Organic and Biological Chemistry

Description

Cover IFC Insert-1 Insert-2 Title Statement Copyright Brief Contents Contents Preface Ch 1: Saturated Hydrocarbons Ch 1: Chapter Outline Ch 1: Introduction 1-1: Organic and Inorganic Compounds 1-2: Bonding Characteristics of the Carbon Atom 1-3: Hydrocarbons and Hydrocarbon Derivatives 1-4: Alkanes: Acyclic Saturated Hydrocarbons 1-5: Structural Formulas 1-6: Alkane Isomerism 1-7: Conformations of Alkanes 1-8: IUPAC Nomenclature for Alkanes 1-9: Line-Angle Structural Formulas for Alkanes 1-10: Classification of Carbon Atoms 1-11: Branched-Chain Alkyl Groups 1-12: Cycloalkanes 1-13: IUPAC Nomenclature for Cycloalkanes 1-14: Isomerism in Cycloalkanes 1-15: Sources of Alkanes and Cycloalkanes 1-16: Physical Properties of Alkanes and Cycloalkanes 1-17: Chemical Properties of Alkanes and Cycloalkanes 1-18: Halogenated Alkanes and Cycloalkanes Ch 1: Concepts to Remember Ch 1: Exercises and Problems Ch 2: Unsaturated Hydrocarbons Ch 2: Chapter Outline Ch 2: Introduction 2-1: Unsaturated Hydrocarbons 2-2: Characteristics of Alkenes and Cycloalkenes 2-3: Nomenclature for Alkenes and Cycloalkenes 2-4: Line-Angle Structural Formulas for Alkenes 2-5: Constitutional Isomerism in Alkenes 2-6: Isomerism in Alkenes 2-7: Naturally Occurring Alkenes 2-8: Physical Properties of Alkenes and Cycloalkenes 2-9: Preparation of Alkenes 2-10: Chemical Reactions of Alkenes 2-11: Polymerization of Alkenes: Addition Polymers 2-12: Alkynes 2-13: Aromatic Hydrocarbons 2-14: Nomenclature for Aromatic Hydrocarbons 2-15: Properties of and Sources for Aromatic Hydrocarbons 2-16: Fused-Ring Aromatic Hydrocarbons Ch 2: Concepts to Remember Ch 2: Exercises and Problems Ch 3: Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers Ch 3: Chapter Outline Ch 3: Introduction 3-1: Bonding Characteristics of Oxygen Atoms in Organic Compounds 3-2: Structural Characteristics of Alcohols 3-3: Nomenclature for Alcohols 3-4: Isomerism for Alcohols 3-5: Important Commonly Encountered Alcohols 3-6: Physical Properties of Alcohols 3-7: Preparation of Alcohols 3-8: Classification of Alcohols 3-9: Chemical Reactions of Alcohols 3-10: Structural Characteristics of Phenols 3-11: Nomenclature for Phenols 3-12: Physical and Chemical Properties of Phenols 3-13: Occurrence of and Uses for Phenols 3-14: Structural Characteristics of Ethers 3-15: Nomenclature for Ethers 3-16: Occurrence of and Uses for Ethers 3-17: Isomerism for Ethers 3-18: Physical and Chemical Properties of Ethers 3-19: Cyclic Ethers 3-20: Thiols: Sulfur Analogs of Alcohols 3-21: Thioethers: Sulfur Analogs of Ethers Ch 3: Concepts to Remember Ch 3: Exercises and Problems Ch 4: Aldehydes and Ketones Ch 4: Chapter Outline Ch 4: Introduction 4-1: The Carbonyl Group 4-2: Compounds Containing a Carbonyl Group 4-3: The Aldehyde and Ketone Functional Groups 4-4: Nomenclature for Aldehydes 4-5: Nomenclature for Ketones 4-6: Isomerism for Aldehydes and Ketones 4-7: Selected Common Aldehydes and Ketones 4-8: Physical Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones 4-9: Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones 4-10: Oxidation and Reduction of Aldehydes and Ketones 4-11: Reaction of Aldehydes and Ketones with Alcohols 4-12: Sulfur-Containing Carbonyl Groups Ch 4: Concepts to Remember Ch 4: Exercises and Problems Ch 5: Carboxylic Acids, Esters, and Other Acid Derivatives Ch 5: Chapter Outline Ch 5: Introduction 5-1: Structure of Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives 5-2: IUPAC Nomenclature for Carboxylic Acids 5-3: Common Names for Carboxylic Acids 5-4: Polyfunctional Carboxylic Acids 5-5: Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids 5-6: Preparation of Carboxylic Acids 5-7: Acidity of Carboxylic Acids 5-8: Carboxylic Acid Salts 5-9: Carboxylic Acid Decarboxylation Reaction 5-10: Structure of Esters 5-11: Preparation of Esters 5-12: Nomenclature for Esters 5-13: Selected Common Esters 5-14: Isomerism for Carboxylic Acids and Esters 5-15: Physical Properties of Esters 5-16: Chemical Reactions of Esters 5-17: Sulfur Analogs of Esters 5-18: Polyesters 5-19: Acid Chlorides and Acid Anhydrides 5-20: Esters and Anhydrides of Inorganic Acids Ch 5: Concepts to Remember Ch 5: Exercises and Problems Ch 6: Amines and Amides Ch 6: Chapter Outline Ch 6: Introduction 6-1: Bonding Characteristics of Nitrogen Atoms in Organic Compounds 6-2: Structure and Classification of Amines 6-3: Nomenclature for Amines 6-4: Isomerism for Amines 6-5: Physical Properties of Amines 6-6: Basicity of Amines 6-7: Reaction of Amines with Acids 6-8: Alkylation of Ammonia and Amines 6-9: Heterocyclic Amines 6-10: Selected Biochemically Important Amines 6-11: Alkaloids 6-12: Structure and Classification of Amides 6-13: Nomenclature for Amides 6-14: Selected Amides and Their Uses 6-15: Basicity of Amides 6-16: Physical Properties of Amides 6-17: Preparation of Amides 6-16: Hydrolysis of Amides 6-19: Polyamides and Polyurethanes Ch 6: Concepts to Remember Ch 6: Exercises and Problems Ch 7: Carbohydrates Ch 7: Chapter Outline Ch 7: Introduction 7-1: Biochemistry—An Overview 7-2: Occurrence and Functions of Carbohydrates 7-3: Classification of Carbohydrates 7-4: Chirality: Handedness in Molecules 7-5: Stereoisomerism: Enantiomers and Diastereomers 7-6: Designating Handedness Using Fischer Projection Formulas 7-7: Properties of Enantiomers 7-8: Classification of Monosaccharides 7-9: Biochemically Important Monosaccharides 7-10: Cyclic Forms of Monosaccharides 7-11: Haworth Projection Formulas 7-12: Reactions of Monosaccharides 7-13: Disaccharides 7-14: Oligosaccharides 7-15: General Characteristics of Polysaccharides 7-16: Storage Polysaccharides 7-17: Structural Polysaccharides 7-18: Acidic Polysaccharides 7-19: Dietary Considerations and Carbohydrates 7-20: Glycolipids and Glycoproteins: Cell Recognition Ch 7: Concepts to Remember Ch 7: Exercises and Problems Ch 8: Lipids Ch 8: Chapter Outline Ch 8: Introduction 8-1: Structure and Classification of Lipids 8-2: Types of Fatty Acids 8-3: Physical Properties of Fatty Acids 8-4: Energy-Storage Lipids: Triacylglycerols 8-5: Dietary Considerations and Triacylglycerols 8-6: Chemical Reactions of Triacylglycerols 8-7: Membrane Lipids: Phospholipids 8-8: Membrane Lipids: Sphingoglycolipids 8-9: Membrane Lipids: Cholesterol 8-10: Cell Membranes 8-11: Emulsification Lipids: Bile Acids 8-12: Messenger Lipids: Steroid Hormones 8-13: Messenger Lipids: Eicosanoids 8-14: Protective-Coating Lipids: Biological Waxes 8-15: Saponifiable and Nonsaponifiable Lipids Ch 8: Concepts to Remember Ch 8: Exercises and Problems Ch 9: Proteins Ch 9: Chapter Outline Ch 9: Introduction 9-1: Characteristics of Proteins 9-2: Amino Acids: The Building Blocks for Proteins 9-3: Essential Amino Acids 9-4: Chirality and Amino Acids 9-5: Acid–Base Properties of Amino Acids 9-6: Cysteine: A Chemically Unique Amino Acid 9-7: Peptides 9-8: Biochemically Important Small Peptides 9-9: General Structural Characteristics of Proteins 9-10: Primary Structure of Proteins 9-11: Secondary Structure of Proteins 9-12: Tertiary Structure of Proteins 9-13: Quaternary Structure of Proteins 9-14: Protein Hydrolysis 9-15: Protein Denaturation 9-16: Protein Classification Based on Shape 9-17: Protein Classification Based on Function 9-18: Glycoproteins 9-19: Lipoproteins Ch 9: Concepts to Remember Ch 9: Exercises and Problems Ch 10: Enzymes and Vitamins Ch 10: Chapter Outline Ch 10: Introduction 10-1: General Characteristics of Enzymes 10-2: Enzyme Structure 10-3: Nomenclature and Classification of Enzymes 10-4: Models of Enzyme Action 10-5: Enzyme Specificity 10-6: Factors That Affect Enzyme Activity 10-7: Extremozymes 10-8: Enzyme Inhibition 10-9: Regulation of Enzyme Activity 10-10: Prescription Drugs That Inhibit Enzyme Activity 10-11: Medical Uses of Enzymes 10-12: General Characteristics of Vitamins 10-13: Water-Soluble Vitamins: Vitamin C 10-14: Water-Soluble Vitamins: The B Vitamins 10-15: Fat-Soluble Vitamins Ch 10: Concepts to Remember Ch 10: Exercises and Problems Ch 11: Nucleic Acids Ch 11: Chapter Outline Ch 11: Introduction 11-1: Types of Nucleic Acids 11-2: Nucleotides: Structural Building Blocks for Nucleic Acids 11-3: Nucleotide Formation 11-4: Primary Nucleic Acid Structure 11-5: The DNA Double Helix 11-6: Replication of DNA Molecules 11-7: Overview of Protein Synthesis 11-8: Ribonucleic Acids 11-9: Transcription: RNA Synthesis 11-10: The Genetic Code 11-11: Anticodons and tRNA Molecules 11-12: Translation: Protein Synthesis 11-13: Mutations 11-14: Nucleic Acids and Viruses 11-15: Recombinant DNA and Genetic Engineering 11-16: The Polymerase Chain Reaction Ch 11: Concepts to Remember Ch 11: Exercises and Problems Ch 12: Biochemical Energy Production Ch 12: Chapter Outline Ch 12: Introduction 12-1: Metabolism 12-2: Metabolism and Cell Structure 12-3: Important Nucleotide-Containing Compounds in Metabolic Pathways 12-4: Important Carboxylate Ions in Metabolic Pathways 12-5: High-Energy Phosphate Compounds 12-6: An Overview of Biochemical Energy Production 12-7: The Citric Acid Cycle 12-8: The Electron Transport Chain 12-9: Oxidative Phosphorylation 12-10: ATP Production for the Common Metabolic Pathway 12-11: Non-ETC Oxygen-Consuming Reactions 12-12: B Vitamins and the Common Metabolic Pathway Ch 12: Concepts to Remember Ch 12: Exercises and Problems Ch 13: Carbohydrate Metabolism Ch 13: Chapter Outline Ch 13: Introduction 13-1: Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrates 13-2: Glycolysis 13-3: Fates of Pyruvate 13-4: ATP Production from the Complete Oxidation of Glucose 13-5: Glycogen Synthesis and Degradation 13-6: Gluconeogenesis 13-7: Terminology for Glucose Metabolic Pathways 13-8: The Pentose Phosphate Pathway 13-9: Hormonal Control of Carbohydrate Metabolism 13-10: B Vitamins and Carbohydrate Metabolism Ch 13: Concepts to Remember Ch 13: Exercises and Problems Ch 14: Lipid Metabolism Ch 14: Chapter Outline Ch 14: Introduction 14-1: Digestion and Absorption of Lipids 14-2: Triacylglycerol Storage and Mobilization 14-3: Glycerol Metabolism 14-4: Oxidation of Fatty Acids 14-5: ATP Production from Fatty Acid Oxidation 14-6: Ketone Bodies and Ketogenesis 14-7: Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids: Lipogenesis 14-8: Relationships Between Lipogenesis and Citric Acid Cycle Intermediates 14-9: Fate of Fatty-Acid-Generated Acetyl CoA 14-10: Relationships Between Lipid and Carbohydrate Metabolism 14-11: B Vitamins and Lipid Metabolism Ch 14: Concepts to Remember Ch 14: Exercises and Problems Ch 15: Protein Metabolism Ch 15: Chapter Outline Ch 15: Introduction 15-1: Protein Digestion and Absorption 15-2: Amino Acid Utilization 15-3: Transamination and Oxidative Deamination 15-4: The Urea Cycle 15-5: Amino Acid Carbon Skeletons 15-6: Amino Acid Biosynthesis 15-7: Hemoglobin Catabolism 15-8: Proteins and the Element Sulfur 15-9: Interrelationships Among Metabolic Pathways 15-10: B Vitamins and Protein Metabolism Ch 15: Concepts to Remember Ch 15: Exercises and Problems Answers to Selected Exercises Index/Glossary IBC