Membrane Processes for Water Reuse

Description

Publisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product. COST-EFFECTIVE MEMBRANE SOLUTIONS FOR WATER AND WASTEWATER REUSE APPLICATIONS Written by a water and wastewater industry expert with more than 35 years of experience, this book describes how membrane technology can be used alone, coupled with aerobic or anaerobic processes, or as integrated membrane systems to process treated municipal effluent or industrial wastewater for discharge, recycle, or reuse. After reviewing chemistry fundamentals and basic principles, Membrane Processes for Water Reuse covers microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, reverse osmosis, and membrane coupled bioprocesses. The design, sizing, and selection of membrane technologiesfor water recycling and reuse applications is discussed in detail. Wastewater reuse case studies and example problems illustrate the concepts presented in this practical,authoritative guide. Coverage includes: Water reuse overviewWater qualityBasic concepts of membrane filtration processesLow pressure membrane technology--microfiltrationand ultrafiltrationDiffusive membrane technologies--nanofiltrationand reverse osmosisMembrane-coupled bioprocessDesign of membrane systems for water recycling and reuseFuture trends and challenges Cover Title page Copyright Page Contents Preface Acknowledgments Acronyms Chapter 1: Water Reuse Overview Introduction Water Scarcity Water Supply Water Demand Water Scarcity Solutions Water Reuse Technology Overview Conventional Water Treatment Technology Conventional Wastewater Technology Membrane Technology Chapter 2: Water Quality Introduction Basic Chemistry Review Fundamental Concepts Bonding Ionization Complex Ions—Ligands Ionic Strength Chelation Adsorption Symbols, Formulas, and Equations Bar Graphs Units of Expression Solutions Nomenclature Gas Laws Dilutions Sampling Chemicals Used in Wastewater Reuse Coagulants Coagulant Aids Chemicals Used to Raise Alkalinity Water Reuse Standards AWWA Standards Wastewater Reuse Source Waters Important Characteristics of Raw and Treated Wastewaters Terminology Relevant to Basic Chemistry Review Chapter 3: Basic Concepts Introduction Terminology and Definitions Low Pressure Membranes—Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration Transmembrane Pressure Flux Turbidity Effects Integrity Testing Membrane Fouling Temperature Effects Membrane Materials Membrane Modules High-Performance Low Pressure Membranes—Theoretical Considerations Introduction Attributes Contributing to the Enhancement of Flux Diffusive Membranes—NF and RO Transmembrane Pressure Net Driving Pressure Turbidity Effects Integrity Testing Membrane Fouling Temperature Effects Membrane Materials Membrane Modules Chapter 4: Low Pressure Membrane Technology—Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration Introduction Water Quality MF and UF Removal Efficiency M/F Filtration Configurations Dead-End Filtration Pressure vs. Vacuum Design Flux Flux Reduction in Cold Water Membrane Materials Chemical and Oxidant Compatibility Hollow Fiber Modules Hollow Fiber (MF and UF) Systems Applications Membrane Systems Operation Reverse Filtration (Backwash) Chemical Cleaning System Recovery Integrity Testing of Low Pressure Membranes Residuals Characteristics and Management Chapter 5: Diffusive Membrane Technology—Nanofiltration and Reverse Osmosis Introduction Terminology and Definitions Feed Water Quality NF and RO Flux Membrane Materials Modules Pretreatment Prefiltration Chemical Conditioning Chapter 6: Membrane-Coupled Bioprocesses Introduction Conventional Activated Sludge–Low Pressure Membrane Process Sequencing Batch Reactor–Low Pressure Membrane Process (SBR–LPM)—Aqua-Aerobic Systems’ AquaMB Process High Rate Anaerobic Coupled Bioprocesses Membrane Bioreactor Process Municipal Wastewater Primary Effluent Coupled Low Pressure Membrane Chapter 7: Design of Membrane Systems for Water Recycling and Reuse Introduction Membrane Application Flow Schemes System Design Considerations Design Recovery Integrity Testing Continuous Indirect Integrity Monitoring System Determination of Minimum Number of Equivalent Broken Fibers Pretreatment Clean in Place, Chemically Enhanced Backwash, and Neutralization Considerations Chemical Bulk Storage Tanks Chemical Conditioning Direct Coagulation vs. Sedimentation Posttreatment System Reliability Residuals Treatment and Disposal Guidelines for Applying Polymers in Membrane Treatment Guidelines Notes Case Study 7.1: Singapore Public Utilities Board NEWater Project, Republic of Singapore Case Study 7.2: Water Reuse for Drought-Proof Industrial Water Supply in San Diego Case Study 7.3: Cleaner, Purer Water—Membrane Separation Provides Recovery of High Value Products and Transforms Wastewater into a Renewable Water Resource Demand for Pure Water Recycling Water for Wineries in Sonoma County Aquifer Storage and Recovery in Arizona Watershed and Marine Protection in New York Macroelectronics Industry Conserving Water Supplies in California Water Reuse and Economic Development in Chandler, Arizona Recycle and Reuse Water: Membrane Filtration as a Practical Solution Case Study 7.4: Water Reuse via MF/RO—Integrated Microfiltration/Reverse Osmosis System Recycles Secondary Effluent Wastewater to Combat Water Scarcity Challenge Solution Results Case Study 7.5: Water Reclamation for Groundwater Recharge Case Study 7.6: Water Reuse via Dual Membrane Technology—Water Company Supplies RO Quality Water from Treated Effluent Challenge Solution Value Delivered Chemical Usage Data Case Study 7.7: Membrane Design and Optimization for Treating Variable Wastewater Sources Keywords Introduction MF Membrane Technology MF System Technology Variable Wastewater Sources and Usage Cost of Recycled Water vs. Treatment Capacity Conclusion References Case Study 7.8: High Purity Water from Tidal Canal—Water Company Supplies High Purity Boiler Feed Water with Membrane/Membrane Technology Challenge Solution Value Delivered Conclusion Chapter 8: Future Trends and Challenges Introduction Target Opportunities for Water Reuse Technologies Public Perception Challenges—Indirect Potable Reuse Challenges Associated with the Cost of Water Appendix A: Jar Test Procedures Introduction Background General Description of a Jar Test Equipment and Apparatus You Need to Conduct Jar Test Before You Start Getting Started Test Procedure Data Collection Appendix B: Tables and Conversion Factors Appendix C: Atomic Numbers and Atomic Weights Appendix D: Examples of State Water Reuse Criteria for Selected Nonpotable Applications Appendix E: The National Pretreatment Program and Expanding Source Control U.S. Drinking Water Regulations: The Safe Drinking Water Act Consideration of De Facto Water Reuse in U.S. Drinking Water Standards Protection Against Greater Microbial Risks Assessment of the Existing Federal Regulatory Framework for Potable Reuse Water Reuse Regulations and Guidelines USEPA Guidelines for Water Reuse Appendix F: State Websites Appendix G: California Code of Regulations, Title 17 Division 1. State Department of Health Services Appendix H : California Code of Regulations, Title 22 Division 4. Environmental Health Appendix I: Guidelines for Water Reuse Applications State Water Reuse Regulations and Guidelines State Guidelines and Regulations for Nonpotable Reuse Appendix J: Development of a Comprehensive Integrity Verification Manual Introduction What Is a Comprehensive IVP? What Is the Purpose of an IVP? Why Is an IVP Important? What Are the Regulatory Requirements Associated with an IVP? What Are the Components of an IVP? How Is IVP Guidance Presented in This Appendix? Direct Integrity Testing What Is the Purpose of Direct Integrity Testing? What Type of Direct Integrity Test Should Be Used? How Frequently Should Direct Integrity Testing Be Conducted? When Should Direct Integrity Testing Be Conducted? How Should the Direct Integrity Test Results Be Interpreted? Continuous Indirect Integrity Monitoring What Is the Purpose of Indirect Integrity Monitoring? What Type of Indirect Integrity Monitoring Method Should Be Used? What Constitutes Continuous Indirect Integrity Monitoring? How Should Indirect Integrity Monitoring Results Be Interpreted? Diagnostic Testing What Is the Purpose of Diagnostic Testing? Under What Circumstances Should Diagnostic Testing Be Applied? What Type(s) of Diagnostic Testing Should Be Used? Membrane Repair and Replacement What Is the Purpose of Membrane Repair and Replacement? When Should Membrane Repair and Replacement Be Conducted? What Are Some Common Modes of Integrity Breaches? How Should Membrane Repair and Replacement Be Conducted? Data Collection and Analysis What Is the Purpose of Data Collection and Analysis? What Data Should Be Collected? What Are Some Methods for Reducing Continuous Indirect Integrity Monitoring Data? Reporting What Is the Purpose of Reporting? What Should an IVP Include with Respect to Reporting? Summary Appendix K: Overview of Bubble Point Theory Introduction The Bubble Point Equation Appendix L: Direct Integrity Testing 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Test Resolution 4.2.1 Pressure-Based Tests 4.2.2 Marker-Based Tests 4.3 Test Sensitivity 4.3.1 Pressure-Based Tests 4.3.2 Marker-Based Tests 4.4 Test Frequency 4.5 Establishing Control Limits 4.6 Example: Establishing Direct Integrity Test Parameters 4.7 Test Methods 4.7.1 Pressure Decay Test 4.7.2 Vacuum Decay Test 4.7.3 Diffusive Airflow Test 4.7.4 Water Displacement Test 4.7.5 Marker-Based Integrity Tests 4.8 Diagnostic Testing 4.8.1 Visual Inspection 4.8.2 Bubble Testing 4.8.3 Sonic Testing 4.8.4 Conductivity Profiling 4.8.5 Single Module Testing 4.9 Data Collection and Reporting Calculating the Air-Liquid Conversion Ratio C.1 Introduction C.2 Darcy Pipe Flow Model C.3 Orifice Model C.4 Hagen–Poiseuille Model C.5 Applicability of ALCR Equations Empirical Method for Determining the Air-Liquid Conversion Ratio for a Hollow Fiber Membrane Filtration System Glossary References Index