Handbook Of DNA Forensic Applications And Interpretation

Description

This handbook covers tested and proven DNA forensic testing methodologies, forensic bioinformatics techniques, case studies and current forensic legal framework for investigation of variety of crimes and provides a clinching evidence for speedy justice. DNA testing is widely used for forensic purposes and is changing the paradigm of (crime) investigation. The book contains chapters on usage of ultramodern DNA collection kits, presents era evidence collection and preservation, high-end DNA sample analysis in laboratory, DNA legislation, expert evidences, challenging and successful case studies, data generation and application of AI and IoT techniques for DNA data analysis, DNA databanks and training manpower to facilitate timely reporting to the requesting agencies. This handbook equips and enables police, investigators and crime analysis laboratories with knowhow of high-end tools, procedures and techniques to link or exclude a criminal to a crime. It is expected that this will be used by first responders, police, forensic analysts, judiciaries, evidence handlers and students and scholars of criminology and forensic sciences worldwide. The intention to write this handbook is to make DNA technology and its importance reach every common man and professional for correctly using it as a tool as and when required. This is quite evident that awareness of DNA technology has increased at a reasonable pace. Courts and investigating agencies are convinced and confident with its accuracy, reliability and unmatched peace delivered by various techniques of DNA fingerprinting and DNA profiling. Preface Contents Part I Insights and Advancements in DNA Forensics 1 DNA: The Master Molecule Introduction of DNA The Master Molecule in Witness Box (with Some Case Studies) DNA Forensic Investigation Developing DNA Databases and Revolutionizing the Forensic Investigation References 2 Attaining State of the Art in DNA Tests Forensic Bioinformatics LIMS RFID Biometrics AI and IoT in Forensic Investigations Technical Challenges to DNA Profiling and Forensic Analysis Challenging, Degraded and Unusual Samples Touch DNA/Trace DNA DNA from Harsh Environmental Samples Obtaining DNA from Challenging Sources References 3 Inscription from Author’s Diary References 4 DNA Sample Collection and Packaging: Chain of Custody DNA Sample Identification and Its Integrity in Crime Scene Contamination and Elimination Sample Sources to Obtain DNA from Crime Scene Sample Collection for DNA Profiling Packaging and Storing Biological Evidence Precautions While Sample Collection and Packaging Hazards in Biological Evidence Collection Other Technical Challenges in DNA Forensics Maintaining the Chain of Custody Importance of Chain of Custody Steps in Maintaining the Chain of Custody Sample Packaging and Coding in Chain of Custody Dos and Don’ts Advantages of Maintaining Chain of Custody References Part II Extraction and Analysis of DNA Samples in Laboratory 5 DNA Extraction from Biological Samples Extraction of DNA from Blood Sample Extraction of DNA from Buccal Cells DNA Extraction from Hair Follicles Agarose Gel Electrophoresis 6 Post Extraction Processing of DNA for Profiling and Understanding Reports Amplification of DNA at Specific Selected STR Loci Using PCR DNA Profiling/Fingerprinting Report Generation and Its Interpretation, Reporting Standards (ISO 17025 and Others) Paternity/Maternity Test Report Combined Paternity Index DNA Test and Report Generation in Sexual Assault Cases Reporting Standards (ISO 17025 and Others) Standardization of Reporting Format Number of Loci Used in DNA Testing Extended Marker Test Siblingship Test Paternity DNA Test Among Biological Siblings as Alleged Fathers References Part III DNA in Courtrooms 7 DNA in Criminal Adjudication Rape and Murder of Two Adolescent Girls in United Kingdom (1980s): Birth of Forensic DNA Dr. Merilyn Sheppard Murder Case DNA Stamping on Deceased Sam’s Exoneration O. J. Simpson Case Paul Gray: The First Woman Exoneration by DNA Identification of the Skeletal Remains of Dr. Josef Mengele S and Marper Case on Privacy Issues Identification of Le Grêlé, the Serial Killer in France Michael Shirley: First DNA Based Exoneration in the United Kingdom Maryland v. King Rajiv Gandhi Assassination Case Priyadarshini Mattoo Murder Case Tandoor Murder Case Madhumita Shukla Murder Case Nithari Mass Killing Case Sheena Bora Murder Case Diana Routley Murder Case in Varanasi Nirbhaya Gang-Rape Case in Delhi Conclusion References 8 Legal Contours for DNA Evidence Introduction Limitations of Human Testimony: Needs for Scientific Corroboration Scientific Standards for Forensic Evidence Consent and the Right Against Self-incrimination DNA Databank and Privacy The Doctrine of the Fruit of Poisonous Tree Chain of Custody of DNA Samples Legal Regime on Expert Opinion in India Including DNA Conclusion 9 Forensic DNA in Exonerations Wrongful Conviction and Miscarriage of Justice DNA and Innocence Project: US Initiative The United Nations Response for Wrongful Convictions Handling Wrongful Conviction in United Kingdom Projects on Exonerations in Australia and Other Countries Indian Perspective Exonerations Nature and Scope of Wrongful Conviction Approximation of Erroneous Conviction Domino Effect of Unjust Convictions Factsheet of DNA Exoneration in the United States A Foucauldian Perspective on Unfair Conviction Conclusion Reference 10 DNA Legislations, Challenges, and Opportunities Introduction International Guidelines Global Laws Related to Admissibility of Evidence Frye v. United States Daubert v Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Helpfulness Test Identification of Prisoners Act, 1920 Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 The A. P. Shah Committee Report Criminal Law Amendment Act, 2018 Amendment Added Three New Sections in the Indian Penal Code 1860 The Criminal Amendment Act, 2018 Amends Two Sections of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 Amendment in Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012 Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 The Indian Evidence Act, 1872 DNA Technology (Use and Application) Regulation Bill—2019 The Process for Collection of DNA Samples DNA Profile Management Offences and Penalties Legal Challenges of Forensic Techniques In Nandlal Wasudeo Badwaik V. Lata Nandlal Badwaik and Another Mohd. Amir Kasab Versus State of Maharashtra Dipanwita Roy Versus Ronobroto Roy Chaman Lal Versus The State of Himachal Pradesh Shailendra Rajdev Pasvan Versus The State of Gujarat Kathi David Raju Versus The State of Andhra Pradesh and Anr. Priyadarshini Mattoo (Santosh Kumar Singh v. State thr. CBI) Mukesh and Anr v. State of NCT of Delhi and Others Ethical Challenges DNA Data Base and Related Laws of Other Countries 11 DNA-Based Human Identification in Mass-Disaster Cases Introduction Importance of Identification Disadvantages of Visual Method of Identification Importance of DNA Analysis in DVI Contribution of DNA to DVI Airbus A320 Air Crash/Mount Sainte-Odile (France), January 20, 1992 Waco Disaster/Waco (Texas), April 19, 1993 Argentine-Israeli Association Explosion/BuenosAires (Argentina), July 18, 1994 Spitsbergen Civil Aircraft Disaster/Spitsbergen (Norway), August 29, 1996 Taoyuan Airbus Crash Accident/Taoyuan 202 (Taiwan), February 16, 1998 Air Crash Accident/Philippines, February 2, 1998 Swissair Flight 111 Crash/Coast of Nova Scotia, Canada, September 2, 1998 Yugoslavia Conflict/1991–2001 Terrorist Attack on World Trade Center/New York (USA), September 11, 2001 Kaprun Disaster/Kaprun (Austria), November 11, 2000 Yakolev-42 Air Crash Accident/Trabzon (Turkey), May 26, 2003 Madrid Train Attack/Madrid (Spain), March 11, 2004 South East Asian Tsunami Incident, December 26, 2004 Black Saturday Bushfires/Victoria (Australia), February 2009 Typhoon Morakot/Taiwan, 2009 Air India Express Flight 812 Crash, Mangalore (India), May 22, 2010 Trenggalek Shipwreck Case/Trenggalek, (Indonesia), 2011 DANA Air Crash/Iju-Ishaga, Lagos (Nigeria), June 3, 2012 Challenges Faced During DVI Conclusion References 12 DNA as Tool for Revealing Truth in Civil as Well as Criminal Cases Introduction Various Techniques of DNA Profiling Importance of DNA Testing in Medical Science DNA Fingerprinting Genetic Fingerprints DNA Parentage Testing DNA and Criminal Justice Administrations Conclusion