Industrial Chemistry

Description

Industrial Chemistry is a book that brings the subject matter of a chemistry curriculum to life. Comprehensibly written, it examines the major chemistry performed by industry and looks at how such chemical processes affect our lives. In addition, as each process is presented and examined, there is a significant discussion dedicated to the by-products, pollution, necessary waste generated, and attempts to make each process ecologically friendlier, or‚‘greener’. It bridges the divide between the basic chemistry that students learn in their undergraduate curriculum, and the broader chemical processes that are used in real life. Fits each chemical process into a greater whole Includes numerous color diagrams, figures and tables Addresses: Academics lacking appreciation of industrial concerns and industrial chemists feeling academics do not teach enough applied chemistry Preface 1 Overview and Introduction to the Chemical Industry 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Listing of U.S. Top 50 Chemical Producers 1.3 List of Top Chemical ProducersWorldwide 1.4 Employment 1.5 Recycling 2 Sulfuric Acid 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Methods of Production, Sulfur 2.3 Methods of Production, Sulfuric Acid 2.3.1 The Contact Process 2.3.2 The Wet Sulfuric Acid Process 2.4 Volume of Production and Sales 2.5 Uses 2.5.1 Production of Phosphoric Acid 2.5.2 Production of AluminumSulfate 2.6 Recycling 3 Major Industrial Gases 3.1 Introduction, Air Liquefaction 3.2 Helium 3.3 Helium Uses 3.4 Air Liquefaction 3.5 Oxygen 3.5.1 Storage and Uses 3.6 Nitrogen 3.6.1 Major Uses 3.7 Argon 3.7.1 Major Uses 3.8 Carbon Dioxide 3.8.1 Carbon Dioxide Uses 3.9 Pollution, Recycling, By-Product Uses 4 Nitrogen Compounds 4.1 Inorganic Nitrogen Compounds 4.2 Ammonia 4.2.1 Introduction and History194.2.2 Sources of Starting Materials 4.2.3 Reaction Chemistry 4.2.4 Uses 4.3 Nitric Acid 4.4 Ammonium Nitrate 4.5 Adipic Acid 4.6 Urea 4.7 Ammonium Sulfate 4.7.1 Pollution 4.7.2 Recycling Possibilities 5 Chemicals from Limestone 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Lime 5.3 Sodium Carbonate 5.3.1 Soda Ash Uses 5.3.2 Sodium Bicarbonate Uses 5.4 Calcium Chloride 5.4.1 Uses 5.5 Pollution and Recycling 6 Sodium Chloride 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Methods of Recovery, Production, and Extraction 6.2.1 Evaporation 6.2.2 Mining 6.2.3 Uses 6.3 Chemicals Produced From Sodium Chloride 6.3.1 Sodium Hydroxide Production 6.3.2 The Mercury Cell 6.3.3 The Diaphragm Cell 6.3.4 The Membrane Cell 6.3.5 Production Statistics 6.4 Uses of NaOH 6.5 Chlorine 6.5.1 Uses of Chlorine 6.6 Hydrochloric Acid 6.6.1 Production of Hydrochloric Acid 6.6.2 Uses of Hydrochloric Acid 6.7 Titanium Dioxide 6.7.1 Production of Titanium Dioxide 6.7.2 Uses of Titanium Dioxide 6.8 Recycling407 Further Inorganics 7.1 Carbon black 7.2 Producers 7.3 Production Methods 7.4 Uses 7.5 Recycling 7.6 Potash 7.6.1 Producers 7.7 Production by Country 7.8 Recycling 7.9 Sodium Tri-Poly-Phosphate 7.10 Producers 7.11 Production 7.12 Uses 7.13 Recycling 8 Water 8.1 Introduction, Sources 8.2 Purification Techniques 8.2.1 Desalination 8.2.2 Sewage Treatment 8.3 Uses, Residential 8.4 Uses, Industrial 8.5 High Purity Water, Uses 8.6 Recycling 8.7 Further 9 Simple Organics from Petroleum 9.1 Introduction and History 9.2 Sources, Geographically 9.3 Extractive Techniques 9.3.1 Offshore 9.3.2 Onshore 9.4 Refining and Distillation 9.4.1 Simple De-Salting 9.4.2 Distillation 9.4.3 Hydrotreating or Hydroprocessing 9.4.4 Cracking or Hydrocracking 9.4.5 Coking 9.4.6 Visbreaking 9.4.7 Steamcracking 9.4.8 Catalytic Reformers639.4.9 Alkylation 9.4.10 Removal of the C1 or Natural Gas Fraction 9.4.11 Sulfur Recovery 9.5 Pollution 9.6 Recycling and By-Product Uses 10 The C1 Fraction 10.1 Methane 10.2 Methanol 10.2.1 Production 10.2.2 Uses 10.3 Other Oxygenated C1 Chemicals 10.3.1 Production 10.3.2 Uses 10.4 CFCs and HFCs 10.4.1 Production 10.4.2 Nomenclature 10.5 Elemental Hydrogen Production from Methane 10.6 Pollution and Recycling 11 The C2 Fraction and Ethylene Chemistry 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Ethane 11.3 Ethylene 11.3.1 Acetaldehyde and Acetic Acid 11.3.2 Ethylene Dichloride (also, Ethylene Chloride, or 1,2-Dichloroethane) 11.3.3 Vinyl Chloride 11.3.4 Ethylene Oxide and Ethylene Glycol 11.3.5 Vinyl Acetate 11.3.6 Ethanol 11.3.7 Acetylene 11.4 Recycling 12 C3 and C4 Fraction Chemistry 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Propane 12.3 Propylene 12.4 Acrylonitrile 12.5 Propylene Oxide and Propylene Chlorohydrin 12.6 Isopropanol 12.7 Cumene8312.8 Acetone and Phenol 12.9 Butane 12.10 The 1,3-Butadiene Isomers 12.11 Recycling Possibilities 13 Liquid Organic Fuels 13.1 Gasoline 13.2 Octane Number 13.3 Additives 13.4 Jet Fuels 13.5 Diesel 13.6 Liquefied Petroleum Gas 13.7 Biofuels, Pollution, and Recycling 14 Aromatics and Their Derivatives 14.1 Benzene 14.1.1 Catalytic Reforming or Steam Cracking 14.1.2 Toluene Hydrodealkylation 14.1.3 Toluene Disproportionation 14.2 Ethylbenzene 14.3 Cyclohexane 14.4 Nitrobenzene 14.5 Toluene 14.5.1 Caprolactam 14.5.2 Trinitrotoluene 14.5.3 Toluene Diisocyanate 14.6 Xylene 14.7 Pollution and Recycling 15 Polymers 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Resin Identification Codes, RIC 1–6 15.3 Thermoplastics 15.4 Thermosets 15.5 Polyethylene Terephthalate (PETE) 15.6 Low Density Polyethylene and High Density Polyethylene (LDPE and HDPE) 15.7 Polypropylene (PP) 15.8 Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) 15.9 Polystyrene (PS) 15.10 Pollution, Recycling Possibilities, and By-Product Uses 15.10.1 PETE10715.10.2 Polyethylene, Polypropylene, and Polyvinyl Chloride 15.10.3 Polystyrene 16 Coatings and Adhesives 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Coating Types 16.3 Adhesives and Binders 16.4 Fillers 16.5 Pigments 16.5.1 Recycling 17 Fertilizers and Pesticides 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Nitrogen-Containing Materials 17.3 Phosphorus-Containing Materials 17.4 Potassium Containing Materials 17.5 Mixed Fertilizers 17.5.1 Production of Mixed Fertilizers 17.6 Pesticides 17.6.1 Herbicides 17.6.2 Insecticides 17.7 Pollution and Recycling 18 The Paper Industry 18.1 Introduction: The Chemical Composition of Wood 18.1.1 Cellulose 18.1.2 Hemicellulose 18.1.3 Lignin 18.2 Virgin Papers 18.3 Kraft Process (a.k.a. the Sulfate Process) 18.3.1 By-Product, Lignin 18.3.2 Tall Oil 18.4 High Quality Papers – Acid Sulfite Process 18.5 Steps in Paper Manufacturing 18.6 Paper Uses 18.7 Paper Re-Cycling 18.8 Low Grade Papers 19 Pharmaceuticals 19.1 Introduction 19.2 The Top 100 Prescription Medicines Sold 19.3 Over the Counter Drugs13619.4 Drug Synthesis 19.4.1 Synthesis of Common Medicines 19.5 Recycling 20 Surfactants and Detergents 20.1 Introduction and Historical Production 20.2 Current Syntheses 20.2.1 Anionic Surfactants 20.2.2 Cationic Surfactants 20.2.3 Zwitterionic or Di-Ionic Surfactants 20.2.4 Non-Ionic Surfactants 20.3 Function of Surfactants 20.4 Additives 20.5 Artisanal Soap Making 20.6 Recycling 21 Rubber 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Sources 21.2.1 Natural Rubber 21.2.2 Synthetic Rubber 21.2.3 Vulcanization 21.3 Major Uses 21.3.1 Synthetic Isoprene Rubber 21.3.2 Poly-Butadiene Rubber 21.4 Other Elastomers 21.5 Recycling 22 Silicon 22.1 Introduction, Purification of Silicon 22.1.1 Ferrosilicon 22.2 High purity Silicon, Uses 22.3 Silicones 22.3.1 Production of Silicones 22.3.2 Uses and Features of Silicones 22.4 Silicon Dioxide 22.5 Recycling 22.5.1 Recycling of Silicon 22.5.2 Recycling of Silicones 22.5.3 Recycling of Silica 23 Iron and Steel 23.1 Introduction and Historical Production 23.2 Ore sources 23.3 Current Iron Production 23.3.1 Blast Furnace 23.4 Steel Production 23.5 By-Products 23.6 Recycling 24 Aluminum 24.1 Introduction and History 24.2 Bauxite Sources 24.3 Production Methods 24.4 Major Industrial Uses 24.5 By-Products 24.6 Recycling 25 Copper 25.1 History 25.2 Ore Sources 25.3 Producers 25.4 Production Methods 25.5 Major Industrial Uses 25.5.1 Wire, Piping,Machinery, and Alloys 25.5.2 Coinage 25.6 Brass 25.7 Bronze 25.8 Recycling 26 OtherMajor Metals for Industrial Use 26.1 Titanium 26.1.1 Sources 26.1.2 Worldwide Production 26.1.3 Extraction Chemistry, Reactions 26.1.4 Volume Produced Annually 26.1.5 Major Uses 26.2 Chromium 26.2.1 Sources 26.2.2 Extraction Chemistry, Reactions 26.2.3 Major Uses 26.3 Mercury 26.3.1 Sources 26.3.2 Volume Produced Annually 26.3.3 Major Uses 26.4 Gold 26.4.1 Introduction 26.4.2 Sources 26.4.3 Extraction Chemistry 26.4.4 Major Uses 26.5 Silver 26.5.1 Introduction 26.5.2 Sources 26.5.3 Extraction Chemistry 26.5.4 Major Uses 26.6 Platinum Group Metals (PGM) 26.6.1 Introduction 26.6.2 Sources 26.6.3 Extraction Chemistry 26.6.4 Major Uses 26.7 Uranium 26.7.1 Introduction and History 26.7.2 Sources 26.7.3 Major Uses 26.7.4 Recycling 27 Materials 27.1 Introduction, Silicates 27.2 Enamel 27.2.1 Introduction 27.2.2 Production 27.2.3 Uses of Enamel 27.3 Ceramics 27.3.1 Introduction and Classifications 27.3.2 Production 27.3.3 Major Uses 27.4 Metal Foams 27.4.1 Production 27.4.2 Uses 27.5 Carbon Materials 27.5.1 Introduction 27.5.2 Bucky Ball Fullerenes 27.5.3 Tubular Fullerenes 27.5.4 Major Uses 27.6 Pollution, Recycling, and By-Product Uses