Biomedical Engineering

Description

Several developed countries are facing serious problems in medical environments owing to the aging society, and extension of healthy lifetime has become a big challenge. Biomedical engineering, in addition to life sciences and medicine, can help tackle these problems. Innovative technologies concerning minimally invasive treatment, prognosis and early diagnosis, point-of-care testing, regenerative medicine, and personalized medicine need to be developed to realize a healthy aging society. This book presents cutting-edge research in biomedical engineering from materials, devices, imaging, and information perspectives. The contributors are senior members of the Research Center for Biomedical Engineering, supported by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan. All chapters are results of collaborative research in engineering and life sciences and cover nanotechnology, materials, optical sensing technology, imaging technology, image processing technology, and biomechanics, all of which are important areas in biomedical engineering. The book will be a useful resource for researchers, students, and readers who are interested in biomedical engineering. Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents Preface Chapter 1: Biosensors Using Metal Oxides as a Sensing Material 1.1: Metal Oxides as a Biosensing Element 1.1.1: Metal Oxides as a pH Sensor 1.1.2: Electrical/Electrochemical pH Detection 1.2: Nucleic Acids Detection or Sequencing Using Metal Oxide Devices Based on pH Sensing 1.2.1: Semiconductor-Based DNA Sequencer 1.2.2: Simple Detection of Nucleic Acids Using Miniaturized pH Electrodes 1.3: Dental Caries Detection Using Ir/IrOx-Based Micro pH Sensors 1.3.1: General Information on Dental Caries 1.3.2: Dental Caries Diagnosis Using pH as a Detection Index 1.4: Summary Chapter 2: Biosensors Based on FETs Containing Nanostructures 2.1: Introduction 2.2: Biosensors with Nanowire FETs 2.2.1: Mechanism of High Sensitivity in Biomolecule Detection with Nanowire FETs 2.3: Biosensors Based on SETs 2.4: Organic Nanostructures for Biosensors 2.5: Summary Chapter 3: Noble Metallic Pt Coating on Silk Textile by a Supercritical CO2-Promoted Metallization Technique towards Applications of Biocompatible Medical Wearable Devices 3.1: Introduction 3.2: Experimentals 3.2.1: Sc-CO2-Assisted Catalyzation 3.2.2: Sc-CO2-Assisted Metallization 3.2.3: Analyses of Surface, Physical and Chemical Properties 3.3: Results and Discussion 3.3.1: Structures and Phases Investigation 3.3.2: Morphologies of Silk–Pt Composites at Various Metallizatio Times 3.3.3: Electrical Properties 3.3.4: Adhesive Tests 3.3.5: Corrosion Resistance Measurements in 3.5 wt% NaCl and in SBF 3.3.5.1: Corrosion behavior in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution 3.3.5.2: Corrosion behavior in the SBF 3.3.6: Immersion Test for Biocompatibility Assessment 3.4: Conclusions Chapter 4: Biosensors Based on Silicon Photonics 4.1: Introduction 4.2: Optical Ring Resonator Biosensor 4.2.1: Operation Principle 4.2.2: Fabrication Process 4.2.3: Measurement 4.2.4: Si-Tag and Detection Process 4.2.5: Measurement and Results 4.3: Slot Ring Resonator Biosensor 4.3.1: Principle of Enhanced Sensitivity by Slot Ring 4.3.2: Fabrication of Silicon Nitride Slot Ring 4.3.3: Detection of PSA by Slot Ring Biosensor 4.3.4: Temperature Dependence of Resonance Wavelength 4.4: Differential Ring Resonator Biosensor 4.4.1: Operation Principle of Differential Resonator Biosensor 4.4.2: Fabrication of Differential Ring Resonator 4.4.3: Temperature Dependence of the Differential Output 4.4.4: Detection of Sucrose and PSA by Differential Sensor 4.5: Photonic Crystal Resonator Biosensor 4.5.1: Fabrication and Performance of PhC Resonator 4.5.2: Detection of PSA by PhC Resonator Sensor 4.6: Total Sensing System 4.6.1: Implementation of CMOS Operational Amplifiers, Photodetectors, and Waveguides on a Single Chip 4.6.2: Fluid Channel with Microvalves 4.6.3: Integration of Light-Emitting Devices 4.7: Summary Chapter 5: Reusable Surface Acoustic Wave Immunosensor for Enhanced Monitoring of Airborne House Dust Mite Allergens 5.1: Introduction 5.2: Emerging Mite Allergen Biosensors 5.3: Reusable Surface Acoustic Wave Immunosensor for Mite Allergen Monitoring 5.4: Enzymatic Precipitation Method for Enhanced SAW Immunosensor 5.5: Summary Chapter 6: Development of Novel Fluorescent Sensors Based on Fluorescent Natural Compounds 6.1: Introduction 6.2: Development of Novel Fluorescent Sensors Based on Canthin-5,6-Dione Moiety 6.3: Polarity-Sensitive Fluorescent Molecules Based on 1,5-Naphthyridin-2(1H)-One 6.4: Application to Sensing of Biomolecular Interaction 6.5: Conclusion Chapter 7: Living-Cell Analysis by Surface Plasmon Resonance and Its Medical Application 7.1: SPR and SPRI Sensors 7.2: SPR and SPRI Sensors for Living Cells Analysis 7.3: Application of SPR and SPRI Sensors 7.3.1: Optical Fiber SPR Sensors for Living Cell Analysis 7.3.2: Diagnosis of Immediate Type Allergy by SPR and SPRI Sensors 7.3.3: High-Resolution SPRI Sensors for Living Cell Analysis 7.3.4: Long-Range SPR and SPRI Sensors for Living Cell Analysis 7.3.5: Multi-Parametric Cell Analysis by SPR and SPRI Sensors 7.4: Summary Chapter 8: Oximetry for Various Tissues Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy 8.1: Introduction 8.2: Measurement of Optical Absorption Coefficient 8.3: Principle of SRS Oximeter 8.4: Development of Oximeter for Various Tissues 8.5: Application of Developed Device 8.6: Conclusion Chapter 9: Development of THz Laser Spectrometer and Its Application for Pharmaceutical Inspection 9.1: Introduction: Terahertz Waves and Terahertz Spectroscopy 9.2: Development of the THz Laser Spectrometer 9.3: Typical THz Spectrum of Pharmaceuticals 9.4: Vibrational Mode Assignments in the Terahertz Frequency Region 9.5: Sharp Absorption Spectra of Middle Molecular Weight Pharmaceuticals in the Terahertz Frequency Region 9.6: Detection of Trace Amounts of Impurities in Pharmaceuticals with High-Accuracy Terahertz Spectroscopy 9.7: Conclusion Chapter 10: Microwave Imaging for Breast Cancer Screening 10.1: Introduction 10.2: Histopathological and Dielectric Characteristics of Breast Cancer 10.2.1: Histopathology of Breast Cancer 10.2.2: Dielectric Models of Breast Cancer 10.2.3: Dielectric Measurement of Breast Cancer 10.2.4: Dielectric Characteristics of Breast Cancer 10.3: Confocal Microwave Imaging 10.3.1: System Design for Confocal Imaging 10.3.2: Averaging Method for Confocal Imaging 10.3.3: Artifact Removal for Confocal Imaging 10.3.4: Clinical Tests for Breast Cancer Screening 10.4: Challenges to Microwave Imaging Chapter 11: Ultrasonic Transducers and Non-Contact Measurement Technique for Medical and Agricultural Application/Flexible Acoustic Force Sensor 11.1: Impact of Ultrasound Therapy on Bisphosphonate-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw 11.1.1: Introduction 11.1.2: Materials and Methods 11.1.3: Results and Discussion 11.1.4: Conclusions 11.2: Non-Contact Hardness Measurement of Fruits Using Airborne Ultrasound 11.2.1: Introduction 11.2.2: Methods 11.2.3: Results and Discussion 11.2.4: Conclusion 11.3: The Soft and Sensitive Door-Pinching Sensor Utilizing Acoustic Characteristics of an Elastic Tube 11.3.1: Introduction 11.3.2: Methods 11.3.3: Results and Conclusion 11.4: Viscoelasticity Measurement for Living Tissue Using Airborne Ultrasonic Doppler Method 11.4.1: Introduction 11.4.2: Experimental Method 11.4.3: Experimental Results 11.4.4: Summary and Future Study Chapter 12: Time-Resolved CMOS Image Sensors for Biomedical Applications 12.1: Basic Pixel Structures 12.2: Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging for Macro-Imaging and Microscopy 12.3: Time of Flight Imaging for Biomedical Applications 12.4: Sensors for Near Infrared Spectroscopy and
Stimulated Raman Spectroscopy 12.4.1: Near-Infrared Spectroscopy 12.4.2: Stimulated Raman Scattering Chapter 13: High-Resolution Optical Microscopy for Bio-Imaging 13.1: Introduction 13.2: Principle and Features of Super-Resolution Microscope with Electron Beam Excitation 13.3: Observation Results of Unstained Biological Cell with EXA Microscope 13.4: Evaluation of Spatial Resolution of EXA Microscope by Numerical Simulation 13.5: Summary Chapter 14: X-Ray Semiconductor Imaging Device Technology and Medical-Imaging Application 14.1: Introduction: Nanovision-Science in X-Ray Imaging 14.2: X-Ray Imaging Device 14.3: Photon-Counting 14.4: Charge Counting 14.5: Low Exposure and High-Performance X-Ray Imaging 14.6: Summary Chapter 15: Deep Learning in Medical Image Processing and Computer-Aided Diagnosis 15.1: History of Machine and Deep Learning 15.2: Massive-Training Artificial Neural Network (MTANN) Deep Learning 15.3: Separation of Bones from Soft Tissue in Chest Radiographs 15.4: Radiation Dose Reduction in Computed Tomography 15.5: “Semantic” Segmentation of Lesions or Organs 15.6: Classification between Lesions and Non-Lesions 15.7: Comparisons of MTANNs with CNNS 15.8: Classification of Lesion Types 15.9: Advantages and Limitations of MTANNs 15.10: Summary Chapter 16: A Hierarchical Type Segmentation Hardware for Colorectal Endoscopic Images with Narrow-Band Imaging Magnification 16.1: Introduction 16.2: Overview of Computer-Aided Diagnosis System 16.3: Type Classifier Based on Support Vector Machine 16.3.1: Support Vector Machine 16.3.2: 3-Type Classification for Computer-Aided Diagnosis 16.4: Simulation Result for Real Endoscopic Images 16.5: Pyramid-Style Type Classification 16.5.1: Basic Concept 16.5.2: Calculation of Type Probabilities with Multiple SVMs 16.6: An Architecture of Decision Function Calculator 16.7: Performance Verification of CAD System 16.8: Summary Chapter 17: Robotics in Minimally Invasive Surgery 17.1: History of Surgical Robot Research 17.2: Robot Control 17.2.1: Control of DC Motor 17.2.2: Control of Pneumatic Cylinder 17.3: Forceps Driven by Pneumatic Servo Control 17.4: Master-Slave Robots 17.5: Future Direction of Surgical Robots Chapter 18: Ventricular Assist Devices Utilizing Magnetic Bearing Systems 18.1: Introduction 18.2: Principles of Magnetic Bearings for VADs 18.2.1: Combinations of Magnetic Bearings and Motors 18.2.2: Active and Passive Magnetic Bearings 18.3: Centrifugal VADs Using Magnetic Bearings 18.3.1: Implantable VADs 18.3.2: Disposable VADs 18.3.3: Durability and Biocompatibility 18.4: Multifunctional Maglev VADs Index