Reactive Oxygen Species in Plants: The Right Balance

Description

The book deals with dual role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which is beneficial and harmful at below and above threshold limits, respectively. To date, the emphasis has been laid only on ROS aspects damaging/ disrupting cellular machinery and inflicting crop productivity loss. The ROS is believed to be a hallmark of both abiotic and biotic stress. However, the recent researches have unambiguously established that the ROS at below threshold confers protection against both abiotic and biotic stress, augmenting crop productivity.  This emphasizes for a proper understanding of ROS based physio-molecular mechanisms and their upgradation in crops to adapt them to stress conditions. As a result, the cultivation area of various economically important crops and their productivity and quality can be enhanced, arresting degradation of sites, improving environment quality and mitigating ill impact of climate change. The book encompasses recent information on positive and negative impact of ROS on stress tolerance mechanisms and their management in augmenting crop performance. The information has been well illustrated and categorized in several chapters crafted lucidly, maintaining connectivity and synergy with each other. The book provides up-to-date comprehensive scientific information dual role of ROS, hitherto neglected, in crop abiotic and biotic stress management that would immensely benefit and educate graduate/ post graduate students, entrepreneurs, researchers, scientists and faculty members alike.  Preface Contents About the Authors 1: Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS): An Introduction 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Genesis of Reactive Oxygen Metabolites in Plants 1.2.1 Superoxide Radical 1.2.2 Singlet Oxygen 1.2.3 Hydrogen Peroxide 1.2.4 Hydroxyl Radical 1.3 Chemistry and Activity of Reactive Oxygen Species 1.3.1 Superoxide Radical 1.3.2 Singlet Oxygen 1.3.3 Hydrogen Peroxide 1.3.4 Hydroxyl Radical 1.4 Detoxification of Reactive Oxygen Species 1.4.1 Superoxide Radical 1.4.2 Singlet Oxygen 1.5 Hydrogen Peroxide 1.6 Hydroxyl Radical 1.7 Conclusion References 2: ROS Generation in Plant Cells Orchestrated by Stress 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Abiotic Stress and ROS 2.3 Extreme Temperature Events and Stress 2.4 Water-Deficit/Logging Stress 2.5 Salinity Stress 2.6 Nutrient Deficiency Stress 2.7 Metal/Metalloids Stress 2.8 Pesticides-Induced Stress 2.9 Light Stress 2.10 Biotic Stress and ROS 2.11 Conclusion References 3: Oxidative Stress Triggered Damage to Cellular Biomolecules 3.1 Introduction 3.2 ROS Burst and Lipid Peroxidation 3.3 Oxidation of Proteins 3.4 ROS Induced Oxidation of Nucleic Acid 3.5 Conclusion References 4: Senescence and Apoptosis: ROS Contribution to Stress Tolerance or Cellular Impairment 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Senescence 4.3 ROS and Senescence 4.4 Apoptosis 4.5 ROS and Apoptosis Under Stress 4.6 Conclusion References 5: Photosynthetic Apparatus: Major Site of Oxidative Damage 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Chloroplast and Photosynthesis 5.3 Photosynthesis and Stress 5.4 Light Stress and Photosynthesis 5.5 Salinity Stress and Photosynthesis 5.6 Temperature Stress and Photosynthesis 5.7 Water Stress and Photosynthesis 5.8 Toxic Compounds and Photosynthesis 5.9 Conclusion References 6: Generation and Fate of ROS in Mitochondria 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Structure and Functions of Plant Mitochondria 6.3 ROS Production in Mitochondria Under Stress 6.4 Oxidative Damage to Mitochondrial Biomolecules 6.5 Defense Against Oxidative Damage in Mitochondria 6.6 Conclusion References 7: Peroxisomes and ROS Under Stress Conditions 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Peroxisomes: Source of ROS Under Stress 7.3 Photorespiration Mediated ROS Generation in Peroxisomes 7.4 Peroxisomal Enzymes Generating ROS 7.5 Peroxisomal Electron Transport Chain 7.6 Regulation of ROS in Peroxisomes 7.7 Oxidative Stress in Peroxisomes 7.8 Peroxisomal ROS-Mediated Signaling 7.9 Conclusion References 8: ROS Production and Function at Plasma Membrane and Apoplast 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Sources of ROS Generation in Extracellular Compartments 8.2.1 NADPH Oxidases 8.2.2 Peroxidases 8.2.3 Amine Oxidases 8.3 Apoplastic ROS in Cell Growth 8.4 Oxidative Damage Induced by Extracellular ROS Under Stress 8.4.1 Biotic Stress 8.4.2 Abiotic Stress 8.5 Antioxidants Maintaining Redox Homeostasis in Extracellular Compartments 8.6 Extracellular ROS Role in Signaling 8.7 Conclusion References 9: Antioxidant Defensive Mechanisms to Regulate Cellular Redox Homeostatic Balance 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Enzymatic Antioxidants as ROS Scavengers 9.2.1 Superoxide Dismutase (EC: 1.15.1.1) 9.2.2 Catalase (EC: 1.11.1.6) 9.2.3 Peroxidases (EC 1.11.1.7) 9.2.4 Ascorbate Peroxidase (1.11.1.11) 9.2.5 Glutathione Peroxidase (EC: 1.11.1.9) 9.2.6 Glutathione Reductase (EC: 1.6.4.2) 9.2.7 Monodehydroascorbate Reductase (EC: 1.6.5.4) 9.2.8 Dehydroascorbate Reductase (EC: 1.8.5.1) 9.2.9 Peroxiredoxin (EC: 1.11.1.15) 9.2.10 Thioredoxin and Thioredoxin Reductase (EC: 1.8.1.9) 9.3 Non-enzymatic Antioxidants Alleviating ROS-Induced Stress 9.3.1 Ascorbate or Ascorbic Acid 9.3.2 Glutathione 9.3.3 Tocopherol 9.3.4 Flavonoids 9.3.5 Carotenoids 9.4 Ascorbate-Glutathione Cycle 9.5 Conclusion References 10: Role of Osmolytes in Alleviation of Oxidative Stress 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Amino Acids Attenuating Oxidative Stress 10.2.1 Proline 10.2.2 Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 10.3 Quaternary Ammonium Compounds 10.3.1 Glycine Betaine 10.4 Sugars 10.4.1 Sucrose 10.4.2 Trehalose 10.4.3 Fructans 10.4.4 Raffinose Family Oligosaccharides 10.5 Sugar Polyols 10.5.1 Mannitol 10.5.2 Sorbitol 10.5.3 Myo-Inositols 10.6 Plant Metabolites/Compounds Attenuating Oxidative Stress 10.6.1 Phytohormones 10.6.2 Micronutrients 10.7 Conclusion References 11: ROS as Signaling Molecule Under Unfavorable Conditions 11.1 Introduction 11.2 ROS Signaling in Plants 11.3 ROS Signaling on Plant-Pathogen Interaction 11.4 Abiotic Stress-Mediated ROS Signaling 11.4.1 ROS Signaling and Alleviation of Salinity Stress 11.4.2 ROS Signaling and Alleviation of Heavy Metal Stress 11.4.3 ROS-Mediated Tolerance to Heat Stress 11.5 Compartment-Specific ROS Signaling in Plants 11.5.1 Apoplast ROS and Signaling 11.5.2 Chloroplastic ROS-Mediated Signaling 11.5.3 Mitochondrial ROS Signal Transduction 11.5.4 Peroxisomal ROS-Induced Signaling 11.5.5 Inter-organellar Signaling 11.6 Conclusion References 12: Molecular Mechanisms Underpinning Signaling Function of ROS 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Mechanism of ROS Signaling in Plants 12.3 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Cascade Activation by ROS 12.4 Cross-Talk Between ROS and Other Signaling Molecules 12.4.1 Dialogue Between ROS and Ca2+ Signals 12.4.2 ROS and Phytohormones Cross-Talk 12.4.3 Interplay Between ROS and RNS 12.5 Conclusion References