Nursing Ethics: Concepts, Trends and Practices

Description

Cover Contents Preface Section I: Introduction to Ethics Chapter 1: Introduction to Ethics 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Definition 1.3 Professional Ethics 1.4 History of Ethics 1.5 Importance of Ethics in Nursing Profession 1.5.1 Importance for the Nurses 1.5.2 Importance in the Clinical Area 1.5.3 Importance within the Horizons of the Nursing Profession 1.5.4 Importance for the Patient 1.5.5 Importance for the Society and the People 1.6 Code of Ethics in India 1.7 Need and Purpose of Professional Conduct 1.8 Ethical Schools of Thought 1.8.1 Theories and Models in Ethics 1.9 Types of Ethics Chapter 2: Ethics in Nursing Profession 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Definition 2.3 Importance of Ethics in Nursing 2.4 Nursing Ethics 2.4.1 Nursing Branches Involving Ethical Issues 2.5 Code of Ethics 2.5.1 International Code of Nursing Ethics 2.6 Ethical Principles Involved in Nursing 2.7 Ethical Responsibilities of a Nurse 2.8 Nursing Ethics and Professional Etiquette 2.9 Professional Etiquette for Nurses Chapter 3: Bioethical Issues 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Definitions 3.3 Need of Bioethics 3.4 Purpose and Scope 3.5 Principles of Bioethics 3.6 Bioethical Issues in Medical Practice Chapter 4: Ethical Dilemma 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Meaning of Ethical Dilemma 4.3 Types of Ethical Dilemmas in Nursing 4.3.1 Internal Dilemma 4.3.2 External Dilemma 4.4 Process of an Ethical Dilemma 4.5 Ethical Dilemmas in Nursing 4.6 Different Situational Ethical Issues in Nursing 4.7 Ethical Decision-Making 4.8 Guidelines for Making Ethical Decisions 4.8.1 Role of the Ethics Committee 4.9 Specific Nursing Issues Related to Ethical Dilemma 4.10 Professional Role and Responsibility in Ethical Dilemma 4.11 Role of Nurse in Ethical Dilemma Chapter 5: Ethical Issues in Clinical Practice 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Objectives of Ethics in Clinical Practice 5.3 Ethical Principles Related to Clinical Practice 5.4 Ethical Issues and Value-Based Practice 5.5 Nursing Practice Standards 5.5.1 Professional Responsibility 5.5.2 Knowledge-based Practice 5.5.3 Ethical Practice 5.5.4 Provision of Service to the Public 5.6 Ethico-Legal Issues in Clinical Practice 5.7 Sources of Ethics in Nursing 5.8 Theoretical Foundations of Nursing Practice 5.9 Implications for Nursing Practice 5.10 Strategies of Nursing Practice 5.11 Acountablity in Nursing Practice 5.12 Ethical Tension in Nursing Practice Section II: Principles of Nursing Ethics Chapter 6: Autonomy in Nursing Ethics 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Meaning of Autonomy 6.3 Definitions 6.4 Status of Autonomous Nursing Practice in India 6.5 Rights and Characteristics that Support the Principles of Autonomous Nursing Practice 6.6 Elements in Nursing Autonomy 6.7 Criteria, Advantages and Disadvantages of Autonomous Nursing Practice 6.7.1 Criteria for Autonomous Nursing Practice 6.7.2 Advantages 6.7.3 Disadvantages 6.8 Autonomy in Nursing Profession 6.9 Working with Co-Workers as a Team 6.10 Establishing Autonomous Practice in Specialty Areas of Nursing 6.11 Autonomy as a Human Right for Patients 6.12 Advantages of Implementing Autonomy in Patient Care 6.13 Advantages of Informed Consent 6.14 Disadvantages of Informed Consent 6.15 Characterstics of an Autonomous Nurse 6.15.1 Characteristics of Autonomous Patient 6.16 Basic Dimensions of Autonomy 6.16.1 Structural Dimension 6.16.2 Attitude Dimension 6.17 Themes of Autonomy in Nursing 6.17.1 Theme 1: Ownership of Practice 6.17.2 Theme 2: Emphasis on Wellness and Healing 6.17.3 Theme 3: Client as Partner 6.18 Factors that Affect Autonomy in Nursing 6.19 Measures to Improve Autonomy in Nursing 6.20 Measures to Improve Autonomy in Patient Care Chapter 7: Confidentiality 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Meaning of Confidentiality 7.3 Definition 7.4 Important Terms in Confidentiality 7.5 Concepts Concerning Confidentiality 7.5.1 Do No Harm 7.5.2 Be Honest 7.5.3 Use Information Proactively 7.5.4 Irreversible 7.6 Types of Confidentiality 7.7 Principles of Confidentiality 7.8 The Confidentiality Model 7.8.1 Protect 7.8.2 Inform 7.8.3 Provide choice 7.8.4 Improve confidentiality 7.9 Role of Nurse in Maintaining Confidentiality 7.9.1 Skill that are Needed to Maintain the Confidentiality Chapter 8: Fidelity 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Definition 8.3 Meaning 8.4 Characteristics of Fidelity 8.5 Stages of Fidelity 8.5.1 Stage I: Loyalty—Novice 8.5.2 Stage II: Trustworthiness—Advanced Beginner 8.5.3 Stage III: Honesty and Discipline—Competent Nurse 8.5.4 Stage IV: Sincerity and Punctuality—Proficient Nurse 8.5.5 Stage V: Accountability and Responsibility—Expert Nurse 8.6 Principles of Fidelity 8.7 Application of Fidelity in Nursing 8.8 Role of Nurse in Implementation of Fidelity Chapter 9: Morale 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Meaning of Morale 9.3 Definition 9.4 What is Morale? 9.5 Principles of Morale 9.6 Concept of Morality by Kants Approach Acts as a Base to Achieve Good Morale 9.7 Factors Influencing Morale 9.8 Continuum of Morale 9.9 Measures to Build Good Morale 9.10 Evaluation of Good Morale 9.11 Advantages of Good Morale 9.12 Disadvantages of Poor Morale 9.13 Morale Among Nurses Chapter 10: Informed Consent 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Definition 10.3 Important Principles 10.4 Meaning of Informed Consent 10.5 Types of Informed Consent 10.6 Elements of Informed Consent 10.7 Barriers to Effective Informed Consent 10.8 Contents of Informed Consent 10.9 Purpose of Getting Informed Consent 10.10 Areas Requiring Informed Consent 10.11 Informed Consent in Research 10.12 Criteria to Get Informed Consent for Conducting Research on Human Subjects 10.13 Principles Involved in Framing the Informed Consent 10.14 Different Forms of Informed Consent 10.15 Role of Nurse in Getting Informed Consent Signed Section III: Professional Regulations in Ethics Chapter 11: Nursing as an Ethical Profession 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Definition of Profession 11.2.1 Elements of a Profession 11.3 Criteria of a Profession 11.4 Qualities of a Good Nurse 11.4.1 Qualities of a Professional Nurse 11.5 Essential Qualities of and Criteria for an Ethical Professional Nurse 11.6 Extended and Expanded Roles of a Professional Nurse 11.6.1 Extended Roles of a Nurse 11.6.2 Expanded Roles of a Nurse 11.7 Professional Nurse–Patient Relationship 11.8 Loyalty in Nursing 11.9 Professional Ethical Conduct of a Nurse 11.10 Empowerment in Nursing Chapter 12: Code of Ethics in Nursing 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Definition 12.3 Purposes of Code of Ethics 12.4 Functions of Code of Ethics 12.5 Regulatory Bodies for Ethics 12.5.1 International Council of Nurses Code of Ethics for Nurses 12.5.2 American Nurses Association Code of Ethics 12.5.3 Canadian Nurses Association Code of Ethics 12.6 Steps Involved in Implementation of Code of Ethics by the Nurses 12.7 Role of Nurses in Application of Code of Ethics Chapter 13: Ethical Theories and Models 13.1 Introduction 13.1.1 Link of Ethical Theory to Ethics 13.2 Definition of Ethical Theory 13.3 Meaning of Ethical Theories and Models 13.4 Goals or Objectives of Ethical Theories 13.5 Approaches of Ethical Theory 13.5.1 Virtue Ethics Theory 13.5.2 Duty Ethics Theory 13.6 Deontological Ethics 13.6.1 Kantianism Ethics 13.6.2 Prima Facie Duties 13.6.3 Contractualism 13.7 Consequentialism 13.7.1 Hedonistic Utilitarianism 13.7.2 Pluralistic Utilitarianism 13.8 Locating Ethical Theory in Ethics 13.9 Nursing Ethical Theories and Models 13.10 Realm–Individual Process–Situation Model 13.10.1 Steps in RIPS Model 13.11 ADPIE Model 13.12 Husted Formal Ethical Decision-Making Model 13.13 Role of Nurses in Application of Ethical Theories and Models 13.14 Nursing Ethical Models Used in Community Health 13.14.1 Code of Ethics for Community Health Nurses 13.15 Nursing Ethical Model Used in Research 13.15.1 Ethical Principles in Research 13.15.2 Nursing Ethical Models Used in Research 13.16 Nursing Ethical Principles, Theories and Models Used in Nursing Education 13.16.1 Unethical Behaviour by the Staff 13.16.2 Unethical Behaviour by the Nursing School, College or Organization 13.16.3 Nursing Ethical Model for Nursing Education 13.17 Nursing Ethical Principles Used in Nursing Management and Administration 13.17.1 Administrative Ethics at Work 13.17.2 Goals of Nursing Administrative Ethics 13.17.3 Conflict in Administrative Ethics 13.17.4 Administrative Ethical Issues 13.17.5 Steps to Solve Ethics Conflicts 13.17.6 Administrative Ethics Nursing Model Chapter 14: Nursing Standards 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Definitions 14.3 Meaning of Nursing Standards 14.4 Terms Used in Nursing Standards 14.5 Importance of Standards 14.6 Sources of Standards 14.7 Characteristics of Nursing Standards 14.8 Purpose of Nursing Standards 14.9 Types of Nursing Standards 14.10 Elements of Nursing Standards 14.11 Steps in Setting the Standards of Nursing Care 14.12 Uses of Nursing Standards 14.13 Ethical Principles of Nursing Standards 14.14 Indian Standards of Nursing Care 14.14.1 Joint Commission International (JCI) 14.14.2 National Accreditation Board for Hospitals and Healthcare Providers (NABH) 14.14.3 National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories (NABL) 14.14.4 ISO 9002 14.15 The Indian Consumer Superbrands Council (ICSC) 14.16 Ana’s Standards of Practice 14.17 Incorporating the Nursing Standards in Nursing Process Chapter 15: Patient’s Bill of Rights 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Meaning of Patient’s Rights 15.3 Purpose of Executing Patient’s Bill of Rights 15.4 Patient’s Bill of Rights During Hospitalization 15.5 Role of Nurses in Implementing the Patient’s Bill of Rights 15.6 Bill of Rights Section IV: Ethics Issues in Nursing Chapter 16: Ethical Issues in Nursing Research 16.1 Introduction 16.2 History of Ethical Concern in Research 16.3 Principles of Ethical Issues and Concerns in Research 16.4 Consideration of Human Rights in Research 16.5 Ethical Issues in Research Process 16.6 The Nuremberg Code (1947) 16.6.1 Origin of Nuremberg Code 16.6.2 Nuremberg Trials 16.6.3 The Ten Points of Nuremberg Code 16.7 Ethical Principles Concerned with Research 16.8 Limitations in Applying Ethics and Ethical Principles in Nursing Research Chapter 17: Ethical and Legal Issues in Nursing Education 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Ethical and Legal Issues in Nursing Education 17.2.1 Duplication in the Internal Marks 17.2.2 Money Versus Quality Education 17.2.3 Forgery During Nursing Inspection 17.2.4 Learning Nursing in Absentia 17.2.5 Partiality and Discrimination Towards Student 17.2.6 Lack of Variety in Teaching Methods 17.2.7 Stress Versus Interest 17.2.8 Lack of Integration of Theory and Practice 17.2.9 Poor Examination Evaluation System 17.2.10 Lack of In-Service and Continuing Education 17.3 Ethical and Legal Responsibilty of a Nurse Educator Chapter 18: Ethical and Legal Issues in Paediatric Nursing 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Ethical and Legal Issues in Newborn 18.3 Ethical Issues in Toddler, Preschooler and School Age 18.4 Child Labour 18.5 Legal and Ethical Rights of the Child 18.6 Role of the State in Child Rights 18.7 Major Laws Governing Child Rights 18.8 Nurse’s Role in Protection and Successful Implementation of Child Rights 18.9 Laws to Promote Education for Child Chapter 19: Ethical and Legal Issues in Community Health Nursing 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Ethical and Legal Rights of People in the Community 19.3 Legal and Ethical Issues in Community Health Nursing 19.4 Role of a Community Health Nurse 19.5 Community Health Nursing Process 19.6 Responsibilities of Community Health Nurse in Nursing Ethics Chapter 20: Ethical and Legal Issues in Obstetrics and Gynaecology 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Definition of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 20.3 Ethical and Legal Issues 20.3.1 Antenatal: Mother 20.3.2 Antenatal: Foetus 20.3.3 Intranatal: Mother 20.3.4 Postnatal: Mother and Newborn 20.4 Ethical and Legal Issues in Antenatal Period 20.5 Sexual Abuse of Pregnant Woman 20.6 Ethical Principles 20.7 Need for Surrogate Mother 20.8 Nurse’s Role in Handling Surrogate Mother 20.8.1 Foetal Loss 20.9 Malnutrition and Lack of Vaccination in the Antenatal Period 20.10 Ethical Dilemmas and Issues Concerning Foetus 20.11 Sexually Transmitted Diseases Affecting the Foetus 20.12 Ethical Issues in Pregnant Women Consuming Alcohol and Drugs 20.13 Ethical and Legal Issues Involving Pregnant Women in Medical Research 20.14 Ethical and Legal Issues in Mentally Unhealthy Pregnant Women 20.15 Presentation of Dead Pregnant Woman as Foetal Container 20.16 Neglect of the Foetus by the Mother 20.17 Intranatal Issues 20.17.1 Unfavourable Circumstances in the Hospital or Home During Delivery that Endangers the Foetal Life 20.17.2 Conducting Forced LSCS for the Sake of Financial Profit 20.18 Ethical Principles that Underlie these Issues 20.19 Ethical Issues in Puerperium Chapter 21: Ethical and Legal Issues in Psychiatric Nursing 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Definition 21.3 Ethical and Legal Rights of Mentally Ill Patients 21.3.1 Ethical and Legal Issues Affecting Patients with Psychiatric Illness 21.4 Medical Laws Concerning Psychiatric Patients 21.4.1 Basic Laws of Mentally Ill Patients 21.4.2 Universal Declaration of Human Rights 21.4.3 Civil Laws Relating to Psychiatric Disorders 21.4.4 Laws for Illegal Trafficking of Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances 21.5 Ethical and Legal Responsibilities and Role of the Psychiatric Nurse Chapter 22: Ethical and Legalissues in Nursing Administration and Management 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Definition 22.2.1 Nursing Management 22.2.2 Nursing Administration 22.2.3 Nursing Administrator 22.3 Ethical and Legal Issues in Management 22.4 Ethical Issues in Practice 22.5 Dependent vs Independent Functioning 22.6 Unethical Practices in Nursing 22.7 Laws That Help to Prevent Legal Issues 22.8 Role of Nurse Administrator Section V: Special Ethical Issues in Nursing Chapter 23: Abortion 23.1 Introduction 23.2 Definition of Abortion 23.3 Issues in Abortion 23.4 Ethical Principles of Abortion 23.5 Historical Beliefs on Abortion 23.6 Religious Beliefs Concerning Abortion 23.7 Ethical Dilemmas in Abortion 23.7.1 Ethical Dilemmas Against Abortion 23.7.2 Ethical Delimitation Favour of Abortion Chapter 24: Euthanasia 24.1 Introduction 24.2 Definition of Euthanasia 24.3 Meaning of Euthanasia 24.4 Types of Euthanasia 24.5 Ethical Principles Underlying Euthanasia 24.6 Reasons and Legal Status for Euthanasia 24.7 Ethical Issues for Euthanasia 24.8 Ethical Issues Against Euthanasia 24.9 Role of a Nurse in Euthanasia Chapter 25: Organ Transplantation 25.1 Introduction 25.2 Definition of Organ Transplantation 25.3 Meaning of Organ Transplantation 25.4 History of Organ Transplantation 25.5 Methods of Organ Donation 25.6 Criteria for Organ Donation by the Cadaver 25.7 The Stages in Organ Donation 25.8 Ethical Issues in Organ Donation 25.9 Religious Beliefs Concerning Organ Donation and Transplantation 25.10 Types of Organ Transplantation 25.11 Meaning of Graft 25.12 Donation of Organs After Brain Death (DOBD) 25.13 Legal and Ethical Role and Responsibilities of Nurse in Organ Donation 25.14 Legal and Ethical Roles and Responsibilities of a Nurse Towards The Recipients of Organ Transplant Chapter 26: Ethical and Legal Issues in Oncology Nursing 26.1 Introduction 26.2 Definition 26.3 Meaning of Cancer 26.4 Concept of Oncology 26.5 Psychological Stages in Malignant Cancer Patients 26.6 Side Effects of Cancer Treatments 26.7 Legal and Ethical Issues in Oncology Nursing 26.8 Issues in Errors of Chemotherapeutic Drug Administration and Handling Errors 26.9 Issues in Hypersensitivity Reactions 26.10 Vesicant Extravasation Issues 26.11 Issues in Faithful Reporting of Errors and Adverse Events 26.12 Risk Management Strategies in Oncology Nursing 26.13 Issues in Compliance and Litigations(Naming, Blaming and Shaming) 26.14 Issues in Privacy Protection in Cancer Patients 26.15 Role of a Nurse in Handling, Managing, and Preventing Legal/Ethical Issues in Cancer Patients Chapter 27: Ethical and Legal Issues of the Elderly 27.1 Introduction 27.2 Definition 27.3 Developmental Tasks of the Elderly 27.4 Issues Concerning Incapacity in Ageing 27.5 Clinical Issues of Geriatic Nursing Care 27.6 Ethical Issues in Geriatric Nursing 27.7 Legal and Ethical Responsibilities of a Geriatric Nurse 27.8 Ethical Principles Involved in Geriatric Care Chapter 28: Ethical and Legal Issues in Intensive Care Unit 28.1 Introduction 28.2 Meaning of ICU 28.3 Intensive Care Nursing 28.4 Concept of ICU Care Nursing 28.4.1 Cost Containment—Economics in ICU 28.5 Concept of Different Levels of Care in ICU 28.6 Other Types of ICU 28.7 Infrastructure of an ICU 28.8 Equipments Used in ICU 28.9 Members of ICU 28.9.1 Ratio of Staff in ICU 28.10 Ethical and Legal Issues in the ICU 28.10.1 Informed Consent 28.10.2 End of Life Issue, DNR Order 28.10.3 Euthanasia 28.10.4 Futile Treatment Issues 28.10.5 Breach of Confidentiallity Issues in ICU 28.10.6 Faithful Recording and Reporting in ICU 28.10.7 Problems in Post ICU 28.11 Role and Responsibility of Nurse in ICU Chapter 29: Ethical and Legal Issues in AIDS (HIV) 29.1 Introduction 29.2 Definition of HIV 29.3 Concept of AIDS (HIV) 29.4 Ethical Dimensions of HIV 29.5 Psychosocial Issues Among HIV/AIDS Patients 29.6 Psychosocial Approaches of Nurses 29.6.1 Steps in Pre-Test Counselling 29.6.2 Steps in Post-Test Counselling 29.7 Legal and Ethical Issues in AIDS (HIV) 29.7.1 Issues in Patient 29.7.2 Confidentiality of Illness in Patient 29.7.3 Informed Consent to Involve in the HIV Testing and Counselling 29.7.4 Stigmatization Follows the Discrimination of HIV Patients by the Family, Society and the Health Care Providers 29.7.5 Refusement of the Society, Family, and Individuals to Discuss About Sexual Education and Sexually Transmitted Illness 29.8 Role of the Nurse in Protecting HIV Patients 29.9 HIV Issues in Different Age Groups 29.9.1 Issues in Newborn 29.9.2 Issues in Toddler and Preschooler 29.9.3 Issues in School Ages 29.9.4 Issues in Adolescents 29.9.5 Issues in Adult and Middle Ages 29.9.6 Issues in Old Age Group 29.10 Role of Nurse in Caring for HIV Patients Chapter 30: Ethical and Legal Issues in Perioperative Nursing 30.1 Introduction 30.2 Concept of Perioperative Nursing 30.2.1 Concept of Perioperative Professional Nurse 30.3 Ethical and Legal Issues 30.3.1 Legal and Ethical Issues Intervening the Perioperative Nursing Care 30.4 Liability in Perioperative Nursing 30.5 Legal Issues in Perioperative Care 30.5.1 Borrowed Servant Rule Issues 30.5.2 Independent Contractor Issues 30.5.3 Right of Patient Issues, Doctrine of Reasonable Man 30.6 Rights of Patient in Perioperative Nursing 30.6.1 Quality versus Negligence—Doctrine of Res Ispa Loquitur 30.6.2 Superior Master-servant Rule—Doctrine of Respondent Superior 30.6.3 Recruiting Qualified, Quality Care Providing Staff then Quantity: Doctrine of Corporate Negligence 30.6.4 Paternalism versus Individualism, Extension Doctrine Issues 30.6.5 Assault and Battery Issues 30.6.6 Invasion of Patient’s Privacy and Confidentiality Issues 30.6.7 Breach of Duty, Abandonment Issues 30.7 Consent Issues in Perioperative Nursing Care 30.7.1 General Consent 30.7.2 Special Informed Consent 30.7.3 Validation of the Consent Issues 30.8 Advance Directives Perioperative Nursing Care 30.8.1 Issues in Documentation of Perioperative Phase 30.8.2 Legal and Ethical Benefits of Documentation for the Perioperative Nursing Faculty 30.8.3 Issues in Recording the Unusual Situation 30.8.4 Issues in Computerized Recording 30.8.5 Legal and Ethical Issues in Use of Drug, Device Administration in the Perioperative Phase 30.8.6 Faculty Device Usage in Perioperative Phase 30.9 Perioperative Nursing Care Issues 30.10 Bioethical Issues in Perioperative Nursing 30.10.1 In Reproductive Sterilization Method 30.10.2 Abortion 30.10.3 Human Experimentation Research Issues 30.10.4 Issues in Research of Foetal and Stem Cell 30.10.5 Issues in Treating Patients with HIV and Other Infection 30.10.6 Issues in Quality of Life of Surgical Client 30.10.7 Euthanasia 30.10.8 Do Not Resuscitation Order and Right-to-Die, Death and Dying Issues 30.10.9 Organ Donation and Transplantation 30.10.10 Death and Dying Issues 30.11 Role of the Perioperative Nurse 30.11.1 Anaesthesia Provider 30.11.2 Circulator or Circulatory Nurse 30.11.3 Non-sterile Team Members 30.11.4 Perianaesthesia Nurse 30.11.5 Scrubbing Nursing or Scrub Nurse 30.11.6 Sterile Team Members 30.11.7 Surgeon 30.11.8 Surgical Assistant Index