann Distribution Law......Page 185 89. The Extension of Bohr's Theory......Page 186 90. Matter Waves......Page 189 91. Mechanics as Geometrical Optics of the Waves......Page 192 92. Refraction of Matter Waves......Page 193 93. The de Broglie Wave Length......Page 194 94. Experiments on Electron Waves......Page 197 95. Diffraction of Molecule Waves......Page 201 96. Schrodinger's Wave Equation......Page 202 97. Physical Significance of psi......Page 206 98. The Probability Stream Density......Page 209 99. The Indeterminacy Principle......Page 210 100. Stationary or Quantum States......Page 212 101. Physical Magnitudes as Operators......Page 214 102. Particle in a Box; the Harmonic Oscillator......Page 216 103. Perturbation Theory......Page 218 104. The One-electron Atom......Page 220 105. Relativistic Effects and Electron Spin......Page 228 106. Two Noninteracting Particles in a Box......Page 230 107. Electron Spin The Exclusion Principle......Page 234 108. Emission and Absorption of Radiation......Page 238 109. The Central-field Approximation for a Many-electron Atom......Page 241 110. Shells and Subshells......Page 244 111. General Features of the Periodic Table......Page 245 112. The First Two Periods......Page 248 113. Valence Bonds......Page 252 114. Remainder of the Periodic Table......Page 255 115. Angular Momentum and its Selection Rules......Page 257 116. Alkali-type Spectra......Page 259 117. Term Energies of the Alkali Metals......Page 263 118. The Spin-orbit Effect in a Central Field......Page 267 119. Fine Structure in Alkali-type Spectra......Page 271 120. Multiplet Levels for One-electron Atoms......Page 275 121. Fine Structure of Spectral Lines from One-electron Atoms......Page 277 122. Many-electron Wave Theory......Page 283 123. LS or Russell-Saunders Coupling......Page 286 124. LS Multiplets of Levels......Page 289 125. Spacing of the LS Multiplet Levels......Page 291 126. The Arc Spectrum of Mercury......Page 292 127. Equivalent Electrons......Page 295 128. Coupling of the jj Type......Page 296 129. Effects of a Magnetic Field on an Atom......Page 299 130. Zeeman Effect in a Huge Field......Page 304 131. Zeeman Effect in a Weak Field......Page 308 132. Zeeman Patterns of LS Multiplets in a Weak Field......Page 309 133. The Paschen-Back Effect......Page 312 134. The Stern-Gerlach Experiment......Page 315 135. Isotope Structure and Hyperfine Structure......Page 317 136. Magnetic Beam Measurement of Nuclear Spins and Moments......Page 322 137. The Breadth of Spectral Lines......Page 328 138. Molecular Spectra......Page 331 139. Rotation Spectra......Page 333 140. Vibration-rotation Spectra......Page 335 141. General Theory of Molecular Quantum States......Page 341 142. Electronic Bands......Page 345 143. The Raman Effect......Page 347 144. Homonuclear Molecules......Page 352 145. The Ammonia Inversion Spectrum......Page 356 146. The Discovery of X-rays......Page 362 147. Production and Measurement of X-Rays......Page 364 148. Classical Pulse Theory of X-rays......Page 366 149. Polarization, Absorption and Fluorescence of X-rays......Page 368 150. The Crystal Diffraction Grating......Page 372 151. The X-ray Spectrometer......Page 376 152. Monochromatic Characteristic Radiations......Page 379 153. Moseley's Law......Page 381 154. The Origin of X-ray Lines......Page 382 155. X-ray Energy Levels and Selection Rules......Page 387 156. The Continuous X-ray Spectrum......Page 391 157. The Absorption of X-rays......Page 394 158. The Photoelectric Effect for X-rays......Page 397 159. The Scattering of X-rays......Page 400 160. The Compton Effect......Page 403 161. Refraction and Reflection of X-rays......Page 409 162. The Nature of Electromagnetic Radiation......Page 410 163. Multiple Ionization of Inner Electron Shells......Page 413 164. X-ray Spectra and the Outer Part of the Atom......Page 417 165. X-ray Spectroscopy of Solids......Page 419 166. The Specific Heats of Ideal Gases......Page 422 167. The Specific Heats of Simple Solids......Page 426 168. The Ideal Gas......Page 431 170. The Fermi-Dirac Gas......Page 433 CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS......Page 437 171. The Atomic Approach in the Wave Mechanics of Crystals......Page 438 172. Conductors and Insulators......Page 440 173. The Collective-electron Approach......Page 443 174. Metals and Nonmetals......Page 444 NATURAL RADIOACTIVITY......Page 448 175. The Discovery of Radioactivity......Page 449 176. Radiations from Radioactive Substances......Page 450 177. Radioactive Transformations......Page 454 178. Detection of Individual Charged Particles......Page 461 179. Nuclear Spectra of the Radioelements......Page 465 180. Positive Rays......Page 472 181. Isotopes of Stable Elements......Page 475 182. Discovery of Artificial Transmutation......Page 480 183. Discovery of the Neutron......Page 483 184. Properties of Nuclei......Page 487 185. Constituents of Nuclei......Page 490 186. Masses and Binding Energies......Page 491 187. Nuclear Forces......Page 496 188. The Positron......Page 507 189. Induced Radioactivity......Page 512 190. Nuclear Transformations with Artificially Accelerated Particles......Page 513 191. Accelerators......Page 515 NUCLEAR REACTIONS AND NUCLEAR MODELS......Page 521 192. General Features of Nuclear Reactions......Page 522 193. Masses of Mirror Nuclides......Page 527 194. Particle Groups......Page 529 195. Nuclear Resonances......Page 532 196. Liquid-drop Model......Page 536 197. Neutron Reactions......Page 539 198. Energy Levels of Nuclei......Page 548 199. The Shell Model......Page 551 200. Discovery of Fission......Page 557 201. Theory of Fission......Page 560 202. Prompt Neutrons-Chain Reactions......Page 562 203. Fast Fission-Explosive Reactors......Page 566 204. Fusion: Energy from the Light Elements......Page 569 205. Early Work on Cosmic Rays......Page 572 206. The Measurement of Cosmic-ray Ionization......Page 575 207. The Altitude-depth Curve......Page 576 208. Discovery of the Latitude Effect......Page 579 209. Theory of Geomagnetic Effects......Page 583 210. Primary Momentum Spectrum......Page 586 211. Observations on Single Cosmic-ray Particles......Page 590 212. Showers and Bursts......Page 594 213. Theory of the Shower Phenomenon......Page 598 214. Discovery of the Mu Meson......Page 607 215. Properties of Mu Mesons......Page 611 216. The Pi Meson......Page 617 217. Artificial Production of Pi Mesons......Page 620 218. Heavy Mesons and Hyperons......Page 626 219. Nuclear Interactions of Cosmic Rays......Page 633 220. Cosmic-ray Primaries......Page 639 221. Development of the Cosmic Radiation in the Atmosphere......Page 642 222. Origin of Cosmic Rays......Page 645 224. Electromagnetic Energy......Page 650 225. Electromagnetic Momentum......Page 651 226. Electromagnetic Waves......Page 652 227. Field of a Moving Point Charge......Page 653 228. Energy Radiated by Accelerated Point Charges......Page 654 APPENDIX II COMPOSITION OF THE ELEMENTS AND MASSES OF ISOTOPES......Page 656 APPENDIX III FIRST IONIZATION POTENTIAL V, LOWEST SPECTRAL TERM T, AND ELECTRON CONFIGURATION OF THE ELEMENTS......Page 665 SOME USEFUL CONSTANTS AND RELATIONS......Page 668 INDEX......Page 670 Back Cover......Page 685