Green Communication Technologies for Future Networks An Energy-Efficient Perspective

Description

This book explores all the energy-efficient communication technologies used for various communication systems and every aspect of these systems, such as green electronics, network protocols, handover, codes, antenna, and the role of artificial intelligence and IoT, including the energy management strategies. It identifies the development of sustainable plans and programs at the communication level within the current legislative framework. Features Gives a fundamental description of the green communications including granularities of green wired and wireless systems. Describes a comprehensive review of innovations, challenges, and opportunities for green communication. Provides guiding principles on how to build the green communication network. Includes a holistic view of both wireless and wired green communication systems with an emphasis on applications and challenges in each area. Suggests various ways of benchmarking and measuring the performance of green communication systems. This book will be of great interest to graduate students and researchers in green technologies, communications, wireless communication, optical communication, underwater communication, microwave and satellite communication, networking, the internet of things, and energy management. Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents Editor Bio Contributors Preface Abbreviations 1 Green Communication Systems for Future Networks 1.1 Introduction of a Green Communication System 1.2 Need of Green Communication Technologies 1.2.1 Impacts On the Environment 1.2.2 Effects of Electromagnetic Radiation 1.2.3 Carbon Footprint Analysis 1.3 Types of Green Communication Systems 1.3.1 Green Wireless Communication System 1.3.2 Green Cloud-Computing-Based Future Communication Systems 1.3.3 Green Optical Communication System 1.3.4 Green Internet of Things (IoT)-Based Communication System 1.3.5 Green Artificial-Intelligence-Based Communication System 1.4 Challenges of Green Communication Systems 1.5 Research Opportunities of Green Communication Systems Conclusion Acknowledgement References 2 Green Wireless Communication Systems 2.1 Introduction of Green Wireless Communication System 2.2 Need of Green Wireless Communication Systems 2.3 Types of Wireless Communication Systems 2.3.1 Satellite Communications 2.3.2 Microwave Communication 2.3.3 Wi-Fi 2.3.4 Infrared Communication 2.3.5 Radio Broadcast 2.4 Features of the Green Wireless Communication System 2.5 Architecture of the Green Wireless Communication System 2.5.1 Ultra-Dense Network (UDN) 2.5.2 Device to Device (D2D) Communication 2.5.3 Massive MIMO 2.5.4 Beamforming 2.5.5 Hardware Improvement 2.5.6 Cognitive Radio Network 2.6 Challenges of Green Wireless Communication Systems 2.7 Research Opportunities of Green Wireless Communication Systems Conclusion Acknowledgement References 3 Green Transmission Technologies and Network Protocols 3.1 Introduction of Green Transmission Technologies 3.1.1 Green Transmission Technology-Based Network Architecture 3.1.2 Green Transmission Technologies 3.2 Energy-Efficient Network Topology 3.2.1 System Model for Green Network Topology 3.2.2 Mechanism for Energy-Efficient Green Network Topology 3.3 Energy-Efficient Routing Protocols 3.3.1 Protocol Layers 3.3.2 Protocols for Green Networks 3.3.3 Analysis of Protocol for Energy Consumption 3.4 Energy-Efficient Data Transmission 3.4.1 Hardware-Based Solutions 3.4.2 Software-Based Solutions 3.4.3 Energy-Harvesting-Based Approach 3.5 Green Ultra-Dense Networks’ Design 3.6 Green Network Performance Measurements 3.7 Challenges of Green Transmission Technologies 3.7.1 5G Network As a Green Network 3.7.2 Wireless Sensor Network With a Green Approach 3.7.3 Green Cognitive Radio Network 3.7.4 Cyber Physical System 3.7.5 New Materials for Networking Device Manufacturing Conclusion Acknowledgement References 4 Green Ad-Hoc Communication System Based On NOMA Technique 4.1 Introduction of Ad-Hoc Networks 4.2 Introduction of Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) Technique 4.3 Proposed System Model and Assumptions for Designing of NOMA-Based Green Ad-Hoc Network 4.3.1 Energy-Harvesting Phase 4.3.2 Transmission Phase 4.4 Performance Evaluation of the Proposed System Model 4.4.1 Outage Probability of U1 4.4.2 Outage Probability of U2 4.5 Extension to Multiple Users 4.6 Results and Discussion 4.7 Advantages of Ad-Hoc Network 4.8 Challenges of the Ad-Hoc Network 4.9 Applications of Ad-Hoc Networks 4.10 Conclusion References 5 Green Optical Communication Systems 5.1 Introduction to Green Optical Communication 5.2 Goals of Green Optical Communication 5.3 Green Optical Communication Systems 5.3.1 Green Optical Wireless Communication 5.3.2 Green Optical Wired Communication 5.3.2.1 Negative Impacts Due to Energy-Efficient Techniques 5.3.3 Green Deep Space Optical Communication 5.3.3.1 Physical Layer Turbulence Mitigation Methods 5.3.3.2 TCP Other Layer Turbulence Mitigation Methods 5.4 Energy-Efficient Algorithms 5.5 Challenges of Green Communication 5.6 Applications of Green Optical Communication 5.7 Research Opportunities On Green Optical Communication 5.8 Conclusion References 6 Green Hybrid Wireless-Optical Broadband Networks 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Optical Access Network 6.2.1 TDM-PON 6.2.2 WDM-PON 6.2.3 OFDM PON 6.2.4 Hybrid PON 6.3 Wireless Access Network 6.4 Hybrid Wireless Optical Broadband Access Network (HWOBAN) 6.4.1 Architecture of a Hybrid Wireless Optical Broadband Access Network 6.4.2 Fiber Wireless (FiWi) Access Network 6.4.3 Grid Based Reconfigurable Optical Wireless Network (GROW-Net) 6.4.4 Metro-Access Ring Integrated Network (MARIN) 6.5 Features of Hybrid Wireless Optical Broadband Network 6.6 Problems for HWOBAN 6.7 Solution for Energy Consumption in HWOBAN 6.7.1 HWOBAN Topologies 6.7.2 Proper Utilization of ONU/OLT in the Optical Ackhaul Network 6.7.3 ONUs’ Placement Algorithms in HWOBAN 6.7.3.1 Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) Algorithm 6.7.3.2 Random and Deterministic Method 6.7.3.3 Greedy Approach (GA) 6.7.3.4 Simulated Annealing Approach (SAA) 6.7.3.5 Moth-Flame Optimization Algorithm (MFO) 6.7.3.6 MIP (Mixed Integer Programming) Approach 6.7.4 Energy Aware Routing Protocols 6.7.4.1 Minimum Hop Routing Algorithm (MHRA) and Shortest Path Routing Algorithm (SPRA) 6.7.4.2 Predictive-Throughput Routing Algorithm (PTRA) 6.7.4.3 Delay Aware Routing Algorithm (DARA) 6.7.4.4 Risk and Delay Aware Routing Algorithm (RADAR) 6.7.4.5 Capacity and Delay Aware Routing Algorithm (CaDAR) 6.8 Challenges of Hybrid Wireless-Optical Broadband Network 6.9 Applications for Hybrid Wireless-Optical Broadband Network 6.10 Research Opportunities for the Hybrid Wireless-Optical Broadband Network 6.11 Conclusion References 7 Green Underwater Communication Systems 7.1 Introduction of Underwater Communication 7.2 Features of a Green Underwater Communication System 7.3 Wave Transmission in the Aquatic Medium 7.3.1 Transmission Waves for Underwater Communication 7.3.1.1 Acoustic Waves 7.3.1.2 Electromagnetic Waves 7.3.1.3 Optical Waves 7.4 Underwater Green Channel Characterization 7.4.1 Effect of Particles On Optical Propagation 7.4.2 Effect of Water Types On Optical Propagation 7.4.3 Light Propagation in Water 7.5 Underwater Green Transceiver Design 7.5.1 Green Transmitters 7.5.2 Green Receivers 7.5.3 Benefits of the Green Optical System 7.6 Energy Harvesting for Underwater Sensor Networks 7.7 Applications of Underwater Wireless Communications 7.7.1 Application Deployment 7.7.2 Challenges of Underwater Wireless Communication 7.7.2.1 Channel Modeling 7.7.2.2 Energy-Efficient Transmission Techniques 7.7.2.3 Reduces Link Misalignment 7.8 Conclusion References 8 Green Optical Networks Based On Machine Learning Techniques 8.1 Introduction of Machine Learning for Optical Networks 8.1.1 Trends in Network Connectivity 8.1.2 Role of Optical Fiber in Broadband Technology 8.1.3 The Current State of the Art of Optical Cabling in 5G 8.2 Role of Machine Learning in Optical Networks 8.2.1 Machine Learning Approach to Optical Networks 8.3 Technologies to Design Machine Learning Based Optical Networks (Supervised, Unsupervised, Reinforcement) 8.4 Characteristics of Machine Learning Based Optical Networks 8.5 Research Opportunities of Machine Learning Based Optical Networks 8.5.1 Data Analysis Using the Machine Learning Algorithm in Optical Transmission 8.6 Applications and Challenges of Green Machine Learning Based Optical Systems and Networks at Different Layers 8.7 Energy-Efficient Optical Networks 8.8 Conclusion References 9 Green Electronics for Future Communication Systems 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Role of Green Electronics for Future Communication Systems 9.2.1 Green Communication Solutions 9.3 Green Manufacturing 9.4 Energy-Efficient (Green) Metric 9.5 Power Allocation Techniques for Green Electronics 9.6 Electronic Energy Efficiency Efforts 9.6.1 LED 9.6.2 Graphene 9.6.3 CNF – Cellulose Nanofibers 9.6.4 Television 9.6.5 Mobile Phones 9.6.6 Computers 9.6.7 Processors 9.6.8 Other Electronic Devices 9.7 Challenges of Green Electronics for Communication Systems 9.8 Research Opportunities of Green Electronics Systems 9.9 Conclusion References 10 Green Internet of Things (IoT) Technologies for Communication Systems 10.1 Introduction to Green IoT 10.2 Layered Infrastructure of IoT 10.2.1 Perception Layer 10.2.2 Transport Layer 10.2.3 Process Or Middleware Layer 10.2.4 Network Layer 10.2.5 Application Layer 10.3 Energy Optimization Methods for Green IoT 10.3.1 Methods for Perception and Processing Layers 10.3.2 Methods Beneath Transport and Network Layers 10.3.3 Methods Beneath the Application Layer 10.4 Challenges of Green IoT 10.5 Green Machine to Machine Technology (M2M) 10.5.1 Key Elements and Technologies for M2M Communication Technologies 10.5.1.1 Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) in M2M Communications 10.5.1.2 Wireless Network Virtualization (WNV) and E-SIM in M2M Communications 10.5.1.3 Software Dependent Networks (SDN) in M2M Technology 10.6 Network Outline With Green M2M Communication 10.6.1 Outline for Green M2M Technology 10.7 Operation Facts of Green M2M Technology 10.8 Energy Awareness in IoT 10.9 Applications of Green IoT 10.10 Future of Green IoT 10.11 Conclusion Acknowledgement References 11 Green Cloud Computing Based Future Communication Systems 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Features of Cloud Computing 11.3 Green Cloud Computing 11.3.1 Green Cloud Computing Infrastructure 11.3.2 Features of Green Cloud Computing 11.4 Algorithms for Green Cloud Computing 11.4.1 Green Cloud Computing Task Scheduling Algorithm 11.4.2 Power-Efficient Virtual Machine Assignment Algorithm 11.5 High-Performance Computing (HPC) for Green Computing 11.5.1 HPC Architecture 11.5.2 Applications of HPC 11.6 Green Data Centers in Cloud Computing 11.7 Research Area for Green Cloud Computing 11.8 Challenges of Green Cloud Computing 11.9 Conclusion Acknowledgement References 12 Green Artificial-Intelligence-Based Communication System 12.1 Introduction to Green AI-Based Communication Systems 12.2 Green AI-Based Communication Systems 12.2.1 Green AI-Based Wireless Communication System 12.2.2 Green AI-Based Wired Communication System 12.3 Energy Harvesting Methods Based On AI-Based Technique 12.4 Advantages of AI-Based Energy Harvesting 12.5 Features of Green AI-Based Communication Systems 12.6 Techniques of Green AI-Based Communication 12.6.1 Green AI-Based D2D Communication 12.6.2 Green AI-Based MmWave Communication 12.6.3 Green AI-Based Massive MIMO 12.6.4 Green AI-Based HetNets 12.6.5 AI-Based Green IoT 12.7 Green AI-Based Wireless Resource Management System for Multimedia Streaming Communication System 12.8 Challenges of Green AI-Based Communication Systems 12.9 Applications of Green AI-Based Communication Systems 12.10 Conclusion References 13 Green Microwave and Satellite Communication Systems 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Microwaves 13.2.1 Microwave Generation 13.2.2 Reflex Klystrons 13.2.3 Features of Microwave Communication 13.2.4 Green Microwaves 13.3 Satellite Communication 13.3.1 Orbits and Related Challenges 13.3.2 Transponders 13.3.3 Lagrange Points 13.3.4 Features of Satellite Communication 13.3.5 Green Satellite Networks 13.4 The Evolving Issues of Microwave and Satellite Networks Based On an Energy-Efficient Perspective 13.5 Current Challenges for Space Technologies 13.5.1 Technical Challenges 13.5.2 Protection of Humans 13.5.3 Earth Environment 13.6 Applications of Microwave and Satellite Communications 13.7 Space Environment and Reliability of Satellite Communications 13.8 Reliability of Satellite Communications 13.9 Research Opportunities for Green Microwave and Satellite Communication Systems 13.10 Conclusion References 14 Green Energy Efficient Wired and Wireless Charging Techniques for IoT Enabled Healthcare Systems 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Motivation 14.3 Fundamental of Wireless Charging 14.4 Wireless Charging Technologies 14.4.1 Inductive Coupling 14.4.2 Magnetic Resonance Coupling 14.4.3 RF Radiation 14.5 Applications 14.5.1 Near Field Charging 14.5.2 Far Field Charging 14.6 System Modeling 14.6.1 WPT Transmitter 14.6.2 WPT Receiver 14.6.3 WPT Antenna 14.6.4 WPT Converters 14.6.5 WPT Power Management 14.7 Challenges in System Design Challenge 1: Size of Transmitter and Receiver Challenge 2: Transfer Distance Challenge 3: Transfer Medium Challenge 4: Angle and Lateral Misalignments Challenge 5: Power Level Requirement 14.7.1 Transmitter End Challenges Challenge 1: Transfer Power Requirement Challenge 2: Adjustment in the Power Dynamic Range Challenge 3: Peak Conversion Efficiency Challenges 4: Weight and Size of Transmitter Challenges 5: Better Safety 14.7.2 Receiver End Challenges Challenge 1: Demand of Power Challenge 2: Supply Voltage Requirement Challenge 3: Power Transfer Efficiency Challenge 4: Reliability of Power Challenge 5: Size of the Receiver 14.8 Wireless Charging Standards 14.8.3 Safety Against Electromagnetic Waves 14.8.4 Safety Standards for WPT 14.9 Prospective Future Work 14.9.1 Energy Harvester Integration With Power Transmitter 14.9.2 Rapid Feedback Transmission 14.9.3 Transmission Range Improvement 14.9.4 Harvested Energy for Power Transmission 14.10 Conclusion References Index