THE ROUTLEDGE HANDBOOK ON HISTORIC URBAN LANDSCAPES IN THE ASIA-PACIFIC

Description

Historic urban environments are being threatened by the myriad forces of global and ecological change, although these vital social, cultural, and economic assets can contribute to the regeneration and liveability of inhabited historic cities worldwide. The primary challenge in the protection and the use of this vital asset is in maintaining the crucial balance between the needs for curating urban heritage and the concerns for enhancing contemporary socio-economic life in cities. The authors of The Routledge Handbook on Historic Urban Landscapes in the Asia-Pacific (henceforth shortened to the Handbook) are scholars in the regional context and shed light on this balancing act of urban heritage management, focusing specifically on the Asia- Pacific regions where these challenges are immanent, daunting, and in need of effective solutions. They take a critical look at the concept of Historic Urban Landscape (HUL), the approach that UNESCO promotes to achieve holistic management of urban heritage, through the lens of issues, prospects, and experiences of urban regeneration in this geo-cultural context. This work further discusses the difficult task that heritage managers encounter in conceptualizing, mapping, curating, and sustaining the plurality, poetics, and politics of urban heritage of the regions in question. The connective thesis that weaves the chapters in this volume together reinforces for readers that the management of urban heritage considers cities as dynamic entities, palimpsests of historical memories, collages of social diversity, territories of contested identities, and sites for sustainable liveability. The chapter authors argue for recognizing the totality of the ecocultural urban fabric, embracing change, building social cohesion, and initiating strategic socio-economic progress in the conservation of HULs. Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Table of Contents Contributors Acknowledgements Foreword Introduction: reimagining the conservation of Historic Urban Landscapes in the Asia-Pacific Introduction The Historic Urban Landscape approach The discursive themes of this volume The future of Historic Urban Landscapes in the Asia-Pacific References PART I: Conceptualizing Historic Urban Landscapes 1. Cities: palimpsests of cultural memory and their management Introduction Development of the urban palimpsest concept Case studies: city palimpsests and their management Urban palimpsests and the Historic Urban Landscape approach Conclusion References 2. The ideology of the urban cultural landscape construct Introduction The human side of landscape and heritagization process Cultural landscapes and urbanization Historic Urban Landscape The landscape link Charters and declarations Case study examples Vigan, Philippines Bang Luang, Thailand Conclusion Notes References 3. Conserving Asia’s vernacular water urbanisms Introduction The hiti water system of Nepal The Banaue Rice Terraces, Philippines The Polders of Bangladesh Indigenous water urbanisms in prospect Conclusion Acknowledgements References 4. Re-imagining Eurasia: past Flatland stories of urban and landscape heritage Introduction Cultural amnesia in the Stans On the long and short of forgotten artefacts and their ‘thick’ histories Conclusion: why the past (still) matters and moving ahead References 5. Human aspects of historic urban environments Introduction The culture of orthodox conservation practice The culture and experiences of local communities Issues of human-centered conservation in the Asia-Pacific region Conclusion References 6. Historic landscapes in rapidly transforming Asian cities: contestations, commodification, and learning from grounded observations The inheritance of the heritage: colonialism, Eurocentrism,and the reworlding of societies Postcolonial confusions: colonialism, nationalism,and complex landscapes in Asia Multiple meanings and contestations Understanding and intervention Incorporating historic landscapes: rethinking the approach Conclusion Note References PART II: Mapping tangible urban heritage 7. Evolution and repercussions of the heritage designation process in Sindh, Pakistan: lessons from Karachi and Shikarpur Introduction Heritage designation in Sindh: the beginnings Realities of the heritage designation process Issues of heritage property stakeholders Directions for possible mitigation and problem resolution Conclusion Notes References 8. Urban morphology and Historic Urban Landscape management: the case of Kolkata, India Introduction Town plan analysis and space syntax: two urban morphological approaches A brief history of Kolkata and its built heritage Modern town planning and Kolkata’s built heritage An analysis of the morphological evolution of Kolkata’s Historic Urban Landscape Conclusion Acknowledgements References 9. New methodologies for exploring sense of place in the Historic Urban Landscape Introduction The Historic Urban Landscape and Ballarat VRM and ‘sense of place’ The methodology Conclusion Acknowledgements Notes References 10. Creating information management systems for cultural World Heritage: experiences from Central Asia Introduction World Heritage management, the HUL and Central Asia Challenges of documenting large-scale cultural World Heritage in Central Asia Information management systems for cultural heritage and the Silk Roads A Geospatial Content Management System (GeoCMS) for the Silk Roads Geographic Information Systems for the world heritage cities in Uzbekistan Conclusion Notes References 11. Conservation of historic open space urban landscapes of Chittagong, Bangladesh Introduction Historical background of Chittagong Chittagong’s historic growth centres and urban landscape Historical landscape typology of Chittagong Conservation and Management of the Historic Urban Landscape of Chittagong Conclusion References 12. The role of natural landscapes in historic Chinese cities Introduction The natural landscape in urban heritage A framework for the study of natural landscape in historic cities Natural landscape in historic Chinese cities: some examples Conservation of urban natural landscape heritage Conclusion References PART III: Safeguarding intangible urban heritage 13. The sensory heritage of Asian Cities Introduction Sensory heritage of Sri Lanka The sensory heritage: key points to consider Methodological implications Conclusion Notes References 14. Ghats on the Ganga in Varanasi, India: the making of a vernacular urban landscape and its conservation Introduction Design grammar of the ghats Spatial practices at the ghats A new conservation approach Conclusion Acknowledgements Notes References 15. Safeguarding ritual landscape of living urban heritages: the case of Navadurga Masked Dance Festival of Bhaktapur, Nepal Introduction Living urban heritage of Kathmandu valley Threats to living urban heritage and ways of its safeguard The five classes of living urban heritage attributes Navadurga Masked Dance Festival of Bhaktapur Conclusion References 16. Intangible dimensions of urban heritage: learning from holy cities of India Introduction Framing India’s heritage scenario Intangible cultural heritage in India Religious festivals in the urbanscape of historic-holy cities Pilgrimage circuits and their spatial manifestation as ICH in holy cities Shaping sustainable heritage city system in India Heritage and pilgrimage inclusive development: framing HRIDAY and PRASAD Sustainable development and intangible heritage Conclusion References 17. Cultural routes in China: the urban heritage trails of Chóngqing Introduction Cultural routes and Historic Urban Landscapes Cultural route heritage of China The mountain-city trails of Chóngqing Challenges facing China in navigating the concept of cultural routes Conclusion Acknowledgements Notes References 18. Finding human well-being in Historic Urban Landscapes Introduction The idea of human well-being Historic places and human well-being Well-being as a heritage value Improving well-being in urban heritage management Conclusion Acknowledgements Notes References PART IV: Fostering sustainable urban heritage 19. Integrated management systems of the urban World Heritage properties of Kathmandu and Samarkand Introduction Integrated management systems Changing understanding of heritage and its management Issues in managing urban world heritage properties Asia Lessons learned The stories of Kathmandu and Samarkand Conclusion Notes References 20. Erasure and appearance: a critical view on urban heritage management practices in China, Laos, Thailand,and Vietnam Introduction Erasure and appearance Examples from UNESCO inscribed World Heritage Examples from World Heritage tentative lists Conclusion Dedication References 21. Sustainable urbanism and Historic Urban Landscape conservation Introduction Sustainable urbanism Dimensions of sustainable urbanism Making urban heritage sustainable Conclusion References 22. Regeneration of a Historic Urban Landscape with pedestrian-oriented streetscape design: the case of Deoksugung-gil Street in Seoul, South Korea Introduction Sustainable urban regeneration and pedestrian-oriented shared street Shared street design in Historic Urban Landscapes The case study: Deoksugung-Gil Street in Seoul In retrospect Conclusion References 23. Towards safer and resilient historic urban environments Introduction Urban heritage at risk Reasons for increasing disaster vulnerability of historic cities and urban areas Contribution of urban heritage to resilience Challenges and priorities Agenda for action International and national initiatives Conclusion References 24. Rural development: a strategy for urban heritage management in the Asia-Pacific region Introduction Questioning the established paradigm of urbanisation Initiatives and technologies that support a de-centrist agenda Questioning the paradigms of heritage Re-positioning the UNESCO Historic Urban Landscape initiative Conclusion Notes References PART V: Localizing heritage stewardship 25. Community-focused urban regeneration: preserving and activating the Historic Urban Landscape in Malaysian cities Introduction Urban heritage of peninsular Malaysia Advocacy and evidence-based approach Armenian park pilot project Applying HUL approaches beyond George Town Strengthening the planning process Key observations Conclusion Notes References 26. Community involvement in heritage conservation: the case of Kotagede, Indonesia Introduction Heritage conservation and management in Indonesia The case of Kotagede, Yogyakarta Community-based post-disaster rehabilitation and heritage restoration Conclusion Notes References 27. Transient heritage values, conflicting aspirations, and endangered urban heritage in the historic Galle Fort, Sri Lanka Introduction The backdrop to recent socio-spatial transformations of Galle Fort The endangered heritage in Galle Fort Challenges in managing the urban heritage of Galle Fort Conclusion Notes References 28. Conserving the historic port town of Tomo, Seto Inland Sea, Japan: repositioning urban heritage in the ‘shrinking society’ Introduction Seto Inland Sea: natural beauty and development Tomo: development and conservation of a historic port town In the fog: remaining issues and future challenges Conclusion Notes References 29. Understanding community-based heritage values: the case of the Tamil Brahmin settlement in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India Introduction Tamil Brahmin settlement in Thiruvananthapuram Method of study Core values of the settlement by the Brahmin community Threats to the settlement as viewed by the Brahmin community Heritage values and threats from the perspective of non-Brahmin community How community values guide urban heritage conservation Conclusion Notes References 30. Wurundjeri-al Narrm-u (Wurundjeri’s Melbourne): aboriginal living heritage in Australia’s urban landscapes Acknowledgement of Country Introduction Australia as an aboriginal landscape Wurundjeri Country yesterday and today The elements of Wurundjeri Country Wurundjeri Country and urban planning and heritage management Case studies: Birrarung Marr and the Barak building Wurundjeri today Conclusion References PART VI: Assessing urban heritage policies 31. The Historic Urban Landscape approach in the Australian context: evolving heritage practice and city management frameworks Introduction Australian urban conservation practice The HUL approach and Ballarat Expanding the implementation of the HUL in Australia Conclusion Acknowledgements Notes References 32. The monument and the city: examining India’s legacy of monument-centric conservation in the context of the Historic Urban Landscape approach Introduction Heritage conservation in India: monument centric approach as colonial legacy UNESCO’S HUL Recommendation and the historic city Examining the Indian city as a Historic Urban Landscape The HUL approach: challenges and opportunities in the Indian context Heritage tales from a historic Indian city: Ahmadabad Conclusion Notes References 33. Historic Urban Landscapes of China: issues of conservation and management Introduction China’s transformation Evolution of historic district conservation in China Heritage governance and legislation in China The China Principles for heritage conservation praxis Towards an effective urban heritage conservation system for China Conclusion Acknowledgements References 34. Conserving historic urban cores in Iran: an overview Introduction Cultural heritage management system in Iran Evolution of national policies for managing historic urban cores in Iranian cities Terminology used in heritage regulations Current legal framework for managing historic urban cores in Iran Case study: the historic city of Yazd, a World Heritage city Conclusion Notes References 35. ‘Land is a very limited definition of place’: navigating urban heritage conservation in the Pacific Island nations Introduction Place, heritage and urbanization in The Pacific Islands Levuka, Fiji: evolving approaches to heritage values and conservation Conclusion Notes References 36. Historic Urban Landscapes in the Indian Ocean waters: challenges of urban heritage custodianship for the Comoros, Maldives Introduction Looking for urban heritage in the Indian Ocean waters Navigating urban heritage in the Indian Ocean waters Portraits of Indian Ocean Small Island Developing States Challenges for urban heritage management in the Indan Ocean SIDS Conclusion References 37. A tale of two cities: how tourism development is treated in Yangon and Macau’s urban heritage planning Introduction Yangon, Myanmar Macau Special Administrative Region (SAR), China Discussion Conclusion References Index