'Out of Africa': An investigation into the earliest occupation of the Old World

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In this work, the author aims to arrive at a meaningful frame of reference for the earliest occupation of Eurasia. The basis for this endeavour, and the subject of the first part of this study, is a solid chronology of occupation founded on a critical assessment of the evidence. This chronology is then compared to that of various events in and aspects of the evolution of global and regional climates and ecologies, as well as various events in and aspects of hominin evolution itself. Archaeological and biological clues to changing behaviour in Africa and Eurasia over the timespan of 2.5-0.3 Ma are assessed against the background of changing climate and environments in the second part of this work. These form the background against which an attempt is made to provide a context of behavioural and cognitive evolution leading to these earliest colonizations. The primary goal of this discussion of the earliest occupation of Eurasia therefore is not to present the earliest dates with as many dots as possible in remote corners of the World map: the primary goal is to understand how, because of which factors of change, these dots appeared By Marco Langbroek Contents.pdf Part I:Claims for early occupations of Eurasia before 1.4 Ma19 Bibliography109 PrefaceBAR.pdf Preface Brief history of this monograph Acknowledgments Introductory chapter.pdf Introductory chapter Pithecanthropus erectus, eine menschenaehnliche uebergangsform aus Java, by Eugène Dubois, 1894 List of criteria Acheulean and ‘mode 1’: introducing the ‘Movius l Uniformity and changing character of the Acheulean Time scales, inference problems and accomodating short-term variability A note on “savanna’s” Spatio-temporal gaps in the archaeological record Chimps, tools and ancestors: under the hood of Pa 1_1_INDONESI.pdf Sangiran chronostratigraphy (2): 40Ar/39Ar ages by Larick et al. Mojokerto titelbladBAR.pdf By Marco Langbroek 1_2_LONGGUPO.pdf Longgupo Yuanmou 1_3_riwat.pdf The dating arguments The recovered lithics A dilemma of interpretation The Pabbi Hills 1_4_UBEIDIYA.pdf ‘Ubeidiya ‘Ubeidiya in its Middle Eastern context Dmanisi Part II.pdf Part II 2_1_CHINA.pdf Baise: an early ‘Acheulean’ occurrence at the Bru 2_3_Atapuerca.pdf Monte Poggiolo The Ceprano skullcap When was Europe first occupied? Part III.pdf Part III 3_1_afrigrass.pdf Chapter 3.1 Inside Africa C3 and C4 grasslands, edaphic and secondary grasslands The emergence of the African savanna Emergence of the secondary savanna Savanna development and hominin evolution and biogeography Scavenging ecologies of the savannas Forging a link between African early Acheulean sites and scavenging in a secondary grassland environment Developed Oldowan Contrasting Developed Oldowan and Acheulean Implications with regard to behaviour and cognition Seasonal resource exploitation and variability selection 3_2_Movius.pdf Chapter 3.2 Out of Africa 1 and the Movius Line enigma As outlined in the previous chapter, hominins changed subsistence strategies and developed a tolerance of more seasonal environments following the emergence of the dry and more seasonal secondary grasslands in Africa after 1.7 Ma ago. Inside the African/ 4_1_Acheul2.pdf Chapter 4.1 Geographical developments in the spreading of Acheulean technology, 0.9-0.5 Ma ago A new ‘Movius line’ Re-enter the ‘Movius line’ 4_2_Boxgrove.pdf Non-handaxe context A palimpsest of activities A comparison to the African Early Acheulean and Developed Oldowan Part V.pdf Part V 5-Synthesis.pdf Chapter 5 concluding synthesis and summary Factors behind ‘Out of Africa 1’ ‘Out of Africa 2’ Turner’s hypothesis: carnivore guilds and scaveng Hunting as a key behaviour A new ‘Movius line’? Concluding summary Part VI.pdf Part VI Appendix and bibliography AppendixImpact.pdf Impacts and evolution A significant asteroid/comet impact at 0.8 Ma The formation of the Australasian strewnfield Strength and direct effects of the 0.8 Ma Australasian impact on southeast Asia Airblast and wildfire damage Presence of hominins at the time of impact Significant effects? biblio.pdf Bibliography Front Cover Title Page Copyright Dedication Contents Preface Introductory chapter Part I: Claims for early occupations of Eurasia before 1.4 Ma 1.1: On the age of the Sangiran and Mojokerto (Java, Indonesia) hominin fossil bearing sediments 1.2: On Longgupo Cave and Yuanmou, China 1.3: On Riwat and the Pabbi Hills (Pakistan): a dilemma of interpretation 1.4: On 'Ubeidiya (Israel) and Dmanisi (Georgia) 1.5: Ain Hanech (North Africa) 1.6: On the Orce basin (Spain) Part II: Claims for early occupations of Eurasia between 1.4-0.5 Ma 2.1: The Far East: China and central Asia 2.2: Southeast Asia 2.3: Western Eurasia: Southern Europe Chapter 2.4: Summary of parts I and II: when did the first ‘Out of Africa’ happen? Part III: The roots of ‘Out of Africa I’; Africa before 1 Ma, the source area Chapter 3.1: Inside Africa Chapter 3.2: Out of Africa 1 and the Movius Line enigma Part IV: Breaching the “Movius line’ and re-establishing it, and the structure of the earliest Acheulean of Europe Chapter 4.1: Geographical developments in the spreading of Acheulean technology, 0.9-0.5 Ma ago Chapter 4.2: A Veil of Handaxes: a ‘scatters and patches’ approach to the Acheulean landscape at Boxgrove, Sussex, and beyond Part V: Synthesis and concluding remarks Chapter 5: concluding synthesis and summary Part VI: Appendix and bibliography Appendix 1 Bibliography