Performance, Reliability, and Availability Evaluation of Computational Systems, Volume 2: Reliability, Availability Modeling

Description

This textbook intends to be a comprehensive and substantially self-contained two-volume book covering performance, reliability, and availability evaluation subjects. The volumes focus on computing systems, although the methods may also be applied to other systems. This text is helpful for computer performance professionals for supporting planning, design, configuring, and tuning the performance, reliability, and availability of computing systems. Such professionals may use these volumes to get acquainted with specific subjects by looking at the particular chapters. Volume II is composed of the last two parts. Part III examines reliability and availability modeling by covering a set of fundamental notions, definitions, redundancy procedures, and modeling methods such as Reliability Block Diagrams (RBD) and Fault Trees (FT) with the respective evaluation methods, adopts Markov chains, Stochastic Petri nets and even hierarchical and heterogeneous modeling to represent more complex systems. Part IV discusses performance measurements and reliability data analysis. It first depicts some basic measuring mechanisms applied in computer systems, then discusses workload generation. After, we examine failure monitoring and fault injection, and finally, we discuss a set of techniques for reliability and maintainability data analysis. Software failure is an out-of-specification result produced by the software system for the respective specified input value. This definition is consistent with the system failure definition. Hence, the reader might ask: why should we pay particular attention to software dependability issues? However, the reader should bear in mind that the scientific software communities involved in subjects have specific backgrounds, many of which are not rooted in system reliability. These communities have developed a specific vocabulary that does not necessarily match the common system dependability terminology. Software research communities have long pursued dependable software systems. Correction of codification problems and software testing begins with the very origin of software development itself. Since then, the term software bug has been broadly applied to refer to mistakes, failures, and faults in a software system, whereas debugging is referred to the methodical process of finding bugs. Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Contents Preface Acknowledgement Chapter 15: Introduction PART III: Reliability and Availability Modeling Chapter 16: Fundamentals of Dependability 16.1. A Brief History 16.2. Fundamental Concepts 16.3. Some Important Probability Distributions Chapter 17: Redundancy 17.1. Hardware Redundancy 17.2. Software Redundancy Chapter 18: Reliability Block Diagram 18.1. Models Classification 18.2. Basic Components 18.3. Logical and Structure Functions 18.4. Coherent System 18.5. Compositions 18.6. System Redundancy and Component Redundancy 18.7. Common Cause Failure 18.8. Paths and Cuts 18.9. Importance Indices Chapter 19: Fault Tree 19.1. Components of a Fault Tree 19.2. Basic Compositions 19.3. Compositions 19.4. Common Cause Failure Chapter 20: Combinatorial Model Analysis 20.1. Structure Function Method 20.2. Enumeration Method 20.3. Factoring Method 20.4. Reductions 20.5. Inclusion-Exclusion Method 20.6. Sum of Disjoint Products Method 20.7. Methods for Estimating Bounds 20.7.1. Method Based on Inclusion and Exclusion 20.7.2. Method Based on the Sum of Disjoint Products 20.7.3. Min-Max Bound Method 20.7.4. Esary-Proschan Method 20.7.5. Decomposition Chapter 21: Modeling Availability, Reliability, and Capacity with CTMC 21.1. Single Component 21.2. Hot-Standby Redundancy 21.3. Hot-Standby with Non-Zero Delay Switching 21.4. Imperfect Coverage 21.5. Cold-Standby Redundancy 21.6. Warm-Standby Redundancy 21.7. Active-Active Redundancy 21.8. Many Similar Machines with Repair Facilities 21.9. Many Similar Machines with Shared Repair Facility 21.10. Phase-Type Distribution and Preventive Maintenance 21.11. Two-States Availability Equivalent Model 21.12. Common Cause Failure Chapter 22: Modeling Availability, Reliability, and Capacity with SPN 22.1. Single Component 22.2. Modeling TTF and TTR with Phase-Type Distribution 22.3. Hot-Standby Redundancy 22.4. Imperfect Coverage 22.5. Cold-Standby Redundancy 22.6. Warm-Standby Redundancy 22.7. Active-Active Redundancy 22.8. KooN Redundancy 22.8.1. Modeling Multiple Resources on Multiple Servers 22.9. Corrective Maintenance 22.10. Preventive Maintenance 22.11. Common Cause Failure 22.12. Some Additional Models 22.12.1. Data Center Disaster Recovery 22.12.2. Disaster Tolerant Cloud Systems 22.12.3. MHealth System Infrastructure PART IV: Measuring and Data Analysis Chapter 23: Performance Measuring 23.1. Basic Concepts 23.2. Measurement Strategies 23.3. Basic Performance Metrics 23.4. Counters and Timers 23.5. Measuring Short Time Intervals 23.6. Profiling 23.6.1. Deterministic Profiling 23.6.2. Statistical Profiling 23.7. Counters and Basic Performance Tools in Linux 23.7.1. System Information 23.7.2. Process Information 23.8. Final Comments Chapter 24: Workload Characterization 24.1. Types of Workloads 24.2. Workload Generation 24.2.1. Benchmarks 24.2.2. Synthetic Operational Workload Generation 24.3. Workload Modeling 24.3.1. Modeling Workload Impact 24.3.2. Modeling Intended Workload Chapter 25: Lifetime Data Analysis 25.1. Introduction 25.1.1. Reliability Data Sources 25.1.2. Censoring 25.2. Non-Parametric Methods 25.2.1. Ungrouped Complete Data Method 25.2.2. Grouped Complete Data Method 25.2.3. Ungrouped Multiply Censored Data Method 25.2.4. Kaplan-Meier Method 25.3. Parametric Methods 25.3.1. Graphical Methods 25.3.2. Method of Moments 25.3.3. Maximum Likelihood Estimation 25.3.4. Confidence Intervals Chapter 26: Fault Injection and Failure Monitoring 26.1. Fault Acceleration 26.2. Some Notable Fault Injection Tools 26.3. Software-Based Fault Injection Bibliography Appendix A: MTTF 2oo5 Appendix B: Whetsone Appendix C: Linpack_Bench Appendix D: Livermore Loops Appendix E: MMP - CTMC Trace Generator