Endophytes: Mineral Nutrient Management

Description

The challenges to meet the food requirement of the burgeoning population and stabilized productivity of agriculture lands can only be met by a second green revolution. After steadily declining for over a decade hunger is on the rise again, affecting million people of the global population. Therefore, crop yields must be increased substantially over the coming decades to keep pace with global food demand. The plant rhizosphere is a multidimensional and dynamic ecological environment of complicated microbe–plant interactions for harnessing essential macro and micronutrients from a limited nutrient pool. This book will showcase naturally-occurring endophyte which can be explored for nutrient mineralization and mobilization for sustainable agriculture. This will cover recent trends, prospects, critical commentaries and advancement in the research area focusing on naturally-occurring beneficial endophytic microbes. Thus, it is proposed to bring out new scientific insights and frontiers of research that have exploration of endophyte for mineral nutrient management in soil and crops. The chapters are contributed by leading scientists across the globe. The book will be useful to agronomists, microbiologists, ecologists, plant pathologists, molecular biologists, environmentalists, policy makers, conservationists, and NGOs working for the crop production and productivity development and consequently over all agricultural significance. Preface Contents Contributors Part IEndophytes in Agriculture 1 Endophytes in Mineral Nutrient Management: Introduction 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Frontiers of Endophyte 1.2.1 Avenues in Pharmaceuticals 1.2.2 Fungal Endophytes 1.2.3 Spore Bearing Endophyte Enhancing Plant Nutrient Uptake 1.2.4 Endophyte for Crop Protection 1.2.5 Phosphorus Management by Endophytes 1.2.6 Endophytes: Ecological Advances 1.2.7 PGPB: Nutrient Use Efficiency 1.2.8 Iron Management: Endophytes in Siderophore Production 1.2.9 Endophyte: Biotechnology and Bioinformatics 1.3 Conclusions References 2 Bioefficacy of Endophytes in the Control of Plant Diseases 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Bacterial Endophytes as BCAs 2.2.1 Antagonism 2.2.2 Induction Disease Resistance in Plants 2.2.3 Parasitism 2.3 Fungal Endophytes 2.3.1 Clavicipitaceous Fungal Endophytes (Grass-Endophytes Interactions) 2.3.2 Non-Clavicipitaceous Fungal Endophytes 2.3.3 Mechanisms of Biological Control by Fungal Endophytes 2.4 The Relation Between Nutrient Management and Biological Control 2.5 Conclusions References 3 Microbial Endophytes: Sustainable Approach for Managing Phosphorus Deficiency in Agricultural Soils 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Phosphorus Availability in Soil 3.3 Colonization of Endophytic Microbes in Tissues 3.3.1 Rhizosphere and Root Colonization 3.3.2 Colonization of Aerial Plant Tissues 3.4 Occurrence and Diversity of Bacterial Endophytes 3.5 Phosphorus Solubilization by Endophytic Microorganisms 3.5.1 Phosphate Solubilization by Endophytic Bacteria 3.5.2 Phosphate Solubilization by Endophytic Fungi 3.6 Beneficial Traits of Endophytic Microorganisms 3.6.1 Nitrogen Fixation by Endophytes 3.6.2 Phytohormone 3.6.3 Endophytic Microbes as a Biocontrol Agent 3.6.4 Endophytes in ACC Deaminase and Stress Amelioration 3.6.5 Metals Solubilization by Endophytes 3.7 Inoculation Responses of Endophytes on Plants 3.8 The Genetics Involved in Endophytic Behavior and Phosphate Solubilization 3.9 Conclusion References 4 Cattle Dung Manure Microbiota as a Substitute for Mineral Nutrients and Growth Management Practices in Plants 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Microbiology of Dung 4.3 Dung: Bioresource of Energy 4.4 Dung: Source of Industrial Products 4.5 Dung and the Mineral Nutrients Management 4.6 Dung on Nutrient Uptake in Plants 4.7 Dung Applications: Success and Bottleneck 4.8 Effect of the Blending of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers 4.9 Dung in Agrobiological Practices References 5 Fluorescent Pseudomonads in Iron Chelation and Plant Growth Promotion in Abiotic Stresses 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Interaction Between Deleterious Rhizo Bacteria (DRB) and PGPR 5.3 Iron Deficiency and Siderophore Production 5.4 Siderophores 5.5 Plant Responses to Salinity 5.6 Unavailability of Iron in Saline Soils 5.7 Avoidance of Iron Limitation in Saline Soils 5.8 Fluorescent Pseudomonads—A Sustainable Solution for Iron Limitation in Saline Soils 5.9 Root Colonization and Plant Growth Promotion 5.10 Effect of Iron and PH Levels 5.11 Effect of Iron on Antagonism 5.12 Influence of Amino Acids, Organic Acids, and Sugars on Growth, Fluorescence, and Siderophore Production 5.13 Siderophores as Iron Storage Compounds 5.14 Conclusion and Future Aspects References Part IIEndophytes and Mineral Nutrition 6 Microbial Endophytes: New Direction to Natural Sources 6.1 Introduction 6.2 What Is Endophyte? 6.3 Classification of Endophytic Fungi 6.4 Plant Defense Responses in Relation to Endophyte-Pathogen and Host Plant 6.5 Plant Growth Stimulating Endophytic Bacteria 6.6 Biodiversity of Bacterial Endophytes 6.7 Interactions of Endophytes and the Host Plant 6.8 Endophytes and Abiotic Stresses 6.9 Antimicrobial Activity of Endophytes 6.10 Endophytic Bioactive Alkaloids 6.11 Endophytes in Agriculture and Medicine: Future Prospects References 7 Tropical Endophytic Bacillus Species Enhance Plant Growth and Nutrient Uptake in Cereals 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Plant Colonizing Endophytic Bacteria 7.3 Endophytic Bacillus and Plant Growth Promotion in Tropical Soils 7.4 Bacillus in Post-Genomic Era 7.5 Commercialization and Challenge of Bacillus Biotechnological Products 7.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects References 8 Biotechnology and Bioinformatics of Endophytes in Biocontrol, Bioremediation, and Plant Growth Promotion 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Definition of Endophytes 8.3 Endophytes Ongoing Researches and Major Trends 8.4 Endophyte Taxonomic Affinities 8.5 Endophyte Lifestyle 8.6 Plant Growth-Promoting Mechanisms 8.6.1 Atmospheric Nitrogen Fixation 8.6.2 Phosphorus Solubilization 8.6.3 Siderophore Production 8.6.4 Phytohormones Synthesis and Regulation 8.6.5 Production of Cell Wall-Degrading Enzymes 8.6.6 Hydrogen Cyanide Production (HCN) 8.6.7 Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) 8.6.8 Competition for Space and Nutrients 8.6.9 Antibiosis and Antibiotics 8.6.10 Detoxification and Degradation of Pathogens Virulence Factors 8.6.11 Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR) 8.7 Biological Applications of Endophytic Microorganisms 8.8 Omic Approaches for Endophytes 8.9 Conclusion and Prospects References 9 Phosphate Solubilization by Endophytes from the Tropical Plants 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Phosphorus Solubilization by Microorganisms 9.3 Endophytic Microorganisms: A Way to Reduce the Application of Agrochemicals in Agrobiology Systems 9.4 Endophytic Bacteria from Tropical Plants of Economic Importance: Phosphorus Solubilization Potential 9.4.1 Endophytic Bacteria from Coffea arabica 9.4.2 Endophytic Bacteria from Jatropha curcas 9.4.3 Plant Growth-Promoting Potential of Phosphate Solubilization by Endophytic Bacteria Isolated from Tropical Mangrove Forests 9.4.4 The Agronomic Potential of Phosphate Solubilization by Endophytic Fungi from the Tropical Savanna 9.5 Conclusion References Part IIIBeneficial Microbes and Mineral Nutrient Management 10 Endophytic Actinobacteria Associated with Mycorrhizal Spores and Their Benefits to Plant Growth 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Endophytic Actinobacteria from Mycorrhiza 10.3 Plant Growth-Promoting (PGP) Activities of Endophytic Actinobacteria 10.3.1 Endophytic Actinobacteria Associated with Nutrient Uptake in Plants 10.3.2 Biocontrol Activities of Endophytic Actinobacteria 10.3.3 Phytohormone Production by Endophytic Actinobacteria 10.4 Beneficial Effects of Endophytic Actinobacteria on Plant 10.5 Conclusions References 11 Endophytes as Plant Nutrient Uptake-Promoter in Plants 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Enhancing Plant Nutrient Uptake 11.3 Endophytes Mediated Mechanisms of Action to Enhance Nutrients Uptake 11.4 Plant Growth Under Alleviation of Stress Conditions 11.5 Conclusion References 12 Endophytic Rhizobacteria for Mineral Nutrients Acquisition in Plants: Possible Functions and Ecological Advantages 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Putative Functions of Endophytic PGPR for Mineral Nutrients Acquisition in Plants 12.2.1 Endophytic Rhizobacteria and Nitrogen Acquisition in Plants 12.2.2 Endophytic Rhizobacteria and Potassium Acquisition in Plants 12.2.3 Endophytic Rhizobacteria and Phosphorus Acquisition in Plants 12.2.4 Endophytic Rhizobacteria in Zinc Acquisition in Plants 12.2.5 Endophytic Rhizobacteria and Iron Acquisition in Plants 12.3 Ecological Significance of Endophytes in Mineral Nutrients Acquisition by Plants 12.4 Conclusions and Future Prospects References 13 Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria: Effective Tools for Increasing Nutrient Use Efficiency and Yield of Crops 13.1 Introduction 13.1.1 Organic Manures: An Alternative Source of Plant Nutrients 13.2 Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria 13.2.1 Potential Role of Microbes in Nutrient Availability 13.2.2 Nutrient Use Efficiency (NUE) 13.2.3 PGPRs in NUE Enhancement 13.3 Impact on Crop Yield Enhancement 13.4 Conclusion References 14 Siderophore in Plant Nutritional Management: Role of Endophytic Bacteria 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Types of Siderophore 14.3 Shuttling Mechanism Through Siderophore Mediated Iron Transporter System 14.4 Cell Membrane Siderophore Receptors 14.5 Channel of Fe Transportation in Microbes and Plants 14.6 Approaches Use in Fe and Zn Acquisition by Plants 14.7 Occupations of Siderophore-PGPR in Crop Field 14.8 Conclusion References 15 Conclusion References Index