A Brief History Of Computing
Book information
Description
This lively and fascinating text traces the key developments in computation – from 3000 B.C. to the present day – in an easy-to-follow and concise manner. Topics and features: ideal for self-study, offering many pedagogical features such as chapter-opening key topics, chapter introductions and summaries, exercises, and a glossary; presents detailed information on major figures in computing, such as Boole, Babbage, Shannon, Turing, Zuse and Von Neumann; discusses the earliest computers developed in the United States, Germany and Britain; discusses the development of the IBM 360 family of computers and its importance; discusses the invention of the transistor and integrated circuit; discusses the birth of the software industry and the evolution of human-computer interaction; reviews the history of programming languages, operating systems and software engineering; discusses the progress of artificial intelligence; discusses the invention of the microprocessor and the development of home and personal computers; examines the impact on society of the introduction of the personal computer, the World Wide Web, and the development of mobile phone technology; discusses smart phones and social media and the challenge of fake news; reviews a miscellany of innovations in the computing field such as cloud computing, the Internet of Things, and Quantum Computing; discusses legal aspects of computing and the professional responsibilities of computer professionals. Organisation and Features......Page 6 Audience......Page 9 Acknowledgements......Page 10 Contents......Page 11 List of Figures......Page 19 List of Tables......Page 23 1.1 Introduction......Page 24 1.2 Analog Computers......Page 25 1.3 Digital Computers......Page 26 1.3.2 Transistors......Page 27 1.3.3 Integrated Circuits......Page 29 1.3.4 Microprocessors......Page 30 1.4 von Neumann Architecture......Page 31 1.5 Hardware and Software......Page 32 1.7 Summary......Page 33 2.1 Introduction......Page 34 2.2 The Babylonians......Page 36 2.3 The Egyptians......Page 38 2.4 The Greek and Hellenistic Contribution......Page 41 2.5 The Romans......Page 49 2.6 Islamic Influence......Page 51 2.7 Chinese and Indian Mathematics......Page 54 2.9 Summary......Page 56 3.1 Introduction......Page 57 3.2 Step Reckoner Calculating Machine......Page 58 3.3 Binary Numbers......Page 60 3.4 The Difference Engine......Page 62 3.5 The Analytic Engine – Vision of a Computer......Page 64 3.5.1 Applications of Analytic Engine......Page 65 3.6 Boole’s Symbolic Logic......Page 66 3.6.1 Switching Circuits and Boolean Algebra......Page 69 3.7 Application of Boole’s Logic to Digital Computing......Page 71 3.9 Summary......Page 72 4.1 Introduction......Page 74 4.2 Harvard Mark I......Page 75 4.3 Atanasoff-Berry Computer......Page 76 4.4 ENIAC and EDVAC......Page 78 4.4.2 Controversy Between the ABC and ENIAC......Page 81 4.5 Bletchley Park and Colossus......Page 82 4.5.1 Colossus......Page 83 4.6 Zuse’s Machines......Page 85 4.6.1 Z1, Z2, and Z3 Machines......Page 86 4.7 University of Manchester......Page 87 4.7.1 Manchester Mark I......Page 89 4.9 Summary......Page 90 5.1 Introduction......Page 92 5.2 UNIVAC......Page 93 5.3 LEO I Computer......Page 94 5.4 The Z4 Computer......Page 96 5.5 Ferranti Mark I......Page 97 5.6 CSIRAC Computer......Page 98 5.8 Summary......Page 99 6.1 Introduction......Page 101 6.2 Early IBM Computers......Page 102 6.3 The SAGE System......Page 104 6.4 Invention of the Transistor......Page 106 6.5 Early Transistor Computers......Page 107 6.7 Summary......Page 108 7.1 Introduction......Page 109 7.2 Invention of Integrated Circuit......Page 110 7.2.1 Moore’s Law......Page 112 7.4 Birth of Silicon Valley......Page 113 7.6 Summary......Page 116 8.1 Introduction......Page 117 8.2 Background to the Development of System/360......Page 118 8.3 The IBM System 360......Page 119 8.5 Summary......Page 122 9.1 Introduction......Page 123 9.2 DEC’s Minicomputers......Page 124 9.2.1 PDP-11......Page 125 9.2.2 The VAX 11/780......Page 126 9.3 The War Between IBM and Amdahl......Page 127 9.5 Summary......Page 130 10.1 Introduction......Page 132 10.2 Invention of the Microprocessor......Page 133 10.3 Early Microprocessors......Page 134 10.4 A Selection of Semiconductor Companies......Page 136 10.6 Summary......Page 137 11.1 Introduction......Page 138 11.2 Xerox Alto Personal Computer......Page 139 11.3 MITS Altair 8800......Page 140 11.4 Apple I and II Home Computers......Page 141 11.5 Commodore PET......Page 142 11.6 Atari 400 and 800......Page 144 11.7 Commodore 64......Page 145 11.8 Sinclair ZX 81 and ZX Spectrum......Page 146 11.9 Apple Macintosh......Page 148 11.10 Later Commodore and Atari Machines......Page 149 11.11 Atari Video Machines......Page 151 11.13 Summary......Page 155 12.1 Introduction......Page 156 12.2 The IBM Personal Computer......Page 157 12.3 Operating System for IBM PC......Page 159 12.5 Summary......Page 161 13.1 Introduction......Page 162 13.2 Fundamentals of Operating Systems......Page 164 13.3 OS/360 and MVS......Page 166 13.4 VM......Page 167 13.5 VMS......Page 168 13.6 UNIX......Page 169 13.8 Microsoft Windows......Page 170 13.9 Mobile Operating Systems......Page 171 13.10 Review Questions......Page 172 13.11 Summary......Page 173 14.1 Introduction......Page 174 14.2 Birth of Software Industry......Page 175 14.2.1 Software Contractors Industry......Page 176 14.2.3 Personal Computer Software Industry......Page 177 14.2.4 Software as a Service......Page 178 14.2.5.1 Free Software Foundation......Page 179 14.3 Microsoft Office Software......Page 181 14.3.1 Microsoft Excel......Page 182 14.3.4 Microsoft Access and Outlook......Page 183 14.4 Human–Computer Interaction......Page 185 14.4.1 HCI Principles......Page 187 14.4.2 Software Usability......Page 189 14.4.3 User-Centered Design......Page 190 14.5 The Mouse......Page 191 14.7 Summary......Page 193 15.1 Introduction......Page 195 15.2 Plankalkül......Page 197 15.3 Imperative Programming Languages......Page 198 15.3.1 FORTRAN and COBOL......Page 199 15.3.2 ALGOL......Page 201 15.3.3 Pascal and C......Page 202 15.4 Object-Oriented Languages......Page 205 15.4.1 C++ and Java......Page 206 15.5 Functional Programming Languages......Page 208 15.5.1 Miranda......Page 210 15.5.2 Lambda Calculus......Page 211 15.6 Logic Programming Languages......Page 213 15.7 Syntax and Semantics......Page 215 15.7.1 Programming Language Semantics......Page 216 15.9 Summary......Page 217 16.1 Introduction......Page 219 16.2 What is Software Engineering?......Page 222 16.3 Challenges in Software Engineering......Page 224 16.4 Software Processes and Lifecycles......Page 226 16.4.1 Waterfall Lifecycle......Page 227 16.4.2 Spiral Lifecycles......Page 228 16.4.3 Rational Unified Process......Page 229 16.4.4 Agile Development......Page 230 16.5.1 Business Requirements Definition......Page 232 16.5.3 Design......Page 233 16.5.4 Implementation......Page 234 16.5.5 Software Testing......Page 235 16.5.6 Maintenance......Page 236 16.6 Software Inspections......Page 237 16.7 Software Project Management......Page 238 16.8 CMMI Maturity Model......Page 239 16.9 Formal Methods......Page 240 16.10 Open-Source Software......Page 241 16.12 Summary......Page 242 17.1 Introduction......Page 244 17.2 AXE System......Page 246 17.3 Development of Mobile Phone Standards......Page 247 17.4 Development of Mobile Phone Technology......Page 249 17.5 The Iridium Satellite System......Page 251 17.7 Summary......Page 253 18.1 Introduction......Page 254 18.2 The ARPANET......Page 255 18.2.1 Email......Page 257 18.3 TCP/IP......Page 258 18.5 Birth of the World Wide Web......Page 260 18.5.1 Applications of the World Wide Web......Page 262 18.6 Dot Com Companies......Page 263 18.6.1 Dot Com Failures......Page 265 18.6.2 Business Models......Page 266 18.6.3 Bubble and Burst......Page 267 18.6.4 E-Commerce Security......Page 269 18.7 Internet of Things......Page 270 18.8 Internet of Money and Bitcoin......Page 271 18.10 Summary......Page 272 19.1 Introduction......Page 273 19.2 Evolution of the Smartphone......Page 274 19.3 The Facebook Revolution......Page 275 19.4 The Tweet......Page 277 19.5 Social Media and Fake News......Page 279 19.6 Review Questions......Page 280 19.7 Summary......Page 281 20.1 Introduction......Page 282 20.2 Distributed Systems......Page 283 20.4 Software as a Service......Page 285 20.5 Cloud Computing......Page 286 20.6 Embedded Systems......Page 287 20.7 WiFi......Page 288 20.7.1 WiFi Security......Page 290 20.8 Quantum Computing......Page 291 20.9 GPS Technology......Page 292 20.10 Wikipedia......Page 294 20.10.1 Wikipedia Quality Controls......Page 297 20.11 Nanotechnology......Page 298 20.13 Summary......Page 299 21.1 Introduction......Page 300 21.2 Hierarchical and Network Models......Page 301 21.3 The Relational Model......Page 302 21.4 Structured Query Language (SQL)......Page 306 21.5 Oracle Database......Page 307 21.7 Summary......Page 308 22.1 Introduction......Page 309 22.2 Descartes......Page 310 22.3 The Field of Artificial Intelligence......Page 313 22.3.1 Turing Test and Strong AI......Page 315 22.3.2 Ethics and AI......Page 318 22.4 Philosophy and AI......Page 319 22.5 Cognitive Psychology......Page 321 22.6 Computational Linguistics......Page 323 22.7 Cybernetics......Page 324 22.8 Logic and AI......Page 325 22.9 Computability, Incompleteness, and Decidability......Page 326 22.10 Robots......Page 327 22.11 Neural Networks......Page 328 22.12 Expert Systems......Page 329 22.13 Driverless Car......Page 331 22.14 Review Questions......Page 332 22.15 Summary......Page 333 23.1 Introduction......Page 334 23.2 Business Ethics......Page 335 23.3 What Is Computer Ethics?......Page 336 23.3.2 Robots and Ethics......Page 338 23.4 Parnas on Professional Responsibility......Page 339 23.6 British Computer Society Code of Conduct......Page 340 23.8 Summary......Page 342 24.1 Introduction......Page 343 24.2.1 Patent Law......Page 344 24.2.2 Copyright Law......Page 345 24.3 Software Licensing......Page 346 24.3.1 Software Licensing and Failure......Page 347 24.4 Bespoke Software Development......Page 348 24.5 E-commerce and the Law......Page 349 24.7 Computer Privacy in the Workplace......Page 350 24.8 Computer Crime......Page 351 24.8.1 Dark Side of the Internet......Page 352 24.9 Hacking and Computer Security......Page 353 24.10 Review Questions......Page 354 24.11 Summary......Page 355 Glossary......Page 356 References......Page 362 Index......Page 366
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