Functional Materials: For Energy, Sustainable Development and Biomedical Sciences

Description

"Functional Materials textbook is not simply a review of the vast body of literature of the recent years, as it holds the focus upon various aspects of application. Moreover, it selects only a few topics in favor of a solid and thorough treatment of the relevant aspects. This book comes in a good time, when a large body of academic literature has been accumulated and is waiting for a critical inspection in the light of the real demands of application." Professor Gerhard Wegner, Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany The chapters cover three important fields in the development of functional materials: energy, environment, and biomedical applications. These topics are explained and discussed from both an experimental and a theoretical perspective. Functional organic and inorganic materials are at the center of most technological breakthroughs. Therefore, the understanding of material properties is fundamental to the development of novel functionalities and applications. Aunique and timely overview for graduate students with backgrounds in chemistry, physics and engineering, and scientists keen to broaden their knowledge in both the fundamentals and applications of functional materials Contents Foreword Preface Contributing authors About the editors 1 Introduction Part I: Functional materials: Synthesis and applications 2 A primer on polymer colloids: structure, synthesis and colloidal stability 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Polymer colloids inside out 2.2.1 How many polymer chains per particle? 2.2.2 How many particles? 2.2.3 Are the chains immobile within the nanoparticle? 2.2.4 Morphology of polymeric nanoparticles 2.3 Preparation of polymer nanoparticles 2.3.1 Emulsion polymerization 2.3.2 Miniemulsion polymerization 2.3.3 Microemulsion polymerization 2.3.4 Self-assembly in selective solvents 2.4 Colloidal stabilization 2.4.1 Electrostatic stabilization 2.4.2 Steric stabilization 2.4.3 Depletion stabilization 2.4.4 Future directions 3 Synthesis, functionalization and properties of fullerenes and graphene materials 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Fullerenes 3.2.1 General considerations 3.2.2 Synthesis and purification of fullerenes 3.2.3 Chemical and physical properties of C60 3.2.4 Chemical functionalization of C60 3.2.5 Applications 3.3 Graphene 3.3.1 Production of graphene 3.3.2 Graphene in energy conversion devices 4 Ordered mesoporous silica: synthesis and applications 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Ordered mesoporous silica (OMS) 4.2.1 Principle of synthesis 4.2.2 Mesostructure diversity and tailoring 4.3 Functionalization of ordered mesoporous silica 4.4 Morphology control 4.5 Selected applications of functionalized ordered mesoporous silica 4.5.1 Functionalized MSNs as controlled drug delivery platforms 4.5.2 Functionalized mesoporous materials for extraction chromatography (EXC) applications 4.5.3 Mesoporous organic-inorganic hybrid membranes for water desalination 5 Nanoparticles: Properties and applications 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Synthetic methods 5.2.1 Particle nucleation and growth 5.2.2 Synthesis in inverse micelles 5.3 Particle aggregation and stabilization of colloidal suspensions 5.4 Colloidal quantum dots 5.5 Metal nanoparticles 5.6 Metal oxide nanoparticles 5.6.1 Titanium dioxide 5.6.2 Iron oxide 5.6.3 Silica 5.7 Polymeric nanoparticles 5.8 Advanced architectures and hybrid systems 6 Conjugated polymers for organic electronics 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Processable conjugated polymers 6.3 Applications in renewable energy 6.3.1 Organic solar cells 6.3.2 Conjugated polymers for organic solar cells 6.4 Applications in micro-electronics 6.4.1 Field-effect transistors 6.4.2 Conjugated polymers for field-effect transistors 6.5 Applications in lighting 6.5.1 Light-emitting diodes 6.5.2 Conjugated polymers for light-emitting diodes 6.6 Summary 7 Theoretical tools for designing microscopic to macroscopic properties of functional materials 7.1 Methods 7.1.1 The link between microscopic and macroscopic scales 7.1.2 Ab initio methods 7.1.3 Bridging the gap between ab initio and atomistic levels 7.1.4 Atomistic simulation 7.1.5 Bridging the gap between atomistic and mesoscale levels 7.2 Examples 7.2.1 Quantum studies 7.2.2 Atomistic simulation 7.3 Summary Part II: Development of new materials for energy applications 8 Electrochemical energy storage systems 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Metrics and performance evaluation 8.3 Models and theory of electrochemical charge storage 8.3.1 Battery operation – a Faradaic process 8.3.2 Electrochemical capacitor operation – a non-Faradaic process 8.4 Electrolytes 8.5 Electrode materials 8.5.1 Electrochemical capacitors 8.5.2 Hybrid electrochemical capacitors 8.5.3 Lithium battery electrode materials 8.5.4 Negative (anode) electrode materials 8.5.5 The positive (cathode) electrode 8.5.6 Electrode production 8.6 Summary 9 Functional ionic liquids electrolytes in lithium-ion batteries 9.1 Introduction 9.1.1 Historical overview 9.1.2 What are ionic liquids? 9.1.3 Key properties as electrolytes 9.2 Ionic liquids as Li and Lithium-ion battery electrolytes 9.3 Functional ionic liquid electrolytes 9.3.1 Overview of functional ionic liquids 9.3.2 Solid electrolyte interphase 9.3.3 Transport of lithium ions 9.3.4 Electroactive ionic liquids as redox shuttles 9.3.5 Perspectives 10 Solid polymer proton conducting electrolytes for fuel cells 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Proton exchange membranes 10.2.1 Nafion® 10.2.2 Alternative sulfonated ionomers and membranes 10.3 Characterization of solid polymer electrolytes 10.3.1 Proton conductivity 10.3.2 States of water and water mobility 10.4 Summary 11 Supercritical adsorption of hydrogen on microporous adsorbents 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Fundamentals of supercritical adsorption 11.3 Supercritical adsorption isotherms 11.3.1 Virial expansion of the excess density in terms of pressure 11.3.2 Basic analytic models of the adsorption isotherm 11.3.3 Self-consistent approaches 11.4 The thermodynamics of adsorption 11.4.1 Properties of surface potential 11.5 Microporous adsorbents for hydrogen storage 11.5.1 Activated carbons 11.5.2 Single wall nanotubes 11.5.3 Metal organic frameworks Part III: New trends in sustainable development and biomedical applications 12 Advanced materials for biomedical applications 12.1 Introduction 12.2 History of biomaterials 12.3 Basics in material science for biomaterial applications 12.3.1 Biomaterial properties 12.3.2 Biometals 12.3.3 Bioceramics 12.3.4 Biosynthetic polymers 12.3.5 Natural polymers 12.4 Biomedical applications 12.4.1 Cardiovascular system 12.4.2 Musculoskeletal system 12.4.3 Visceral organs 12.4.4 Nervous system and sensory organs 12.4.5 Esthetic applications 12.4.6 Skin 12.5 Future trends 12.5.1 Tissue engineering basic concepts 12.5.2 Scaffolds 12.5.3 Surface modification 12.5.4 Stem cells 12.5.5 Bioreactors 12.5.6 Computational models 12.6 Summary 13 Nanoparticles for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) applications in medicine 13.1 The basics of MRI in medicine 13.2 Relaxivity: the performance of MRI contrast agents 13.3 Synthesis and characterization of magnetic nanoparticles 13.3.1 Synthesis of magnetic nanocrystals 13.3.2 Nanoparticle coatings for MRI applications 13.3.3 Physicochemical characterization 13.4 Physical properties of magnetic nanoparticles 13.5 MR relaxation properties of magnetic nanoparticles 13.5.1 Relaxivity of paramagnetic CAs 13.5.2 Relaxivity of superparamagnetic CAs 13.5.3 Relaxometric performance of MRI CAs at clinical magnetic field strengths 13.6 Biological performance of magnetic nanoparticles for MRI 13.6.1 In vivo barriers 13.6.2 Impact of nanoparticle size and surface on colloidal stability and blood retention 13.6.3 Directing nanoparticles in vivo 13.6.4 Toxicity 13.7 Summary 14 Microfluidics for synthesis and biological functional materials: from device fabrication to applications 14.1 Introduction 14.2 A practical introduction to microfluidic reactors for material synthesis 14.2.1 Microfluidic reactor geometries 14.2.2 Device fabrication materials 14.2.3 Fabrication of polymer-based planar microreactors and components 14.3 Manipulating and measuring precursor reagent streams in microchannels 14.3.1 High surface area to volume ratios in microchannels 14.3.2 Rapid heat transfer 14.3.3 Control of concentrations 14.3.4 Controlling “time on chip” 14.3.5 Control of hydrodynamics and mass transfer 14.3.6 Characterization in microchannels 14.4 Microfluidics for polymer microparticles 14.4.1 Manipulating the shaping of liquid precursors 14.4.2 Effect of the channel wall 14.4.3 Emulsification of precursor droplets 14.4.4 Channel geometries to achieve emulsified droplets 14.4.5 Multiple emulsions 14.4.6 Forming linear threads and two-dimensional interfaces 14.4.7 Converting liquid precursors into solid micro-materials 14.4.8 Scale up: a circuit analysis of microfluidic flow in a highly parallelized microreactor 14.5 Microfluidics for synthesis of functional nanoparticles 14.5.1 Microfluidics for highly controlled nanoparticle synthesis 14.6 Biomaterials 14.6.1 Tissue engineering and membranes 14.6.2 Microenvironments for encapsulated cells 14.6.3 Biofilms 14.6.4 Microdevices utilizing functional biomaterials 14.7 Summary 15 Protein- and peptide-based materials: a source of inspiration for innovation 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Basics of proteins, peptides and polypeptides 15.2.1 Polypeptides are sequences of amino acids 15.2.2 Polypeptides can adopt various conformations 15.2.3 Polypeptides possess various levels of structural organization 15.3 Functional materials from fibrous proteins 15.3.1 Resilin & abductin 15.3.2 Byssus (mussel anchoring threads) 15.3.3 Silk 15.4 Functional materials from globular proteins 15.4.1 Natural proteins 15.4.2 Artificial proteins 15.5 Functional materials from synthetic peptides 15.6 Summary 16 Nanocomposite coatings 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Coating formulations 16.2.1 Chemical components 16.2.2 Mixing techniques 16.2.3 Application and curing 16.3 Nanoparticle additives 16.4 Coating characterization 16.4.1 Mechanical properties 16.4.2 Optical properties 16.4.3 X-ray imaging and particle aggregation 16.4.4 Weathering and artificial aging 16.5 Bio-based coatings 16.6 Future developments 16.7 Summary Index