Handbook of biopolymers and biodegradable plastics : properties, processing and applications

Description

Front matter......Page 1 Copyright ......Page 2 Dedication ......Page 3 Foreword ......Page 4 Acknowledgement ......Page 5 The Green Movement—Myths, History, and Overview......Page 6 Myth 2: It's just another fad and therefore not particularly important......Page 7 Myth 5: Green buildings do not fetch higher rental rates or capital compared with traditional buildings......Page 8 Myth 8: Green building uses traditional tools and techniques and not cutting-edge technology......Page 9 Myth 11: It is not possible to build a high-rise green building......Page 10 Myth 14: Going green is an all-or-nothing proposition......Page 11 Green Building and the Green Movement: Its History......Page 12 Green Building: An Overview......Page 18 The U.S. Built Environment......Page 22 Introduction......Page 25 Green building evaluation systems......Page 31 USGBC's LEED Certification and rating system......Page 32 LEED Process Overview......Page 33 How LEED Works......Page 34 The LEED Points Rating System......Page 35 The LEED Building Certification Model......Page 38 LEED V3: What's New?......Page 39 The green globes rating system......Page 40 History and Background......Page 42 The Process......Page 44 Project Management: 50 Points......Page 45 Energy: 360 Points......Page 46 Indoor Environment: 200 Points......Page 47 Green Globes-An Alternative to LEED?......Page 48 Green rating standards used worldwide......Page 55 LEED......Page 56 Australia......Page 57 China......Page 58 France......Page 59 Germany......Page 60 Israel......Page 61 Japan......Page 62 Malaysia......Page 63 Mexico......Page 64 United Kingdom......Page 65 United States......Page 67 Introduction......Page 69 Principals of Green Design......Page 73 Integrated Design......Page 76 Energy Efficiency......Page 78 Water Efficiency and Conservation......Page 79 Materials and Resources......Page 80 Indoor Environmental Quality and Safety......Page 81 Livable Communities and Neighborhoods......Page 82 High-Performance and Intelligent Buildings......Page 83 Building Information Modeling......Page 86 Green Design Strategies......Page 87 The Integrated Design Process......Page 89 Green Building Design and the Delivery Process......Page 92 Forming the Integrated Multidisciplinary Project Team......Page 93 Design process for High-Performance buildings......Page 94 Green project delivery systems......Page 97 Traditional green design-Bid-Build project delivery......Page 99 Green construction management......Page 101 Green design-Build project delivery......Page 103 Design-Build Process Basics......Page 104 AIA Design-Build Documents......Page 107 Introduction......Page 109 Project Evaluation and Analysis......Page 110 Construction Documents Review......Page 111 Requisition format......Page 113 Outline placeholder......Page 0 Lender's Pre-Construction Meeting......Page 118 Pre-Construction Documents......Page 121 Notice of Commencement......Page 122 Notice to Proceed......Page 124 Site/Project Walk-Through......Page 125 Photo Documentation......Page 126 Value of Work in Place......Page 129 Stored Materials Funding......Page 130 Change Orders......Page 132 Lender/Owner Retainage......Page 134 General Conditions......Page 135 Contractor Role and Responsibilities......Page 136 Changes in the Work......Page 137 Insurance and Bonds......Page 138 Supplemental Conditions......Page 139 Preparing the progress status report......Page 140 Waivers of Lien......Page 141 Testing Reports......Page 143 Construction Schedule and Schedule of Values......Page 144 Project Progress Meetings......Page 145 Subcontracts and Purchase Orders......Page 146 Payment and Performance Bonds......Page 148 Permits and Approvals......Page 149 Final certification and project closeout......Page 150 As-Built Drawings/Record Drawings......Page 151 Architect/Administrator's Certificate of Substantial Completion......Page 152 Certificates of Occupancy, Use, and Operation......Page 154 Final Waivers of Lien......Page 155 Architect's Supplemental Instructions......Page 158 Shop Drawing Submittal and Review Procedure......Page 159 Freedom of Information Letters......Page 162 Quality control and quality assurance......Page 163 Brief history and overview......Page 165 Benefits of Using BIM......Page 169 Risks Associated with Applying BIM to Sustainable Projects......Page 174 Integrated project delivery-sharing intelligent data for sustainable solutions......Page 176 Building form with BIM......Page 178 Customizing BIM......Page 179 Making the Transition......Page 180 Building systems with BIM......Page 182 AIA Document E202......Page 183 The future of BIM and its use worldwide......Page 184 France......Page 185 Finland......Page 186 Denmark......Page 187 China......Page 188 Singapore......Page 189 Introduction......Page 191 Natural versus Synthetic Materials......Page 192 Storage and Collection of Recyclables......Page 194 Low-Emitting materials......Page 195 Adhesives, Finishes, and Sealants......Page 196 Paints and Coatings......Page 198 Carpet......Page 200 Polyvinyl Chloride/Vinyl......Page 202 Tile......Page 204 Earthen Building Materials......Page 206 Windows......Page 209 Gypsum Wallboard (Drywall)......Page 212 Siding......Page 213 Roofing......Page 215 Choosing Roofing Materials......Page 216 Extensive and Intensive Green Roofs......Page 221 Wood Types......Page 223 Framing......Page 229 Concrete......Page 237 Maintaining Structural Elements: Existing Walls, Floors, and Roof......Page 242 LEED Requirements......Page 243 LEED Potential Technologies and Strategies......Page 244 Construction waste management......Page 245 LEED Requirements......Page 246 Recycled materials......Page 248 LEED Requirements......Page 252 Bamboo......Page 254 Cork......Page 257 Insulation......Page 258 Linoleum......Page 260 Straw-Bale Construction......Page 262 Wheat Board......Page 264 Green office equipment......Page 265 Forestry certification and certified wood......Page 267 Life-Cycle Assessment......Page 270 Life-Cycle Cost Analysis......Page 271 Third-Party Certification......Page 273 Introduction......Page 276 Causes of Indoor Pollution......Page 278 Building-Related Illness......Page 279 Asbestos......Page 281 Health Risks......Page 282 Mitigation......Page 283 Lead......Page 284 Health Risks......Page 285 Carbon Dioxide......Page 286 Organic Contaminants: Aldehydes, VOCs/SVOCs, and Pesticides......Page 287 Formaldehyde......Page 288 Pesticides......Page 289 Mold and Mildew......Page 290 Bacteria and Viruses......Page 292 Insects......Page 295 Mites......Page 296 Termites......Page 297 General Steps to Reducing Pollutant Exposure......Page 298 Thermal Comfort......Page 299 Defining Noise......Page 300 Major Sources of Noise......Page 301 Daylighting and the Daylight Factor......Page 302 Daylighting Strategies......Page 304 Daylighting and Visual Comfort......Page 305 Views......Page 310 Ventilation and Ductwork......Page 312 Air Purification......Page 314 Ventilation Improvements......Page 315 Air Cleaners......Page 316 Polyvinyl Chloride......Page 317 Heavy Metals......Page 318 Resources for Locating Healthy Building Materials......Page 319 Indoor environmental quality best practices......Page 320 Introduction......Page 324 Wastewater strategy and water reuse/Recycling......Page 325 Reclaimed-Water versus Graywater Systems......Page 328 Innovative Wastewater Technologies......Page 329 Water Use Reduction......Page 331 Graywater Demonstrations......Page 332 Long-Term Savings......Page 333 Water fixtures and water use reduction strategies......Page 334 High-Efficiency Toilets......Page 336 Dual-Flush Toilets......Page 337 High-Efficiency Urinals......Page 338 Water-Free Urinals......Page 340 Metering Faucets and Aerators......Page 341 Establishing FTE Occupants´ Water Use......Page 342 Retention and detention ponds, bioswales, and other systems......Page 344 Introduction......Page 348 The building envelope......Page 353 Stone......Page 355 Curtain Wall......Page 357 Weatherproofing......Page 358 Intelligent energy management systems......Page 361 Building Automation and Intelligent Buildings......Page 364 Mechanical systems: air conditioning, heating, and ventilation......Page 369 Refrigerants: Hydrochlorofluorocarbons, and Chlorofluorocarbons......Page 371 Electric Heating......Page 373 Central Heating......Page 374 Radiant Heating......Page 375 Hot-Water Heating......Page 376 Steam Heating......Page 378 Reverse-Cycle Chillers......Page 379 Hybrid Systems......Page 380 Solar Thermal Collectors......Page 382 Vapor Compression Refrigeration......Page 384 Central Air-Conditioning Systems......Page 385 Split Systems......Page 387 All-Water Systems......Page 389 Air-Water Systems......Page 390 Common HVAC Deficiencies......Page 391 HVAC Components and Systems......Page 392 Ductwork......Page 394 Thermostats......Page 395 Boilers......Page 396 Chilled-Water Systems......Page 397 Cooling Towers......Page 399 Air Filters......Page 400 Electrical power and lighting systems......Page 402 Amperage......Page 405 Service Connections......Page 406 Meters......Page 407 Aluminum Wiring......Page 408 Grounding......Page 409 Emergency Power......Page 410 Transformers......Page 411 Fluorescent Lamps......Page 413 Incandescent Lamps......Page 414 Fiber Optics......Page 415 Exterior Lighting......Page 417 Harmonics......Page 418 Solar Options......Page 419 Solar Photovoltaics......Page 420 Solar System Basics......Page 422 Solar Electric Panels......Page 423 Solar Energy Systems......Page 426 Passive Solar Energy......Page 427 Federal Tax Credits for Energy Efficiency......Page 429 Fire Suppression and Protection Systems......Page 430 LEED Contributions......Page 432 Automatic Sprinkler Systems......Page 433 Wet-Pipe Systems......Page 434 Dry-Pipe Systems......Page 435 Deluge and Pre-Action Systems......Page 437 Water Mist Systems......Page 438 Foam-Water Systems......Page 439 Fire Hose and Standpipe Systems......Page 440 Hand-Held Fire Extinguishers......Page 441 Classification of Hand-Held Extinguishers......Page 442 Types of Fire Extinguishers......Page 444 Smoke and Heat Detection Systems......Page 445 Fire Doors......Page 448 Exit Routes......Page 449 Compartmentation......Page 450 Alarm and Notification Systems......Page 452 Codes and Standards......Page 455 Introduction......Page 456 Costs and benefits of green design......Page 460 Economic Benefits of Green Building......Page 462 Direct Operating Costs......Page 466 Increased Productivity......Page 467 Improved Tenant/Employee Health......Page 469 Better Recruitment and Retention......Page 470 Increased Property Values and Marketability......Page 471 Miscellaneous Indirect Benefits......Page 472 Future Proofing......Page 473 Self-Reliance......Page 474 External Economic Effects......Page 475 Initial/First Costs......Page 476 Life-Cycle Cost Analysis......Page 477 Tax benefits and incentives......Page 479 Operational Energy and Water Costs......Page 482 Durability and Replacement Costs......Page 484 Finance Charges and Other Costs......Page 485 Economic analysis tools and methods......Page 486 Present-Value Analysis......Page 487 Computer Estimating Programs......Page 489 Introduction......Page 492 Fundamental commissioning basics: WHAT IS COMMISSIONING?......Page 495 Why Commision?......Page 496 Benefits of Fundamental Commissioning......Page 497 Goals and Objectives of Commissioning......Page 499 Factors Affecting the Cost of Commissioning......Page 500 Long-Term Cost Implications of Commissioning......Page 501 Planning the commissioning process......Page 502 Documentation: Compliance and Acceptance......Page 503 Commissioning authority (Commissioning Service Provider)......Page 505 Commissioning Authority's Responsibilities......Page 506 The Commissioning Team......Page 508 Commissioning Authority Qualifications and Certification......Page 509 Commissioning Process......Page 511 Fundamental Commissioning......Page 512 Enhanced Commissioning......Page 515 Retro-Commissioning: Commissioning for Existing Buildings......Page 517 Systems Performance Monitoring......Page 520 Post-Occupancy Testing......Page 521 Introduction......Page 524 Budget development and requirements......Page 527 Project buyout and bid shopping......Page 534 General conditions and supplemental conditions......Page 540 Supplemental Conditions......Page 544 Contingencies and allowances......Page 545 Construction Contingencies......Page 546 Soft Costs......Page 548 Budget Allowances......Page 549 Successful Cost Management Procedures......Page 551 Risk Allowance Management......Page 553 Cost Planning......Page 555 Introduction......Page 558 Do we need specifications?......Page 560 Specification types and categories......Page 562 Descriptive Specification......Page 563 Performance Specifications......Page 564 Developing the project manual......Page 565 Organization and format of specifications......Page 575 Specification Section Format......Page 578 Part 1: General......Page 580 Part 2: Products......Page 582 Part 3: Execution......Page 583 Greening specifications......Page 584 Computerized specification-Writing systems......Page 586 Liability issues......Page 590 Introduction......Page 595 Bidding process and building contract types......Page 596 Design-Bid-Build......Page 597 Construction Manager as Constructor......Page 598 Lump Sum......Page 599 Cost-Plus Contract......Page 602 Guaranteed Maximum Price......Page 603 Unit Price Contract......Page 604 Project Management Contract......Page 605 Negotiated Contract......Page 607 American Institute of Architects Contract Documents......Page 608 Consensusdocs contract documents......Page 629 Engineers joint contract documents committee contract documents......Page 637 Introduction......Page 639 The office: home-based versus bricks and mortar......Page 640 Creating a successful business plan......Page 642 Startup basics......Page 644 Employees and Required Forms......Page 645 Equipment......Page 647 Accounting and Bookkeeping......Page 648 Miscellaneous Expenses......Page 649 The Company's Image......Page 650 Marketing......Page 651 The importance of selling yourself......Page 653 Dress for Success......Page 655 Introductions, Correspondence, and Meetings......Page 656 Correspondence......Page 657 Formal Meetings......Page 659 Forms, licenses and permits, insurance, and banking......Page 661 Name and Legal Structure......Page 662 Federal Employer Identification Number......Page 663 Licenses and Permits......Page 664 Signage Permit......Page 665 Banking......Page 666 Taxes, strategies, and incentives......Page 667 Tax Deductions and Write-Offs......Page 668 The internet and online marketing......Page 669 Importance of a Website in a Competitive World......Page 670 Planning a Website......Page 671 Web Hosting......Page 672 Basic Content......Page 673 Pinpoint the Audience and Determine Interests......Page 676 Company Blogs......Page 677 Website Security......Page 678 Introduction......Page 680 Liability issues......Page 684 Green Material and Products Claims......Page 685 Green Performance Claims......Page 686 Alternative Dispute Resolution......Page 687 Failure, negligence, and standard of care......Page 688 Document Collection......Page 690 The Preliminary Assessment......Page 691 Negligence......Page 692 Standard of Care and Duty to Perform......Page 693 Expert Witnesses......Page 694 Alternative Dispute Resolution Techniques......Page 695 Arbitration......Page 698 Mediation......Page 699 Unassisted and Assisted Negotiation......Page 700 Traditional Litigation......Page 701 Professional Ethics and Confidentiality......Page 703 Insurance Programs and Requirements......Page 704 Commercial General Liability......Page 705 Builder's Risk......Page 706 Errors and Omissions......Page 708 Standard Documents and Related Issues......Page 709 Influence of Green Features on Insurance in the United States......Page 711 Organizations and Agencies......Page 717 Standards, Legislation, and Programs......Page 719 Abbreviated General Terminology......Page 720 Glossary ......Page 729 Bibliography......Page 757 A......Page 763 B......Page 764 C......Page 765 E......Page 766 G......Page 767 H......Page 773 I......Page 774 L......Page 775 M......Page 776 P......Page 777 S......Page 778 V......Page 779 Z......Page 780