Modular Treatment Approach for Drinking Water and Wastewater

Description

Modular Treatment Approach for Drinking Water and Wastewater is a comprehensive resource that explores the latest studies and techniques in the field of treating water. It offers a new approach to tackling the demand for a high-quality, economic and green water treatment system and providing clean water globally. This book focuses on a modular strategy, which allows for a customized retrofit solution to the constantly changing parameters that are dependent on current demand and requirements. It summarizes the principles of modular design, as well as current developments and perspectives. Beginning with an introduction to sustainable and integrated water management, the book then delves into topics such as the use of modular systems for the removal of organic micropollutants; adsorbent-based reactors for modular wastewater treatment; filtration systems in modular drinking water treatment systems; and the use of solar energy in modular drinking water treatment. The book closes with a chapter on life cycle assessment for drinking water supply and treatment systems. Modular Treatment Approach for Drinking Water and Wastewater provides a detailed overview of wastewater and drinking water treatment and is a must-have for researchers, students and professors working in these areas. Front Cover MODULAR TREATMENT APPROACH FOR DRINKING WATER AND WASTEWATER  MODULAR TREATMENT APPROACH FOR DRINKING WATER AND WASTEWATER  Copyright Contents Contributors Preface 1 - Introduction 1.1 Introduction 1.1.1 Urban water management: current state of the art 1.1.1.1 Wastewater management 1.1.1.2 Storm water management 1.1.1.3 Water demand management 1.1.2 International conventions, guidelines, and agreements 1.1.3 Tackling the problem: sustainable water treatment 1.1.3.1 Low-grade energy 1.1.3.2 Nutrient recovery 1.1.3.3 Sensing and monitoring 1.1.3.4 Modular modeling 1.1.4 Conclusion References 2 - Characteristic of wastewater and drinking water treatment 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Wastewater treatment infrastructure 2.2.1 Pretreatment 2.2.2 Primary treatment 2.2.3 Secondary treatment 2.2.4 Tertiary treatment 2.3 Macropollutants in water and sludge 2.3.1 In drinking water 2.3.2 In wastewater 2.4 Micropollutants in water and wastewater 2.4.1 In drinking water 2.4.2 In wastewater 2.5 Water quality parameters 2.6 Bottlenecks and limitations of centralized drinking water and wastewater treatment facilities 2.7 Conclusion References 3 - Perspectives on the use of modular systems for organic micropollutants removal 3.1 Introduction to challenges related to removal of organic micropollutants and possible solutions 3.1.1 Removal of OMPs during wastewater treatment processes 3.1.2 Perspectives on the use of modular systems for organic micropollutants removal: benefits and limits 3.2 Organic micropollutants removal: current state of art 3.2.1 Coagulation modular system 3.2.2 Oxidation 3.2.3 Membrane technologies 3.2.4 Adsorption process 3.2.5 Biological treatment 3.3 Source-to-tap: Where to apply the new modules? 3.4 Conclusion Acknowledgments References 4 - Modular treatment approach for drinking water and wastewater: introduction to a sustainable approach to decentr ... 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Wastewater treatment 4.3 Wastewater treatment operations 4.4 Modular wastewater treatment approaches 4.5 Conclusions References Further reading 5 - Modular water treatment practice in cold countries 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Treatment units for modular drinking water system 5.2.1 Modular filtration 5.2.2 Modular membrane 5.2.3 Disinfection units 5.3 Operational challenges of modular treatment systems in a cold country 5.4 Conclusion Acknowledgments References 6 - Introduction to modular wastewater treatment system and its significance 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Wastewater and its components 6.2.1 Physicochemical components 6.2.2 Specific components 6.3 Conventional practices and associated challenges in wastewater treatment 6.3.1 Technological challenges 6.3.2 Social challenges in wastewater management 6.3.3 Centralized wastewater treatment system and associated challenges 6.3.4 Decentralized wastewater treatment system and associated challenges 6.4 Prospect of modular wastewater treatment units in developing countries 6.5 Summary of findings References 7 - Phytoremediation as a modular approach for greywater treatment 7.1 Phytoremediation and constructed wetlands: a modular approach 7.2 Greywater as a main component of domestic wastewater 7.3 Constructed wetlands as nature-based solutions for greywater treatment 7.4 Case study: authors experience with constructed wetlands and greywater 7.4.1 Horizontal flow constructed wetlands for greywater treatment 7.4.2 Multistage constructed wetlands: hybrid system (horizontal+vertical flow) 7.4.3 Evapotranspiration and Treatment of Greywater—a modular approach 7.4.3.1 Description of the EvaTAC 7.4.3.2 Hydrodynamic, tracer tests, and computational fluid dynamics studies for the modular system 7.4.3.3 Performance of the real-scale modular system 7.4.3.4 Performance of the demonstrative (pilot) scale modular system 7.4.3.5 Microbial community 7.4.3.6 Greywater disinfection for reuse 7.4.3.7 Economic feasibility and willingness to pay for 7.4.3.8 In summary 7.5 Challenges and perspectives Acknowledgments References 8 - Design and principles of adsorbent-based reactors for modular wastewater treatment 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Adsorbent-based reactors 8.2.1 Fixed-bed reactor 8.2.1.1 Conventional fixed-bed reactor 8.2.1.2 Structured fixed-bed reactor 8.2.2 Moving-bed reactor 8.2.2.1 Conventional moving-bed reactor 8.2.2.2 Rotating-bed reactor 8.2.3 Fluidized-bed reactor 8.2.3.1 Multistage fluidized-bed reactor 8.2.3.2 Transient fluidized-bed reactor 8.3 Flow direction and the extent of adsorption 8.4 Adsorbents used in adsorption-based reactors 8.5 Principle of adsorption and its mechanism 8.6 Design of multifunctional adsorbents 8.7 Decentralized/modular treatment systems: need, significance, and case studies 8.7.1 Conventional decentralized treatment systems 8.7.2 Adsorptive reactor–based modular treatment systems 8.7.3 Advances in the adsorbent-based reactors 8.7.3.1 At laboratory scale 8.7.3.2 At commercial scale 8.8 Challenges and future perspectives 8.9 Conclusion References Further reading 9 - Electrode-based reactors in modular wastewater treatment 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Electrooxidation 9.2.1 Direct oxidation 9.2.2 Indirect/mediated oxidation 9.2.3 Anodes in anodic oxidation 9.2.3.1 BDD anodes in pharmaceutical degradation 9.2.3.2 BDD anodes for textile wastewater treatment 9.2.3.3 BDD anodes for domestic wastewater treatment 9.3 Electrochemical disinfection 9.4 CLASS (closed loop advanced sanitation system) 9.4.1 Components of CLASS V2 9.4.2 CLASS treatment capacity and performance 9.4.3 Energy investment and Economics 9.4.4 Feasibility of designing CLASS for a single household 9.5 Conclusion References 10 - A review on advanced biological systems for modular wastewater treatment plants: process, application, and fut ... 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Modular constructed wetland-based treatment units 10.3 Modular membrane bioreactor–based treatment units 10.4 Modular microbial fuel cell–based treatment units 10.5 Other advanced modular biological wastewater treatment units 10.6 Evaluation of the performance of modular treatment units References 11 - A life cycle assessment perspective to conventional and modular wastewater treatment 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Life cycle phases 11.2.1 Goal and scope definition 11.2.1.1 Functional unit 11.2.1.2 System boundary 11.2.2 Life cycle inventory 11.2.3 Life cycle impact assessment 11.2.4 Interpretation 11.3 LCA of modular wastewater treatment systems 11.4 Case studies centralized versus decentralized 11.4.1 Recommendations and conclusions References 12 - Concept of bioproduct recovery in relation to the modular treatment 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Sludge-to-energy concept 12.3 Biodiesel production 12.4 Biogas generation 12.5 Biofertilizers 12.5.1 Microorganism-based biofertilizer 12.5.2 Biofertilizer from thermophilic digester 12.6 Conclusion Acknowledgment References 13 - Introduction to modular drinking water treatment system 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Modular drinking water treatment systems: advantages 13.3 Challenges in setting up modular drinking water treatment systems 13.4 Factors affecting selection of modular drinking water treatment systems 13.5 Design considerations for modular drinking water treatment systems 13.5.1 Capacity 13.5.2 Raw water quality 13.5.3 Process parameters 13.5.4 Unit processes and technologies in drinking water treatment 13.5.4.1 Oxidation 13.5.4.2 Filtration 13.5.4.3 Lime-soda softening 13.5.4.4 Adsorption 13.5.5 Ion exchange 13.5.5.1 Membrane processes 13.5.5.2 Disinfection 13.5.5.3 Residual chlorine 13.6 Conclusion References Further reading 14 - Role and importance of filtration system in modular drinking water treatment system 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Commercialized MDWTS 14.3 Case studies 14.3.1 Super critical water oxidation process 14.3.1.1 Efficiency of SCWO adsorbents 14.3.2 STiR “industrial water and wastewater filter” of Filtra-Systems 14.3.3 Pall Corporation's Aria FAST 14.4 Ultrastructure of filter vessel and important steps to be followed for efficient functioning in MDWTS 14.5 Basic sizing formula and example of filter media Example: Solution 14.6 Role of passive filter media to design a novel MDWTS 14.6.1 Mechanical filter media 14.6.2 Physio-chemical filter media 14.6.2.1 Activated alumina 14.6.2.2 Granular activated carbon 14.6.3 Manganese dioxide (MnO2)-based media 14.6.3.1 GreensandPlus 14.6.3.2 MnO2 solid mined ore 14.6.3.3 Granular ferric hydroxide 14.6.3.4 Organoclays 14.6.3.5 pH neutralization filters 14.6.3.6 Calcite 14.6.3.7 Corosex 14.7 Microbiological aspect of drinking water 14.7.1 Waterborne pathogens pretreatment technologies for MDWTS 14.7.2 Granular media to improve functioning of MDWTS 14.8 Conclusion References Further reading 15 - Role of membrane filtration in modular drinking water treatment system 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Types of membrane systems 15.2.1 Pressure membranes 15.2.2 Microfiltration 15.2.3 Ultrafiltration 15.2.4 Nanofiltration 15.2.5 Reverse osmosis 15.2.5.1 Direct osmotic membranes 15.2.6 Temperature-driven membrane processes 15.2.7 Electricity-driven membrane processes 15.3 Modular design: a membrane technology aspects for drinking water treatment 15.4 State of the art: application of the membrane treatment systems 15.4.1 Applications 15.5 Case studies 15.6 Conclusions Acknowledgment References Further reading 16 - Modular drinking water systems: chemical treatment perspective 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Community drinking water treatment 16.3 The chlorination process 16.3.1 Typical dosage 16.3.2 Chlorine chemistry and residual chlorine 16.3.3 Breakpoint chlorination 16.3.4 Disinfection kinetics, Ct value, pH, turbidity, and temperature 16.3.4.1 Influence of pH 16.3.4.2 Influence of temperature 16.3.4.3 Influence of turbidity and chemical characteristics 16.3.5 Mechanism of action: disinfection 16.4 Chlorination by-products 16.5 Advanced chemical methods 16.5.1 AOPs 16.5.2 Solar disinfection or SoDis 16.5.3 Nanomaterials 16.5.3.1 From labs to products 16.5.3.2 Relevance to modular treatment systems 16.5.3.2.1 The “Sidi Taibi plant project” (El-Ghzizel et al., 2020) 16.5.3.2.2 “AMRIT,” Arsenic and Metal Removal by Indian Technology 16.5.3.2.3 Electrochemical reactor using Ti/RuO2–IrO2 anode and graphite felt cathode (Miao et al., 2015) 16.6 Challenges and future outlooks 16.7 Conclusion References 17 - Modular drinking water treatment system using ozonation and UV 17.1 Ozonation drinking water treatment system (DWTS): a modular approach principle of ozonation 17.1.1 The property and principle of ozonation 17.1.2 Shortage of ozonation technology in drinking water treatment 17.1.3 Ozone generation mechanism 17.1.4 Ozone treatment system design 17.2 UV-based treatment of drinking water sources: a modular approach principle of a UV light 17.2.1 Basic principle and function of UV light used in the water treatment plan 17.2.2 Advantages and disadvantages of UV sterilization method 17.2.3 UV effectiveness of killing the pathogen in the drinking water 17.2.4 Design of the UV reactor in a modular water treatment plant 17.3 Current benefit and possible challenges to provide solution for a smaller community 17.3.1 Pros and cons for an MDWTS 17.3.2 Challenge of providing ozone for the small community 17.3.3 Challenge of providing UV for the small community 17.4 Case study and future perspective for the modular water treatment system 17.4.1 Case study of using ozone at Lake Taylor Transitional Care Hospital 17.4.2 Case study of using UV disinfection in Colombian community 17.5 Conclusion References 18 - Application of solar energy in modular drinking water treatment 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Solar energy used for desalination purpose 18.2.1 Desalination as world's perspective and its importance 18.2.2 Challenges, modification, and improvement of solar desalination treatment units 18.3 Disinfection of drinking water using solar energy: solar disinfection 18.3.1 Principle and importance of the photocatalysts in solar disinfection 18.3.1.1 Challenges and possible solution for effective and scale-up solar disinfection system 18.3.2 Scale-up issues related to solar-powered water treatment technologies and their prospects 18.4 Conclusion Acknowledgments References 19 - Life cycle assessment drinking water supply and treatment systems 19.1 Introduction 19.1.1 Overview of life cycle assessment 19.2 Case study 19.2.1 LCA of desalination process performed by Tarnacki et al. (2012) and team 19.2.2 LCA of urban water system (conventional) by Lemos et al. (2013) and team 19.2.3 Life cycle assessment of water supply in Singapore by Hsien et al. (2019) 19.3 Review of LCA studies in water sector 19.4 Summary Acknowledgment References Index A B C D E F G H I L M N O P R S T U V W Z Back Cover