Algae: Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Biotechnology

Description

A single-source reference on the biology of algae, the third edition of Algae: Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Biotechnology examines the most important taxa and structures for freshwater, marine, and terrestrial forms of algae. Its comprehensive coverage goes from algae's historical role through its taxonomy and ecology to its natural product possibilities. In this update, the authors have gathered a significant amount of new material, including: • more information on macroalgae • detailed description of biotic associations • updated description of biomass cultivation systems • coverage of different "omic" approaches and tools used in algal investigation • an expanded and updated algae utilization chapter The book's unifying theme is the important role of algae in the earth's self-regulating life support system and its function within restorative models of planetary health. It also discusses algae's biotechnological applications, including potential nutritional and pharmaceutical products. Written for students as well as researchers, teachers, and professionals in the field of phycology and applied phycology, this new full-color edition is both illuminating and inspiring. Cover Half Title Title Copyright Dedication Contents Preface Authors’ Biographies Introduction Chapter 1 General Overview Definition Classification Summaries of the 12 Algal Phyla Cyanobacteria Glaucophyta Rhodophyta Prasinodermatophyta and Chlorophyta Charophyta Haptophyta Cryptophyta Ochrophyta Miozoa—Dinophyceae Cercozoa—Chlorarachniophyceae Euglenozoa—Euglenophyceae Structure of Thallus—Cytomorphological Types Unicells and Unicell Colonial Type Filamentous Type Siphonocladous Type Siphonous Type Parenchymatous and Pseudo-Parenchymatous Type Palmelloid Type Nutrition Reproduction Vegetative and Asexual Reproduction Binary Fission or Cellular Bisection Zoospores, Aplanospores, and Autospores Autocolony Formation Fragmentation Resting Stages Sexual Reproduction Haplontic or Zygotic Life Cycle Diplontic or Gametic Life Cycle Diplohaplontic or Sporic Life Cycle Occurrence and Distribution Biotic Interactions Viruses Bacteria Arthropods Amphibians Reptiles Other Animals and Humans Extreme Habitats Cold Environments Hot Environments Dry Environments Space Endosymbiosis and the Origin of Eukaryotic Photosynthesis Chapter 2 Biogeochemical Role of Algae The Roles of Algae in Biogeochemistry The Oxygen and Carbon Cycles The Nitrogen Cycle The Phosphorus Cycle The Iron Cycle The Silicon Cycle The Sulfur Cycle Limiting Nutrients Chapter 3 Anatomy Cytomorphology and Ultrastructure Outside the Cell Type 1—Simple Cell Membrane Type 2—Cell Surface With Additional Extracellular Material Mucilages and Sheaths Scales Frustules Cell Walls Loricas Skeletons Type 3—Cell Surface With Additional Intracellular Material in Vesicles Type 4—Cell Surface With Additional Extracellular and Intracellular Material First Level Second Level Third Level Flagella and Associated Structures Flagellar Shape and Surface Features Flagellar Scales Flagellar Hairs Flagellar Spines Internal Features Axoneme Paraxial Rod Other Intra-Flagellar Accessory Structures Transition Zone Basal Bodies Root System Glaucophyta Prasinodermatophyta, Chlorophyta, Charophyta Haptophyta Cryptophyta Ochrophyta Cercozoa—Chlorarachniophyceae Miozoa—Dinophyceae Euglenozoa—Euglenophyceae How Algae Move Swimming Movements Other Than Swimming Buoyancy Control How a Flagellum Is Built: Intra-Flagellar Transport How a Flagellar Motor Works How a Paraxial Rod Works The Photoreceptor Apparatus Types of Photoreceptive Systems Type I Type II Type III Photoreceptive Proteins Behavioral and Physiological Features Sampling Strategies Trajectory Control Signal Transmission An Example: Photoreceptor and Photoreception in Euglena Chloroplasts Cyanobacteria Glaucophyta Rhodophyta Prasinodermatophyta, Chlorophyta, Charophyta Haptophyta Cryptophyta Ochrophyta Cercozoa—Chlorarachniophyceae Miozoa—Dinophyceae Euglenozoa—Euglenophyceae The Nucleus, Nuclear Division, and Cytokinesis Rhodophyta Prasinodermatophyta, Chlorophyta, Charophyta Cryptophyta Miozoa—Dinophyceae Euglenozoa—Euglenophyceae Ejectile Organelles and Feeding Apparatus Prasinodermatophyta, Chlorophyta, Charophyta Haptophyta Cryptophyta Ochrophyta Cercozoa—Chlorarachiophyceae Miozoa—Dinophyceae Euglenozoa—Euglenophyceae Chapter 4 Photosynthesis Light Photosynthesis Light-Dependent Reactions PSII and PSI: Structure, Function, and Organization ATP—Synthase ETC Components Electron Transport: The Z-Scheme Proton Transport: Mechanism of Photosynthetic Phosphorylation Pigment Distribution in PSII and PSI Super-Complexes of Algal Division Light-Independent Reactions RuBisCO Calvin Benson Bassham Cycle Carboxylation Reduction Regeneration Photorespiration The Photosynthesis-Irradiance Response Curve (P-vs-E Curve) Photoacclimation Photosynthesis in Light-Limited Environments The Energy Relationships in Photosynthesis: The Balance Sheet Chapter 5 Culturing Collection, Storage, and Preservation Culture Types Culture Parameters Temperature Light pH Salinity Mixing Culture Vessels Media Choice and Preparation Freshwater Media Marine Media Seawater Base Nutrients, Trace Metals, and Chelators Vitamins Soil Extract Buffers Sterilization of Culture Materials Culture Methods Microalgae Batch Cultures Continuous Cultures Semi-Continuous Cultures Commercial-Scale Cultures Outdoor Ponds Photobioreactors Culture of Sessile Micro-Algae Macroalgae Onshore Cultivation Offshore Cultivation Nearshore Cultivation Integrated Multitrophic Aquaculture Quantitative Determinations of Algal Density and Growth Growth Rate and Generation Time Determinations Chapter 6 Utilization Human Food Cyanobacteria Rhodophyta Ochrophyta—Phaeophyceae Chlorophyta Animal Feed Hydrocolloids Agar Alginates Carrageenan Fertilizers Cosmetics Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals Harmful Algal Blooms and Toxins Cyanophyceae Prymnesiophyceae Bacillariophyceae Raphidophyceae Dinophyceae Algae as Tools for Environmental Monitoring Flow Cytometry Metagenomic Analysis Remote Sensing Digital Microscopy Algae as Tools for Bioremediation Heavy Metals Food Industry Wastewater Algae in a Bio-Based Economy Algae-Based Products: Use and Market Scenarios Exploitation of the Algae Potential for Different Target Markets Sustainability Chapter 7 Working With Light How Light Behaves Scattering Absorption Fluorescence Interference Reflection Refraction Dispersion Diffraction Lab Instruments The Microscope Bright Field Microscopy Steps in Establishing Köhler Illumination Numerical Aperture, Airy Disk, and Microscope Resolution CCD Cameras for Optical Microscopy Fluorescence Microscopes Light Sources for Microscopy Digital Microscopy Hardware Software An Alternative “Simple” Method for Obtaining Algae Absorption Spectra Field Instruments Radiometry Measurement Geometries: Solid Angles Radiant Energy Spectral Radiant Energy Radiant Flux (Radiant Power) Spectral Radiant Flux (Spectral Radiant Power) Radiant Flux Density (Irradiance and Radiant Exitance) Spectral Radiant Flux Density Radiance Spectral Radiance Radiant Intensity Spectral Radiant Intensity Photometry Luminous Flux (Luminous Power) Luminous Intensity Luminous Energy Luminous Flux Density (Illuminance and Luminous Exitance) Luminance Lambertian Surfaces Unit Conversion Radiant and Luminous Flux (Radiant and Luminous Power) Irradiance (Flux Density) Radiance Radiant Intensity Luminous Intensity Luminance Geometries PAR Detectors Subject Index Index