Essential Microbiology for Dentistry

Description

The latest edition of this essential textbook continues to support a new generation of dental students in their understanding of microbiom and oral microbiota, basic immunology, oral and systemic infections and cross-infection control. Fully updated throughout with the latest developments in oral microbiology, microbiomics, disease prevention and control, Essential Microbiology for Dentistry will be essential for all undergraduates studying dentistry as well as anyone undertaking postgraduate training. Key Features Friendly, accessible writing style helps readers engage with key information Helpful self-assessment – in the style of both dental school and RCS exams –enables students to monitor their progress Evidenced-based throughout to help facilitate safe clinical practice Ample use of artwork helps explain complex structures, physiological processes and the effect of drug intervention Helpful use of italics for clinically relevant facts and emboldened key words to highlight important information Presents the latest national and international guidelines ‘Key Fact’ boxes at the end of each chapter help summarize core information Contains a comprehensive glossary and abbreviations list Front Cover......Page 1 Inside Front Cover......Page 2 Essential Microbiology for Dentistry......Page 3 Copyright Page......Page 6 Table Of Contents......Page 7 Preface......Page 9 Online Study for Students......Page 10 A note on emerging and re-emerging infections......Page 11 About this book......Page 12 Further reading......Page 13 1 General microbiology......Page 15 Shape and size......Page 17 Glycocalyx (slime layer)......Page 19 Cytoplasmic membrane......Page 20 Clinical significance of bacterial spores......Page 21 Genotypic taxonomy......Page 22 How do organisms get their names?......Page 23 Further reading......Page 25 Growth regulation......Page 27 Bacterial genetics......Page 28 Replication......Page 29 Transformation......Page 30 Clinical relevance of plasmids......Page 31 Transposons......Page 32 Materials......Page 33 Real-time PCR......Page 34 Why is PCR so widely used?......Page 35 Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis......Page 36 Bioinformatics......Page 37 Further reading......Page 38 Virus symmetry......Page 39 Papovaviruses......Page 40 Structure......Page 41 Picornaviruses......Page 42 Viral replication......Page 43 Pathogenesis of viral infections......Page 44 North American guidelines......Page 45 Review questions (answers on p. 363)......Page 46 Further reading......Page 47 Natural history of infectious disease......Page 49 Biofilm formation......Page 50 Invasiveness......Page 51 Endotoxins......Page 52 Neurotoxins......Page 53 Entry of viral infections......Page 54 Respiratory tract......Page 55 Viraemia and spread to organs......Page 56 Latent viral infections......Page 57 Koch’s postulates......Page 58 Review questions (answers on p. 363)......Page 59 Further reading......Page 60 Laboratory analysis......Page 61 Bright-field or standard microscopy......Page 62 Phase-contrast microscopy......Page 63 Cultural methods......Page 64 Preparation of solid media and inoculation procedure......Page 65 Atmospheric requirements and incubation......Page 66 Method......Page 67 Genetic typing......Page 68 Detection of antibodies in a patient’s serum......Page 69 Disc diffusion test......Page 70 E-test......Page 71 Appropriate specimens for oral infections......Page 72 Direct microscopy of clinical material......Page 73 Serodiagnosis of viral infections......Page 74 Germ tube test......Page 75 Other laboratory investigations......Page 76 Further reading......Page 77 Choice of drug......Page 79 Combination therapy......Page 80 When should the treatment be started?......Page 81 Antibiotic resistance in bacteria......Page 82 Penicillins......Page 83 Indications......Page 84 Spectrum of activity......Page 85 Spectrum of activity......Page 86 Mode of action......Page 87 Aciclovir......Page 88 Review questions (answers on p. 363)......Page 89 Further reading......Page 90 2 Basic immunology......Page 91 Defensins and cathelicidins......Page 93 Pathogen-associated molecular patterns, pattern-recognition receptors and Toll-like receptors......Page 94 Acute-phase proteins......Page 95 Alternative activation......Page 96 Biological effects of complement activation......Page 97 The adaptive immune system......Page 98 The lymphoid organs......Page 99 T cell differentiation......Page 100 Disorders of the immune system......Page 101 The oral mucosal epithelium......Page 102 Antigen-non-specific defence chemicals in oral secretions (Table 8.3)......Page 103 Oral lymphoid tissues......Page 105 PCD in response to oral microbes......Page 106 Review questions (answers on p. 363 & p. 364)......Page 107 Further reading......Page 109 Cytokines......Page 111 B cell activation......Page 112 Antigen processing and presentation......Page 113 Processing of endogenous antigens......Page 114 T-helper subsets......Page 115 Activation of macrophages......Page 116 Immunological memory......Page 117 Memory T cells......Page 118 Further reading......Page 119 Damage caused by immune responses to bacteria......Page 121 Summary of defence mechanisms......Page 122 HIV and AIDS......Page 123 Parasite evasion strategies......Page 125 Active immunization......Page 126 New approaches to vaccine development......Page 127 Review questions (answers on p. 364)......Page 129 Further reading......Page 130 3 Microbes of relevance to dentistry......Page 131 Characteristics......Page 133 Complications......Page 134 Pathogenicity......Page 135 Habitat and transmission......Page 136 Typing of Staphylococcus aureus......Page 137 Staphylococcus saprophyticus......Page 138 Review questions (answers on p. 364)......Page 139 Further reading......Page 140 Corynebacteria......Page 141 Treatment and prevention......Page 142 Further reading......Page 143 Pathogenicity......Page 145 Culture and identification......Page 146 Culture and identification......Page 147 Bacillus spp.......Page 148 Review questions (answers on p. 364)......Page 149 Further reading......Page 150 Pathogenicity......Page 151 Haemophilus spp.......Page 152 Culture and identification......Page 153 Eikenella......Page 154 Review questions (answers on p. 364 & p. 365)......Page 155 Further reading......Page 156 Endotoxin shock......Page 157 Habitat and transmission......Page 158 Treatment and prevention......Page 159 Treatment and prevention......Page 160 Further reading......Page 161 Vibrio parahaemolyticus......Page 163 Review questions (answers on p. 365)......Page 164 Further reading......Page 165 Treatment and prevention......Page 167 Culture and identification......Page 168 Further reading......Page 169 Antibiotic sensitivity and prevention......Page 171 Treponema......Page 172 Culture and identification......Page 173 Review questions (answers on p. 365)......Page 174 Further reading......Page 175 Pathogenicity......Page 177 Antibiotic sensitivity and control......Page 178 Antibiotic sensitivity and control......Page 179 Further reading......Page 180 Rickettsiae......Page 181 Oral mycoplasmas......Page 182 Further reading......Page 183 Epidemiology......Page 185 Epidemiology......Page 186 Diagnosis......Page 187 Zoster (shingles)......Page 188 Treatment......Page 189 Burkitt’s lymphoma......Page 190 Orthomyxoviridae......Page 191 Mumps virus......Page 192 Coxsackieviruses......Page 193 Adenoviruses......Page 194 Review questions (answers on p. 365)......Page 195 Further reading......Page 196 Cultural requirements......Page 197 Yeasts......Page 198 Superficial candidiasis......Page 199 Pathogenicity......Page 200 Treatment......Page 201 Further reading......Page 202 4 Infections of relevance to dentistry......Page 203 Clinical features......Page 205 Clinical features......Page 206 Acute glomerulonephritis......Page 207 Treatment......Page 208 Treatment......Page 209 Pathogenesis and epidemiology......Page 210 Respiratory TB......Page 211 Respiratory infections and dentistry......Page 212 Review questions (answers on p. 366)......Page 213 Further reading......Page 214 Treatment......Page 215 Microbial aetiology......Page 216 Treatment......Page 217 Preventive dental care......Page 218 Prosthetic cardiac valve......Page 219 Review questions (answers on p. 366)......Page 220 Further reading......Page 221 Meningitis due to other organisms......Page 223 Epidemiology and prevention......Page 224 Aetiology......Page 225 Treatment......Page 226 Review questions (answers on p. 366)......Page 227 Further reading......Page 228 Diagnosis......Page 229 Pathogenesis and epidemiology......Page 230 Traveller’s diarrhoea......Page 231 Pathogenesis and epidemiology......Page 232 Typhoid fever......Page 233 Prevention......Page 234 Mechanisms of action......Page 235 Further reading......Page 236 Pathogenesis and epidemiology......Page 237 Treatment......Page 238 Primary syphilis......Page 239 Serology......Page 240 Laboratory diagnosis......Page 241 Review questions (answers on p. 366)......Page 242 Further reading......Page 243 Impetigo......Page 245 Fungal skin infections......Page 246 Clinical features......Page 247 Review questions (answers on p. 366)......Page 248 Further reading......Page 249 Clinical features......Page 251 Epidemiology......Page 252 Carrier state and identification of carriers......Page 253 Hepatitis B and dentistry......Page 254 Epidemiology......Page 255 Hepatitis C and dentistry......Page 256 Hepatitis E......Page 257 Hepatitis G and dentistry......Page 258 Transfusion-transmitted virus and SEN viruses......Page 259 Further reading......Page 260 Retroviridae......Page 261 Stability of HIV......Page 262 Epidemiology......Page 263 Atypical mycobacteriosis......Page 264 Necrotizing (ulcerative) gingivitis and necrotizing (ulcerative) periodontitis......Page 265 Management......Page 266 The HIV-infected dental health care worker......Page 267 Oral infections in compromised patients......Page 268 Pretreatment management......Page 269 Prevention......Page 270 Review questions (answers on p. 367)......Page 271 Further reading......Page 272 5 Oral microbiology......Page 273 Oral microbiome......Page 275 Anaerobic streptococci......Page 276 Genus Propionibacterium......Page 277 Genus Haemophilus......Page 278 Genus Leptotrichia......Page 279 Oral virome......Page 280 Prosthodontic and orthodontic appliances, and dental fillings......Page 282 Gingival crevicular fluid......Page 283 Acquisition of the normal oral flora......Page 284 Plaque biofilm formation......Page 285 The role of oral flora in systemic infection: the oral-systemic axis......Page 288 Review questions (answers on p. 367)......Page 290 Further reading......Page 291 Diagnosis......Page 293 Diet......Page 294 The role of Actinomyces spp.......Page 295 Management of dental caries......Page 296 Microbiological tests in caries assessment......Page 297 Antimicrobial agents......Page 298 Review questions (answers on p. 367)......Page 299 Further reading......Page 300 Host defence factors......Page 301 Microorganisms in subgingival plaque biofilm......Page 302 The non-specific plaque hypothesis......Page 303 Periodontal health and disease......Page 304 Relationship between chronic marginal gingivitis and periodontitis......Page 305 Chronic periodontitis (formerly adult periodontitis)......Page 306 Aggressive periodontitis......Page 307 Necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis......Page 308 Pathogenesis......Page 309 In health......Page 310 Clinical implications of microbiological tests in periodontal disease......Page 311 Further reading......Page 312 Sequelae......Page 313 Clinical features......Page 314 Collection and transport of pus samples......Page 315 Microbiology......Page 316 Treatment......Page 317 Clinical features......Page 318 Endodontic biofilm: properties......Page 319 Microbiota of primary endodontic infections......Page 320 Microbiota of secondary endodontic infections......Page 321 Systemic antibiotics in endodontics: therapeutic principles......Page 322 Intracanal medicaments......Page 323 Further reading......Page 324 Microbiology and pathology......Page 325 Clinical features......Page 326 Clinical features......Page 327 Treatment......Page 328 Oral candidiasis in HIV disease......Page 329 Oral viral infections......Page 330 Oral manifestations......Page 331 Syphilis......Page 332 Tuberculosis......Page 333 Mumps (endemic parotitis)......Page 334 Clinical features......Page 335 Treatment......Page 336 Rare bacterial infections of salivary glands......Page 337 Further reading......Page 338 6 Cross infection and control......Page 339 Source of infection......Page 341 Evolution of universal precautions, standard infection control precautions and additional precautions (or transmission-based precautions)......Page 342 Airborne infection......Page 343 Review questions (answers on p. 367)......Page 344 Further reading......Page 345 Patient evaluation......Page 347 Hand care......Page 348 Clinic clothing......Page 349 Face masks......Page 350 Immunization procedures......Page 351 Administration......Page 352 Protection......Page 353 Indications......Page 354 Occupationally acquired infections......Page 355 Further reading......Page 356 Decontamination (synonym: reprocessing)......Page 357 Presterilization cleaning......Page 358 Moist heat sterilization (steam under pressure)......Page 359 Notes on the proper use of bench-top autoclaves......Page 360 Disinfection......Page 361 Concentration......Page 362 Step 1......Page 363 Environmental disinfection......Page 364 Dental unit waterlines: disinfection and management......Page 366 Flushing......Page 367 Laboratory asepsis......Page 368 Clinical waste in dental health care facilities......Page 369 Review questions (answers on p. 368)......Page 370 Further reading......Page 371 Answers to review questions......Page 373 Glossary of terms and abbreviations......Page 379 A......Page 391 C......Page 392 D......Page 393 F......Page 394 H......Page 395 L......Page 396 N......Page 397 P......Page 398 R......Page 399 T......Page 400 V......Page 401 Z......Page 402