Alexandria Antiqua: A Topographical Catalogue and Reconstruction

Description

'Alexandria Antiqua: A Topographical Catalogue and Reconstruction' is an attempt to find a way through an archaeological labyrinth of fragmentary evidence. Taking into account the last two centuries of systematic research into the topography of the ancient city while integrating the latest discoveries, the volume aims to catalogue the archaeological sites in Alexandria, from the recordings of the French expedition (1798-99) to the present-day finds. The attempt is also made to reconstruct the urban layout and landscape at the time of the city’s Graeco-Macedonian foundation in the 4th century BC, and then through the successive changes which took place up to the Arab conquest in the 7th century AD. To this end, a holistic approach to topographic reconstruction is adopted, where material culture is studied in conjunction with the historical record. The results are displayed in AutoCAD maps and over 340 illustrations. Cover Title Page Copyright page Quote Summary Table of Contents List of Figures List of AutoCAD Maps Preface I. Theoretical Framework II. History of Research a) Earlier Maps of the Renaissance Introduction b) The Eighteenth Century c) Bonaparte and Mohamed Ali d) The Maps of el-Falaki e) The Late Nineteenth Century f) The Twentieth Century and Recent Research III. Objectives and Structure 1.1) Geomorphological Setting 1.2) Location and Urban Planning Chapter 1: Context of Foundation 1.3) Orientation and Climate Conditions 1.4) Ptolemy in Charge: The Political Aspect Chapter 2: Urban Layout 2.1) Circuit Walls 2.1.1) Miscellaneous Measurements 2.1.2) The Eastern Defences 2.1.2.1) el-Falaki’s Excavations 2.1.2.2) Inferring the Peripheries 2.1.2.2.1) The Defences of the Roman Principate: to c. the 3rd century AD 2.1.2.2.2) The Defences of the Macedonian Foundation: to c. the 1st century BC 2.1.2.2.2.1) Historical Evidence 2.1.2.2.2.2) Archaeological Evidence Site 1: Insula L1-L2-R1-R2bis (CDist.) Site 2: Intersection of R2bis with L5 (EDist.) Site 3: Section of R2bis, between L3 and Lα (EDist.) 2.1.3) The Southern and Western Defences 2.1.3.1) el-Falaki’s Excavations 2.1.3.2) Inferring the Peripheries 2.1.3.2.1) The Southern Defences 2.1.3.2.2) The Western Defences 2.1.4) Waterfront Constructions 2.1.4.1) el-Falaki’s Observations 2.1.4.2) Inferring the Periphery 2.1.4.2.1) Archaeological Evidence Site 4: NW. corner of the Arab enclosure (WDist.) Site 5: North of the L2-R7 junction (NDist.) Site 6: Section of L3, between R4 and R5 (NDist.) Site 7: Northern sector of insula R2-R3-L3-Lα (NDist.) Site 8: West of the L4-R2 junction (NDist.) Site 9: el-Silsileh (NDist.) 2.2) Grid Plan 2.2.1) el-Falaki’s Excavations 2.2.2) Archaeological Evidence 2.2.2.1) Traces of R1 Site 10: Section of R1, between L’6 and L5 (SDist.; CDist.; NDist.) Site 11: Section of R1, north of the junction with Lα (NDist.) Site 12: Section of R1 (?), at the junction with L4 (NDist.) 2.2.2.2) Traces of R3 Site 13: Section of R3, between L1 and L2 (CDist.) Site 14: Chantier Djanikian (GHH): section of R3, SW. of the junction with L3 (NDist.) Site 15: Section of R3, on either side of the junction with L2 (CDist.; NDist.) 2.2.2.3) Traces of R4 Site 16: Section of R4, at the junction with L’3 (SDist.) Site 17: Cinema Amir: section of R4, south of the junction with L1 (CDist.) Site 18: Section of R4, between L1 and L’2 (CDist.) Site 19: Section of R4, between L1 and L’2 (CDist.) Site 20: Section of R4, between L1 and L’2 (CDist.) 2.2.2.4) Traces of R5 Site 21: Section of R5, north of the junction with L’2 (CDist.) 2.2.2.5) Traces of R2bis Site 3 (section 2.1.2.2.2.2): section of R2bis, between L3 and Lα (EDist.) 2.2.2.6) Traces of L1 Site 22: Colonnade of L1, between R5 and R7 (CDist.) Site 23: Colonnade of L1, between R1 and R5 (CDist.) 2.2.2.7) Traces of L2 Site 24: Section of L2, on either side of the junction with R2 (NDist.) 2.2.2.8) Traces of L3 Site 25: Section of L3, between R4 and R5 (NDist.) Site 26: Section of L3, east of the junction with R4 (NDist.) 2.2.2.9) Traces of Lα Site 27: Section of Lα, between R2 and R3 (NDist.) Site 28: Section of Lα, between R1 and R2 (NDist.) 2.2.2.10) Traces of L’α Site 29: Section of L’α, between R1 and R2 (CDist.) 2.2.2.11) Traces of L5 Site 30: Section of L5, west of the junction with R4bis (EDist.) Site 2 (section 2.1.2.2.2.2): Intersection of R2bis with L5 (EDist.) 2.2.2.12) Traces of L’2 Site 31: Section of L’2, east of the junction with R5 (CDist.) 2.2.2.13) Intermediate Streets Site 32: Traces within insulae L1-L2-R2bis-R4bis (EDist.) Site 33: Traces within insula L1-L2-R1-R2 (CDist.) Site 34: Traces within insula L2-L3-R4-R5 (NDist.) Site 35: Traces within insula L2-L3-R4-R5 (NDist.) Site 36: Traces within insula L2-L3-R3-R4 (NDist.) 2.2.2.14) Suburban Roads Site 37: (ESubs.) Site 38: (ESubs.) 2.2.3) A Multi-Phase Grid Plan 2.3) Waterways and Harbour Infrastructure 2.3.1) Tracing the Ancient Coastline 2.3.2) Heptastadion 2.3.3) The Great Harbour (Μέγας Λιμήν) 2.3.3.1) The IEASM Project 2.3.3.2) Cape Lochias and the Inner Ports (X, Y, Z) 2.3.3.3) Reefs and Rock-Features 2.3.3.4) Poseidion Site 39: Eastern harbour (NDist.) Site 40: Eastern harbour (NDist.) 2.3.3.5) Antirrhodos Site 41: Eastern harbour (NDist.) Site 42: Eastern harbour (NDist.) 2.3.3.5.1) Evidence of Earlier Habitation 2.3.3.6) Dockyards at Pharos 2.3.4) The Western Harbour (Εὔνοστος) 2.3.5) Lake Mareotis and the Canopic Canals Chapter 3: Cityscape 3.1) Segmenting the Cityscape 3.1.1) Pharos and the Heptastadion (PH.) 3.1.2) Western Suburbs (WSubs.) 3.1.3) Western District (WDist.) 3.1.4) Southern District (SDist.) 3.1.5) Central District (CDist.) 3.1.6) Northern District (NDist.) 3.1.7) Eastern District (EDist.) 3.1.8) Eastern Suburbs (ESubs.) 3.2) Pharos and the Heptastadion (PH.) 3.2.1) Physical Remnants Corresponding to Known Historical Narratives 3.2.1.1) Civil Edifices Site 43: Submerged archaeological material off Qaitbay 3.2.1.2) Funerary Structures Site 44: el-Anfushy Bay Site 45: Ras el-Tin Palace 3.3) Western Suburbs (WSubs.) 3.3.1) Physical Remnants Corresponding to Known Historical Narratives 3.3.1.1) Funerary Structures Site 46: Nekropolis: Phase (I) – west of el-Mahmoudiya Canal Site 47: Nekropolis: Eastern Sector Site 48: Nekropolis: Eastern Sector Site 49: Nekropolis: Western Sector 3.3.2) Physical Remnants without Known Historical Reference 3.3.2.1) Civil Edifices Site 50: Gardens of Saīd Pasha palace 3.4) Western District (WDist.) 3.4.1) Physical Remnants Corresponding to Known Historical Narratives 3.4.1.1) Civil Edifices Site 51: SW. corner of the ancient enclosure 3.4.1.2) Religious Edifices Site 52: SW. corner of the ancient enclosure 3.4.1.3) Funerary Structures Site 53: SW. corner of the ancient enclosure 3.4.2) Physical Remnants without Known Historical Reference 3.4.2.1) Civil Edifices Site 54a: East of the Mosque of Thousand Columns Site 55a: East of the Mosque of Thousand Columns Site 56: Mosque of Thousand Columns Site 57: Junction of Amud el-Sawari with Ibn Tulun and el-Khedeiwi el-Auwal Site 58: Northern belt of Bab Sidra, into el-Labbane 3.5) Southern District (SDist.) 3.5.1) Physical Remnants without Known Historical Reference 3.5.1.1) Civil Edifices Site 59: Northern belt of Moharram Bey Site 60: Junction of el-Mohandes Ahmed Ismaīl with el-Fanan Mohamed Hassan 3.6) Central District (CDist.) 3.6.1) Physical Remnants without Known Historical Reference 3.6.1.1) Civil Edifices Site 61: el-Attarine Mosque (a) and Street (b) Site 62: NE. sector of insula L1-L’2-R5-R6 Site 63: South of the L1-R5 junction Site 64: NW. sector of insula L1-L’2-R4-R5 Site 65: el-Nebi Daniel Mosque Site 66: Enclosure of el-Nebi Daniel Mosque Site 67: South of Kom el-Dikka archaeological park Site 68: Kom el-Dikka archaeological park Site 69: Kom el-Dikka archaeological park Site 70: Kom el-Dikka archaeological park Site 71: West of the Fire Department Site 72: Alexandria Opera House (a) and west of it (b) Site 73: Old Greek Hospital Site 74: Greek Orthodox Church of San Saba (a) and south of it (b); junction of Antonius with Gessi Pasha (c) Site 75: Southern side of Fouad Street, south of the Alexandria Opera House Site 76: Southern side of Fouad Street, SW. of the junction with Safia Zaghloul Site 77: Southern side of Fouad Street, SE. of the junction with Safia Zaghloul Site 78: North of the junction of Sidi el-Khiashi with Safia Zaghloul Site 79: Southern side of Fouad Street, south of the Alexandria Water Co. Site 80: Southern side of Fouad Street, opposite the former Municipality of Alexandria Site 81: The former Municipality of Alexandria Site 82: East of the Graeco-Roman Museum Site 83: Gerber Street: Villa Menasce (a); the American Cultural Centre (b) Site 84: East of the former Municipality of Alexandria Site 85: NE. corner of the junction of el-Faraana with the Fatimids Site 86: Western side of el-Batalsa, between the Abbasids and el-Faraana Site 87: Northern side of Fouad Street, between el-Batalsa and Goussio Site 88: North of Bab Sharq Site 89: el-Shallalat fortifications 3.6.1.2) Religious Edifices Site 90: Southern side of Fouad, at the junction with Morsi Badr and Sherif Pasha Site 91: Western side of el-Nebi Daniel, between Zangarol and the Greek Hospital Site 92: SE. of Kom el-Dikka archaeological park 3.6.2) Literary Accounts Pending Physical Evidence 3.6.2.1) Civil Edifices A) Gymnasium, Dikasterion, and Plateia 3.6.2.2) Religious Edifices B) Temple to Pan 3.7) Northern District (NDist.) 3.7.1) Physical Remnants Corresponding to Known Historical Narratives 3.7.1.1) Religious Edifices Site 93: Le Hotel Métropole and west of it Site 94: Zahar-Debbane Site 95: Cinema Majestic Site 96: East (b) and SE. (a) of the junction of Safia Zaghloul with Saad Zaghloul Site 97: NW. of the junction of Safia Zaghloul with Hassan Fadali Site 98: Synagogue Eliyahu Hanavi Site 99: Billiard Palace Site 100: Garage Lux and Cinema Park 3.7.2) Physical Remnants without Known Historical Reference 3.7.2.1) Civil Edifices Site 101: South of Mohamed Ali Square Site 102: East of Mohamed Ali Square Site 103: Saint Mark’s Coptic Orthodox Cathedral Site 104: West of the ‘Tower of the Romans’ Site 105: East of the ‘Tower of the Romans’ Site 106: SW. of the junction of Pereira with the Government Hospital Street Site 107: Southern side of the Government Hospital Street, between Pereira and Amin Fikri Site 108: West of Amin Fikri, between Adham Wali and the Government Hospital Street Site 109: West of Amin Fikri, between el-Nahrowani and Adham Wali Site 110: NE. of the junction of el-Sultan Hussein with Pereira Site 111: NW. of the junction of el-Sultan Hussein with Pereira Site 112: Coastal zone, between Safia Zaghloul and Champollion Site 113: Opposite the Mosque of el-Qaid Ibrahim Site 114: Diana Theatre: NW. of the junction of the Government Hospital Street with Pereira Site 115: Chantier Abd el-Hamid Pasha Site 116: Chantier Moustaki Site 117: Chantier Politi: Cinema Radio Site 118: South of Cinema Radio Site 119: Chantier Heikal Pasha Site 120: Chantier Finney Site 121: Garden of the former British Consulate Site 122: Premises of the former Cricket Playground Site 123: Around the junction of el-Sultan Hussein with el-Mathaf Site 124: Around the junction of el-Sultan Hussein with el-Mathaf Site 125: South of the Government Hospital complex Site 126: South of the Government Hospital complex Site 127: East of the Government Hospital complex Site 128: East of the Government Hospital complex Site 129: North of the Government Hospital complex Site 130: North of the Government Hospital complex, or the old shoreline west of el-Silsileh (?) Site 131: North of the Government Hospital complex Site 132: Around the former Coast Guard (a-b) and the former Victoria College (c) Site 133: Coastal zone, between Cinema Radio and Champollion Site 134: el-Khaledin Park Site 135: NW. of the junction of Dinokrates with Alexander the Great Site 136: Nubar Pasha Park Site 137: Northern sector of el-Shallalat Park Site 138: Southern belt of el-Silsileh Site 139: Chantier Bibliotheca Alexandrina Site 140: el-Silsileh Site 141: Chantier el-Silsileh Site 142: East of el-Silsileh Site 143: East of the former municipal stables Site 144: Jewish Cemetery: the Menasce monument 3.7.3) Literary Accounts Pending Physical Evidence 3.7.3.1) Civil Edifices C) Royal Residences D) Theatre, Stadion, and Palaestra E) Mouseion and Library F) Ptolemaic Agora and Forum Romanum G) Emporion 3.7.3.2) Religious Edifices H) Royal-Cult Temples 3.8) Eastern District (EDist.) 3.8.1) Physical Remnants Corresponding to Known Historical Narratives 3.8.1.1) Funerary Structures Site 145: el-Chatby In 1981, the Egyptian Antiquities Organization (EAO: the present-day SCA), represented on site by Ahmed Abd el-Fattah, carried out a salvage excavation prior to the construction of a new building between Collège Saint-Marc and the Corniche at el-Chatby. J Site 146: el-Hadra Site 147: Latin Cemetery (Terra Santa) 3.8.2) Physical Remnants without Known Historical Reference 3.8.2.1) Civil Edifices Site 148: West of Collège Saint-Marc Site 149: Latin and Greek Orthodox Cemeteries 3.8.3) Literary Accounts Pending Physical Evidence 3.8.3.1) Funerary Structures I) The Soma (Σῶμα) 3.9) Eastern Suburbs (ESubs.) 3.9.1) Physical Remnants Corresponding to Known Historical Narratives 3.9.1.1) Funerary Structures Site 150: Miscellaneous Site 151: North of Sporting Club Site 152: NE. of Sporting Club Site 153: Tigrane Pasha (Port-Saīd) Street Site 154: ‘Terrena di Cleopatra’ Site 155: Casino Maxim, Farouk I Street Site 156: ‘Am meer’ Site 157: Sidi Gaber Avenue (a); ‘fra Maréchal French e Hatassou’ (b) Site 158: Abu el-Nawatir (a); Sidi Gaber Mosque and el-Sheikh Tram Station (b); Tiba Street (c) Site 159: Rodosli Street, off Sidi Gaber Avenue; east of Sidi Gaber el-Sheikh Tram Station Site 160: el-Moaskar el-Romani Site 161: Stanley Bay Site 162: Antoniadis Park Site 163: Bir Masoud; el-Dahab; Gabr el-Khur Site 164: el-Montazah Bay 3.9.1.2) Military Edifices Site 165: Mustapha Pasha military residential complex 3.9.1.3) Religious Edifices Site 166: Between Fawzi Moaz and Tut-Ankh-Amun 3.9.2) Physical Remnants without Known Historical Reference 3.9.2.1) Civil Edifices Site 167: Falanga-Autofage; Sarkissian 3.9.2.2) Religious Edifices Site 168: Ras el-Soda, relocated to the Latin Cemetery 3.9.3) Literary Accounts Pending Physical Evidence 3.9.3.1) Civil Edifices J) Hippodrome I. Urban Layout: Chapter 2 (a) Circuit Walls The Eastern Peripheries Conclusion The Southern Periphery The Western Periphery The Northern Periphery (b) Grid Plan (c) Waterways and Harbour Infrastructure II. Cityscape: Chapter 3 Epilogue: A Holistic Approach to Topographic Reconstruction Bibliography I. Ancient Sources II. References Detailed Table of Contents Figures Figure 1. Hugues Commineau de Mézières aka Ugo Comminelli de Maceriis. ‘Veduta d’Alessandria’ of Codice Vaticano Urbinate (277) – 1472. Bibliotheca Apostolica Vaticana: ‘Cosmografia di Claudio Tolomeo’. (Introduction II.a: p. 1) Figure 2. Álvaro de Bazán, Marqués de Santa Cruz. Archivo General de Simancas (Valladolid, Spain): Mapas, Planos y Dibujos, XLIX‐43. Manuscripts ‘E1 102-36’ and ‘E1 103-34’ – map drafted before 1605. Machinek 2018: 9, Footnote 80; Tzalas 2000: 27-28, Fi Figure 3. Hartmann Schedel. ‘Alexandria’ – 1493. Schedel 1493: LXXVII. (Introduction II.a: p. 1) Figure 4. Ahmet Muhittin Piri aka Piri Reis. Portolan chart of Alexandria – drafted 1521; published 1525. Piri 1525: 295. (Introduction II.a: p. 1) Figure 5. Ahmet Muhittin Piri aka Piri Reis. Figure (4) reproduced. Bacqué-Grammont and Tuchscherer 2013: 45, Figure 1. (Introduction II.a: p. 1) Figure 6. Pierre Belon du Mans. ‘Vray Portraict de la Ville d’Alexandrie en Egypte’ – drafted 1548; published 1553. Belon 1553: 206. (Introduction II.a: p. 1) Figure 7. Georg Braun and Frans Hogenberg. ‘Alexandria, etc.’ – 1575. Braun and Hogenberg 1575: 56. (Introduction II.a: p. 1) Figure 8. Johann Helffrich. ‘Abris der Stadt Alexandria’ – drafted c. 1565-66; published 1582. Helffrich 1582. (Introduction II.a: p. 1) Figure 9. Olfert Dapper. ‘De Stadt Alexandrie Of Scanderik’ – 1668. Dapper 1668: 74-75. (Introduction II.a: p. 2) Figure 10. Abraham Ortelius. ‘Aegyptus Antiqua’ – drafted 1570; published 1587. Ortelius 1587: 107. (Introduction II.a: p. 2) Figure 11. Étienne Gravier, Marquis d’Ortières. ‘Plan de la Ville d’Alexandrie Avec Ses Forteresses et Ses Ports’ – 1685-87. Gravier 1685-87. (Introduction II.a: p. 2) Figure 12. Joseph Razaud, Ingénieur du Roy. ‘Plan Particulier de la Ville et Ports d’Alexandrie’ – 1687. L’Original Appartient au Dépôt des Cartes de la Marine, à Paris. Portefeuille 103, Division 7, Pièce 3. Jondet 1921: Planche VIII; Bibliothèque Nation Figure 13. Christian Melchien, Pilotte Entretenu de Sa Majesté à Toulon. ‘Plan du Port d’Allexandrie, etc.’ – 1699. L’Original Appartient au Dépôt des Cartes de la Marine, à Paris. Portefeuille 103, Division 7, Pièce 7. Jondet 1921: Planche IX. (Introduc Figure 14. Antoine Massy, Pilotte des Galères de Sa Majesté. ‘Plan des Ports d’Allexandrie, etc.’ – 1699. L’Original Appartient au Dépôt des Cartes de la Marine, à Paris. Portefeuille 103, Division 7, Pièce 8. Jondet 1921: Planche X. (Introduction II.a: p Figure 15. Marquese de la Garde. ‘Plan et Élévation de la Rade d’Alexandrie en Égypte’ – 1713. L’Original Appartient au Dépôt des Cartes de la Marine, à Paris. Portefeuille 103, Division 7, Pièce 13. Jondet 1921: Planche XI. (Introduction II.b: p. 2) Figure 16. Pierre-Nicolas Bonamy. ‘Alexandria Antiqua’ – drafted 1731; published 1736. Bonamy 1736: Planche XIV. (Introduction II.b: p. 2) Figure 17. Frederick Ludwig Norden. ‘Carte Particulière de la Vieille et de la Nouvelle Alexandrie, et des Ports’ – drafted 1737; published 1795. Norden 1795: Planche I. (Introduction II.b: p. 2) Figure 19. Richard Pococke. ‘A Plan of Alexandria’ – drafted 1737; published 1743. Pococke 1743: Plate II. (Introduction II.b: p. 2) Figure 18. Frederick Ludwig Norden. ‘Carte et Plan du Port Neuf d’Alexandrie’ – drafted 1737; published 1795. Norden 1795: Planche II. (Introduction II.b: p. 2) Figure 20. Jacques-Nicolas Bellin. ‘Costes d’Egypte Depuis Alexandrie Jusqu’à Rosette’ – 1764. Bellin 1764: Plate 85. (Introduction II.b: p. 2) Figure 21. Jacques-Nicolas Bellin. ‘Plan des Ports et Ville d’Alexandrie’ – 1764. Bellin 1764: Plate 86. (Introduction II.b: p. 2) Figure 22. Joseph Roux, Hidrographe du Roy à Marseille. ‘Alexandrie Barbarie’ – first edition (121 plans), 1764; extended edition (163 plans), 1804. Roux 1804: Plate 65. (Introduction II.b: p. 2) Figure 23. Jean-Baptiste Bourguignon d’Anville. ‘Plan d’Alexandrie’ – 1766. Bourguignon d’Anville 1766: 53. (Introduction II.b: p. 2) Figure 24. Louis-François Cassas. ‘Aléxandrie, Nommée par les Arabes, Eskandériéh. Plan Général de la Ville’ – drafted 1785; published 1799. Cassas 1799: Planche 47. (Introduction II.b: p. 2) Figure 25. Les Ingénieurs de l’Armée d’Orient. ‘Alexandrie’ – drafted 1798-99; published 1818. Description de l’Égypte. Imperial Edition 1809-22. Carte Topographique de l’Égypt, 1818: Flle 37. (Introduction II.c: p. 2) Figure 26. Les Ingénieurs de l’Armée d’Orient. ‘Carte Générale des Côte, Rades, Ports, Ville et Environs d’Alexandrie’ – drafted 1798-99; published 1822. Description de l’Égypte. Imperial Edition 1809-22. Antiquities V, Planches, 1822: Planche 31. (Introd Figure 27. Les Ingénieurs de l’Armée d’Orient. ‘Plan Général des Deux Ports, de la Ville Moderne, et de la Ville des Arabes’ – drafted 1798-99; published 1817. Description de l’Égypte. Imperial Edition 1809-22. Etat Moderne II, Planches, 1817: Planche 84. Figure 28. Pierre-Jean-Baptiste aka Publicola Chaussard. ‘Plan Comparative d’Alexandrie Ancienne, Moderne, et du Temps des Arabes’ – 1802. Chaussard 1802: Planche VI. (Introduction II.c: p. 2) Figure 29. Thomas Walsh. ‘Plan of the Operations of the British and French Armies Before Alexandria, etc.’ – drafted 1801; published 1803. Walsh 1803: Plate 24. (Introduction II.c: p. 2) Figure 30. Henri Salt. ‘A Geometrical Survey of the City of Alexandria’ – drafted 1806; published 1809. Valentia 1809: Plate III. (Introduction II.c: p. 2) Figure 31. William Henry Smyth, R.N. (the Hydrographical Office of the Admiralty). ‘Alexandria. Plan of the City, Harbours, and Environs’ – 1825, 1833. Jondet 1921: Planche XXXI. (Introduction II.c: p. 3) Figure 32. William Henry Smyth, R.N. ‘Plan of Alexandria, etc.’ – 1843. Wilkinson 1843: 120. (Introduction II.c: p. 3) Figure 33. Le Saulnier de Vauhello. ‘Plan des Ports et Mouillages d’Alexandrie’ – 1834. Jondet 1916: Planche I. (Introduction II.c: p. 3) Figure 34. E. Napier, R.N. ‘Plan of Alexandria and Its Neighbourhood’ – 1841. Jondet 1921: Planche XXXIII. (Introduction II.c: p. 3) Figure 35. Barthélémy Gallice. ‘Plan de la Place d’Alexandrie (Égypte) et de Ses Environs’ – 1845. Bibliothèque Nationale de France – Gallica. (Introduction II.c: p. 3) Figure 36. Charles Müller. ‘Plan d’Alexandrie Comprenant Toutes Ses Fortifications, Rues, et Édifices Principaux’ – 1855. Jondet 1921: Planche XXXV. (Introduction II.c: p. 3) Figure 37. Mahmoud-Bey (el-Falaki). ‘Carte de l’Antique Alexandrie et des Ses Faubourgs’ – 1866. Jondet 1921: Planche XXXVII; Bibliothèque Nationale de France – Gallica. (Introduction II.d: p. 3) Figure 38. Mahmoud-Bey (el-Falaki). ‘Carte d’Alexandrie en 1865’ – 1871. Jondet 1921: Planche XXXVI; Bibliothèque Nationale de France – Gallica. (Introduction II.d: p. 3) Figure 39. Mahmoud-Bey (el-Falaki). ‘Carte des Environs d’Alexandrie’ – 1866. Jondet 1921: Planche XXXVIII; Bibliothèque Nationale de France – Gallica. (Introduction II.d: p. 3) Figure 40. Heinrich Kiepert. ‘Plan der Alten Stadt Alexandria’ – 1872. Kiepert 1872: Tafel V. (Introduction II.d: p. 3) Figure 41. J. Millie. ‘Alexandrie d’Égypte et le Caire, Avec le Plan de Ces Deux Villes’ – 1867-68. Jondet 1921: Planche XXXIX. (Introduction II.e: p. 3) Figure 42. A.L. Mansell, R.N. ‘Port d’Alexandrie, etc.’ – drafted 1869; published 1872-73. De Bellefonds 1872-73: Planche VIIIb. (Introduction II.e: p. 3) Figure 43. Revue D’Artillerie Française (Tome XX). ‘Le Bombardement d’Alexandrie par la Flotte Anglaise (11 Juillet 1882)’ – 1882. Jondet 1921: Planche XLIV. (Introduction II.e: p. 3) Figure 44. John Frederick Maurice. ‘Sketch of Country Between Alexandria and Kafr Ed-Dauar, etc.’ – 1887. Maurice 1887: Map Number 3. (Introduction II.e: p. 3) Figure 45. Atlas des Ports Étrangers (Troisième Livraison). ‘Alexandrie (1882)’ – drafted 1882; published 1887. Direction des Cartes, Plans et Archives, et de la Statistique Graphique (Ministére des Travaux Publics) 1887: Planche XVII. (Introduction II. Figure 46. Henry de Vaujany. ‘Plan Comparatif d’Alexandrie Ancienne et Moderne’ – 1885. De Vaujany 1885: 27. (Introduction II.e: p. 3) Figure 47. Direction Générale du Tanzim, Inspection de l’Ouest. ‘Plan de la Ville d’Alexandrie’ – 1887. Jondet 1921: Planche XLVII; Bibliothèque Nationale de France – Gallica. (Introduction II.e: p. 3) Figure 48. Henry de Vaujany. ‘Plan Comparatif du Port Oriental d’Alexandrie’ – 1888. De Vaujany 1888. (Introduction II.e: p. 3) Figure 49. Tassos Demetrios Neroutsos. ‘Alexandrie Ancienne’ – 1888. Neroutsos 1888. (Introduction II.e: p. 3) Figure 50. Carlo Marchettini. ‘Plan de la Ville d’Alexandrie et du Marché de Minet-el-Bassal’ – 1890. Bibliothèque Nationale de France – Gallica. (Introduction II.e: p. 4) Figure 51. David George Hogarth and Edward Frederic Benson. ‘Alexandria’ – 1894-95. Hogarth and Benson 1894-95. (Introduction II.e: p. 4) Figure 52. Georges Marichal. ‘Plan du Quartier “Rhacotis” dans l’Alexandrie Romaine’ – 1897. Botti 1897c. (Introduction II.e: p. 4) Figure 53. Giuseppe Botti. ‘Carte de l’Antique Alexandrie’ – 1898. Botti 1898c. (Introduction II.e: p. 4) Figure 55. Expedition Ernst Sieglin (1898-1902). ‘Plan von Alexandrien und Umgebung’ – 1908. Schreiber et al. 1908b: 1, Abbildung 1. (Introduction II.e: p. 4) Figure 54. Ferdinand Noack. ‘Ausgrabungen in Alexandrien; Übersichtsplan’ – 1900. Noack 1900: Tafel IX. (Introduction II.e: p. 4) Figure 56. Wilhelm Sieglin. ‘Alexandria 100 BC – AD 100’ – 1897. Baedeker 1897: Plan IV. (Introduction II.e: p. 4) Figure 57. Wilhelm Sieglin. ‘Alexandria 3rd – 5th Century AD’ – 1897. Baedeker 1897: Plan V. (Introduction II.e: p. 4) Figure 58. Les Services Techniques de la Municipalité. ‘Plan de la Ville d’Alexandrie’ – 1902. Jondet 1921: Planche L. (Introduction II.f: p. 4) Figure 59. Richard Massie Blomfield. ‘Alexandria (Ancient and Modern)’ – 1905. Breccia 1907b: 3. (Introduction II.f: p. 4) Figure 60. Mariano Bartocci. ‘Alexandrie. Plan de la Ville Ancienne et Moderne’ – 1914. Breccia 1914a. (Introduction II.f: p. 4) Figure 61. Gaston Jondet. ‘Carte de la Rade d’Alexandrie’ – 1916. Jondet 1916: Planche III. (Introduction II.f: p. 4) Figure 62. Le Survey Department. ‘Plan d’Alexandrie’ – 1917. Jondet 1921: Planche LIII. (Introduction II.f: p. 4) Figure 64. Achille Adriani. ‘Saggio di una Pianta Archeologica di Alessandria’ – 1934. Adriani 1934. (Introduction II.f: p. 4) Figure 63. Edward Morgan Forster. ‘Alexandria: Historical Map’ – 1922. Forster 1922: 84-85. (Introduction II.f: p. 4) Figure 65. Achille Adriani. ‘Pianta Schematica di Alessandria Antica a Cura di Mahmûd Bey el-Falaki (Con Varianti e Aggiunte di A. Adriani)’ – 1966. Adriani 1966a: 269, Tavola di Aggettivo ‘A’. (Introduction II.f: p. 4) Figure 66. Achille Adriani. ‘Pianta Comparativa di Alessandria Antica e Moderna’ – 1966. Adriani 1966b: Catalogue Number 1, Tavola 1, Figure 1. (Introduction II.f: p. 4) Figure 67. Peter Marshall Fraser. ‘Outline Map of Alexandria’ – 1972. Fraser 1972. (Introduction II.f: p. 4) Figure 68. Barbara Tkaczow. ‘Ptolemaic and Early Roman Period: 3rd – 1st Century BC’ – 1993. Tkaczow 1993: Map B. (Introduction II.f: p. 4) Figure 69. Barbara Tkaczow. ‘Late Roman and Early Byzantine Period: 4th – 7th Century AD’ – 1993. Tkaczow 1993: Map D. (Introduction II.f: p. 4) Figure 70. Barbara Tkaczow. ‘Collective: 3rd Century BC – 7th Century AD’ – 1993. Tkaczow 1993: Map A. (Introduction II.f: p. 4) Figure 71. Wolfram Hoepfner and Ernst-Ludwig Schwandner. ‘Alexandria’ – 1994. Hoepfner and Schwandner 1994: ‘Rekonstruktionsversuch der Frühen Stadtanlage’. (Introduction II.f: p. 4) Figure 72. Wolfram Hoepfner and Ernst-Ludwig Schwandner. ‘Alexandria’ – 1994. Hoepfner and Schwandner 1994: 243, Abbildung 231. (Introduction II.f: p. 4) Figure 73. Wolfram Hoepfner and Ernst-Ludwig Schwandner. ‘Alexandria’ – 1994. Hoepfner and Schwandner 1994: ‘Basileia’. (Introduction II.f: p. 4) Figure 74. Judith McKenzie. ‘Alexandria: Plan of Ptolemaic Cemeteries and City Walls’ – 2007. McKenzie 2007: 26, Figure 28. (Introduction II.f: p. 4) Figure 75. Judith McKenzie. ‘Alexandria: Plan of Roman Cemeteries’ – 2007. McKenzie 2007: 26, Figure 29. (Introduction II.f: p. 5) Figure 76. Institut Européen d’Archéologie Sous-Marine (IEASM). ‘Great Harbour of Ancient Alexandria’ – 2011. IEASM & Franck Goddio. (Introduction II.f: p. 5) Figure 77. AutoCAD Map (V1). ‘Alexandria: 4th – 2nd Century BC (Ptolemaic)’ – 2019. Annex in digital format. Author © 2019. (Introduction III: p. 5) Figure 78. AutoCAD Map (V2). ‘Alexandria: 1st Century BC – 3rd Century AD (Late Ptolemaic-Roman)’ – 2019. Annex in digital format. Author © 2019. (Introduction III: p. 5) Figure 79. AutoCAD Map (V3). ‘Alexandria: 4th – 7th Century AD (Late Antique)’ – 2019. Annex in digital format. Author © 2019. (Introduction III: p. 5) Figure 80. AutoCAD Map (V4). ‘Alexandria: 4th Century BC – 7th Century AD (Collective)’ – 2019. Annex in digital format. Author © 2019. (Introduction III: p. 5) Figure 81. AutoCAD Map (V5). ‘Alexandria: Eastern Suburbs’ – 2019. Annex in digital format. Author © 2019. (Introduction III: p. 5) Figure 82. Alexandria and its environs in antiquity. Aquatint by Jean-Claude Golvin. Labels added by author. (Chapter 1, section 1.2: p. 8) Figure 83. Satrap Stela; recorded decree issued in autumn 311 BC. Egyptian Museum in Cairo, Inventory Number CG.22182. (Chapter 1, section 1.4: p. 9) Figure 84. Fortification-point (α). Localisation. AutoCAD map (V1). Extract. Author © 2019. (Chapter 2, site 1: p. 14) Figure 85. Fortification-point (α). Plan. Outlined in red is the segment of nummulithic limestone. Adriani 1966b: Catalogue Number 16, Tavola 9, Figure 27. (Chapter 2, site 1: p. 14) Figure 87. Fortification-point (α). A slight deviation of the Tulunid circuit to the east of transversal street R1. AutoCAD map (V1). Extract. Author © 2019. (Chapter 2, site 1: p. 14) Figure 88. Fortification-point (ε). Localisation. AutoCAD map (V1). Extract. Author © 2019. (Chapter 2, site 2: p. 15) Figure 86. Fortification-point (α). View of the outer façade of nummulithic limestone. Adriani 1966b: Catalogue Number 16, Tavola 9, Figure 22. (Chapter 2, site 1: p. 14) Figure 89. Fortification-point (ε). View of submerged remnants to the east of el-Silsileh. Adriani 1966b: Catalogue Number 43, Tavola 21, Figures 75-76. (Chapter 2, site 2: p. 15) Figure 90. Site 3. Localisation. AutoCAD map (V1). Extract. Author © 2019. (Chapter 2, site 3: p. 15) Figure 91. Fortification-point (γ). Relative location to el-Falaki’s fortification-point (P). AutoCAD map (V1). Extract. Author © 2019. (Chapter 2, site 4: p. 19) Figure 93. Fortification-point (γ). View of excavated remnants. Leclant 1979: Table II, Figure 1. (Chapter 2, site 4: p. 19) Figure 92. Fortification-point (γ). Plan and sectional view. Tkaczow 1993: Catalogue Number 6, Figure 9. (Chapter 2, site 4: p. 19) Figure 94. Bab el-Bahr, the northern entrance to the Arab town. Localisation. AutoCAD map (V4). Extract. Author © 2019. (Chapter 2, site 5: p. 19) Figure 95. Bab el-Bahr, the northern entrance to the Arab town, c. 1798-99. Description de l’Égypte. Imperial Edition 1809-22. Etat Moderne II, Planches, 1817: Planche 98. (Chapter 2, site 5: p. 19) Figure 96. Fortification-point (β). Localisation. AutoCAD map (V1). Extract. Author © 2019. (Chapter 2, site 6: p. 20) Figure 97. Fortification-point (β): the so-called ‘Tower of the Romans’ next to the Heliopolis obelisks aka Cleopatra’s Needles, c. 1798-99. Description de l’Égypte. Imperial Edition 1809-22. Antiquities V, Planches, 1822: Planche 32. (Chapter 2, site 6 Figure 98. Fortification-point (β): the so-called ‘Tower of the Romans’ and the standing Heliopolis obelisk (transported shortly after to New York) on the 19th-century shoreline – October 1879. Gorringe 1885: Plate I. (Chapter 2, site 6: p. 20) Figure 99. The so-called ‘Palais ruiné’. Localisation. AutoCAD map (V1). Extract. Author © 2019. (Chapter 2, site 7: p. 21) Figure 100. Relative location of ‘Palais ruiné’ (a: site of Tabiat el-Mencherieh) to the ‘Tower of the Romans’ (b: Fortification-point β) and the standing Heliopolis obelisk (c). View of the eastern harbour’s 19th-century shoreline. Adriani 1934: Tavola X Figure 102. The so-called ‘Mole ruiné’. Localisation. AutoCAD map (V1). Extract. Author © 2019. (Chapter 2, site 8: p. 21) Figure 101. Noack’s trenches (K3), (K4), and (L). Localisation. Noack 1900: Tafel IX. Labels added by author. (Chapter 2, site 7: p. 21) Figure 103. The Pharillon site. Localisation. AutoCAD map (V1). Extract. Author © 2019. (Chapter 2, site 9: p. 22) Figure 104. Traces of street R1. Plan and sectional view. Noack’s trench (N5); approximately, the present-day site of the Faculty of Commerce, el-Mazarita. Noack 1900: 235, Figures 2-3. (Chapter 2, site 11: p. 24) Figure 105. Breccia’s ‘Route-Mosaique’: traces of street R1 or L4? and a fragment of a mosaic; approximately, the present-day site of the Faculty of Commerce, el-Mazarita. Breccia 1932: Planche LXII. Extract. Labels added by author. (Chapter 2, site 12: Figure 106. Chantier Djanikian, el-Mazarita. Plan of constructions (A) and (B). Adriani 1934: Tavola III. (Chapter 2, site 14: p. 24) Figure 107. Chantier Djanikian, el-Mazarita. Sectional view of constructions (A) and (B). Adriani 1934: 13, Figure 1. (Chapter 2, site 14: p. 24) Figure 108. Noack’s trenches (B1) and (B2), el-Mazarita. Plan of remnants pertaining to four phases of construction (a; b; c; d). Noack 1900: 240, Figure 4; Adriani 1966b: Catalogue Number 25, Tavola 12, Figure 37. (Chapter 2, site 15b: p. 25) Figure 109. Noack’s trenches (B1) and (B2), el-Mazarita. Sectional view of remnants pertaining to four phases of construction (a; b; c; d). Noack 1900: Tafel XI, Figure 2; Adriani 1966b: Catalogue Number 25, Tavola 13, Figure 42. (Chapter 2, site 15b: p Figure 110. Cinema Amir, Kom el-Dikka. Excavation plan. Adriani 1956a: 2, Figure 1. Labels added by author. (Chapter 2, site 17: p. 27) Figure 111. Kom el-Dikka archaeological park. Satellite image: localisation of sites. Google Earth © 2018. Labels added by author. (Chapter 2, site 18: p. 27) Figure 112. Kom el-Dikka archaeological park. Localisation of sites. AutoCAD map (V4). Extract. Author © 2019. (Chapter 2, site 18: p. 27) Figure 113. Excavations at Sidi el-Bardissi and Sidi Abd el-Razzak el-Wafai, off el-Nebi Daniel, Kom el-Dikka. Breccia’s trenches (D; E; F). Breccia 1932: Planche LXI. Labels added by author. (Chapter 2, site 21: p. 31) Figure 114. Excavations at Sidi el-Bardissi, off el-Nebi Daniel, Kom el-Dikka. Breccia’s trench (D). Plan of excavated remnants. Adriani 1934: Tavole VI-VII. (Chapter 2, site 21: p. 31) Figure 115. Excavations at Sidi el-Bardissi, off el-Nebi Daniel, Kom el-Dikka. Breccia’s trench (D). Sectional view of excavated remnants. Adriani 1934: Tavole VIII-IX. (Chapter 2, site 21: p. 31) Figure 117. Columns opposite el-Attarine Mosque. AutoCAD map (V2). Extract. Author © 2019. (Chapter 2, site 22: p. 32) Figure 116. Columns opposite el-Attarine Mosque, c. 1798-99. Description de l’Égypte. Imperial Edition 1809-22. Antiquities V, Planches, 1822: Planche 35, Figure 1. (Chapter 2, site 22: p. 32) Figure 118. Noack’s trench (J), east of el-Khartoum (Saīd Pasha) Square, el-Mazarita. Plan of remnants pertaining to four phases of construction (a; b; c; d). Noack 1900: 252, Figure 8; Adriani 1966b: Catalogue Number 26, Tavola 12, Figure 39. (Chapter Figure 119. Noack’s trench (J), east of el-Khartoum (Saīd Pasha) Square, el-Mazarita. Sectional view of remnants pertaining to four phases of construction (a; b; c; d). Noack 1900: Tafel XI, Figure 1; Adriani 1966b: Catalogue Number 26, Tavola 13, Figur Figure 120. Ptolemaic foundations, and traces of Roman street Lα; approximately, the present-day site of the faculties of commerce and law, el-Mazarita. Breccia 1932: Planche LXII. Extract. Labels added by author. (Chapter 2, site 28: p. 34) Figure 121. Excavations at el-Amir Abd el-Moneim (Ismaīl Mahanna) Street, Kom el-Dikka. Plan. Adriani 1940: 58, Figure 27. Labels added by author. (Chapter 2, site 31: p. 35) Figure 122. Excavations at el-Amir Abd el-Moneim (Ismaīl Mahanna) Street, Kom el-Dikka. Sectional view. Adriani 1940: Planche XXVI. (Chapter 2, site 31: p. 35) Figure 123. Street R8 as a δρόμος to the Sarapeion, extending between two intermediate thoroughfares. AutoCAD map (V2). Extract. Author © 2019. (Chapter 2, section 2.2.3: p. 40) Figure 124. Waterfront of ancient Alexandria (black line) relative to the 1798-99 post-mediaeval setting (base map) and modern setting (yellow line). AutoCAD map (V4). Extract. Author © 2019. (Chapter 2, section 2.3.1: p. 42) Figure 125. Construction of the Corniche, c. 1906. Haag 2008: 26, Figure a. (Chapter 2, section 2.3.1: p. 44) Figure 126. The standing Heliopolis obelisk on the 19th-century seashore, c. 1860s. Haag 2008: 27. (Chapter 2, section 2.3.1: p. 44) Figure 127. Relative location of dockyards and detected harbour amenities to the Heptastadion. AutoCAD map (V4). Extract. Author © 2019. (Chapter 2, section 2.3.2: p. 44) Figure 128. Great Harbour of ancient Alexandria. AutoCAD map (V4). Extract. Author © 2019. (Chapter 2, section 2.3.3: p. 44) Figure 129. Submerged harbour infrastructure north and northwest of Pharos. Jondet 1916: Tome IX, Planche IV. (Chapter 2, section 2.3.4: p. 49) Figure 130. Submerged harbour infrastructure northwest of Pharos; detailed view. Jondet 1916: Tome IX, Planche IV. Extract. (Chapter 2, section 2.3.4: p. 49) Figure 131. Line of shoals extending E-W, from el-Silsileh to el-Agamy, c. 1798-99. Description de l’Égypte. Imperial Edition 1809-22. Antiquities V, Planches, 1822: Planche 31, ‘Carte Générale des Côte, Rades, Ports, Ville et Environs d’Alexandrie’. Ex Figure 132. Remnants of Mareotic lake-ports detected within the main basin, c. 1798-99. Description de l’Égypte. Imperial Edition 1809-22. Antiquities V, Planches, 1822: Planche 31, ‘Carte Générale des Côte, Rades, Ports, Ville et Environs d’Alexandrie’ Figure 133. Remnants of a Mareotic lake-port south of Alexandria, c. 1798-99. Description de l’Égypte. Imperial Edition 1809-22. Antiquities V, Planches, 1822: Planche 31, ‘Carte Générale des Côte, Rades, Ports, Ville et Environs d’Alexandrie’. Extract. Figure 134. Remnants of a Mareotic lake-port south of el-Max, c. 1798-99. Description de l’Égypte. Imperial Edition 1809-22. Antiquities V, Planches, 1822: Planche 31, ‘Carte Générale des Côte, Rades, Ports, Ville et Environs d’Alexandrie’. Extract. Lab Figure 135. Dyke separating the Maryut Depression from Abu Qir aka el-Maadiya Lagoon, c. 1801. Description de l’Égypte. Imperial Edition 1809-22. Antiquities V, Planches, 1822: Planche 31, ‘Carte Générale des Côte, Rades, Ports, Ville et Environs d’Alex Figure 137. Course of el-Mahmoudiya Canal at Minet el-Bassal, Alexandria. Satellite image. Google Earth © 2018. Labels added by author. (Chapter 2, section 2.3.5: p. 51) Figure 136. Prolongation of the canal towards the westernmost sector of the Arab town, whence a subterranean aqueduct extends to the amenities of the Ottoman-controlled western port (kadırğa/Islam limânı), c. the 16th-17th century. Description de l’Égypte Figure 138. Possible location of the Kibotos basin of ancient Alexandria. Norden 1795: Planche I. Extract. Labels added by author. (Chapter 2, section 2.3.5: p. 51) Figure 139. Depression at the proposed location of the Kibotos basin. Description de l’Égypte. Imperial Edition 1809-22. Etat Moderne II, Planches, 1817: Planche 84, ‘Plan Général des Deux Ports, de la Ville Moderne, et de la Ville des Arabes’. Extract. Figure 141. Segmenting the cityscape into predetermined urban and suburban sectors. AutoCAD map (V4). Extract. Author © 2019. (Chapter 3, section 3.1: p. 52) Figure 140. Canal divergence from (c. 16th-17th century) and readjustment to (early 19th century) its possible course in antiquity. Description de l’Égypte. Imperial Edition 1809-22. Etat Moderne II, Planches, 1817: Planche 84, ‘Plan Général des Deux Port Figure 142. Pharos Lighthouse of Alexandria; reconstruction by Hermann and August Thiersch. Thiersch 1909: Tafel VIII. (Chapter 3, site 43: p. 53) Figure 143. Fort Qaitbay. View from the Ottoman village (el-Anfushy), c. 1798-99. Description de l’Égypte. Imperial Edition 1809-22. Etat Moderne II, Planches, 1817: Planche 85. (Chapter 3, site 43: p. 54) Figure 144. Map showing Abul-Saadat’s encounters in the eastern harbour during the early 1960s; after K. Abul-Saadat. Mostafa, Grimal, and Nakashima 2000: Plate 4. (Chapter 3, site 43: p. 55) Figure 145. Marked zone with submerged fragmentary architecture and statuary off Fort Qaitbay (K3). AutoCAD map (V4). Extract. Author © 2019. (Chapter 3, site 43: p. 55) Figure 146. el-Anfushy necropolis. Hypogea (I-V). Plan. Adriani 1952: 55, Figure 28. (Chapter 3, site 44: p. 57) Figure 147. el-Anfushy necropolis. Hypogeum (VI). Plan. Adriani 1952: 96, Figure 56. (Chapter 3, site 44: p. 57) Figure 148. el-Anfushy necropolis. Hypogeum (I). Plan. Adriani 1952: 57, Figure 29. (Chapter 3, site 44: p. 57) Figure 149. el-Anfushy necropolis. Hypogeum (II). Plan. Adriani 1952: 62, Figure 32. (Chapter 3, site 44: p. 57) Figure 150. el-Anfushy necropolis. Hypogeum (III). Plan. Adriani 1952: 80, Figure 45. (Chapter 3, site 44: p. 57) Figure 151. el-Anfushy necropolis. Hypogeum (IV). Plan. Adriani 1952: 86, Figure 49. (Chapter 3, site 44: p. 57) Figure 153. Ras el-Tin necropolis. Hypogea (I-III). Plan. Adriani 1952: Planche XXX, Figure 1. (Chapter 3, site 45: p. 58) Figure 152. el-Anfushy necropolis. Hypogeum (V). Plan. Adriani 1952: 87, Figure 50. (Chapter 3, site 44: p. 57) Figure 154. Ras el-Tin necropolis. Hypogea (IV-VI). Plan. Adriani 1952: Planche XXX, Figure 2. (Chapter 3, site 45: p. 58) Figure 155. Ras el-Tin necropolis. Hypogeum (VII). Plan. Adriani 1952: Planche XXXI, Figure 1. (Chapter 3, site 45: p. 59) Figure 156. Ras el-Tin necropolis. Hypogeum (VIII). Plan. Adriani 1952: Planche XXXI, Figure 2. (Chapter 3, site 45: p. 59) Figure 157. Ras el-Tin necropolis. Hypogeum (IX). Plan and sectional view; after M. Bartocci. Adriani 1952: 52, Figure 25. (Chapter 3, site 45: p. 59) Figure 158. Ras el-Tin necropolis. Hypogeum (X). Plan and sectional view; after M. Bartocci. Adriani 1952: 53, Figure 26. (Chapter 3, site 45: p. 59) Figure 159. Ras el-Tin necropolis. Hypogeum (XI). Plan and sectional view; after M. Bartocci. Adriani 1952: 54, Figure 27. (Chapter 3, site 45: p. 59) Figure 161. Minet el-Bassal necropolis. Sezione (B). Extant section of a hypogeum. Plan. Adriani 1956a: 26, Figure 28. (Chapter 3, site 46: p. 60) Figure 160. Minet el-Bassal necropolis. Sezione (A). Hypogea (I-III). Plan. Adriani 1956a: 17, Figure 18; 1966b: Catalogue Number 110, Tavola 81, Figure 265. (Chapter 3, site 46: p. 60) Figure 163. Gabbari necropolis. Southern Gabbari (Gebel el-Zeitoun). Agnew hypogeum. Approximate location. AutoCAD map (V4). Extract. Author © 2019. (Chapter 3, site 47a: p. 63) Figure 162. Minet el-Bassal necropolis. Sezione (C). Extant section of a hypogeum. Plan. Adriani 1956a: 29, Figure 30. (Chapter 3, site 46: p. 60) Figure 164. Gabbari necropolis. Southern Gabbari (Gebel el-Zeitoun). Agnew hypogeum. Plan. Agnew 1840: Plate IX, Figure I. (Chapter 3, site 47a: p. 61) Figure 165. Gabbari necropolis. Zwei gräber (I-II): Hermann Thiersch. Hypogeum (I). Plan. Thiersch 1900: Tafel I; Adriani 1966b: Catalogue Number 97, Tavola 73, Figure 243. (Chapter 3, site 47c: p. 63) Figure 166. Gabbari necropolis. Zwei gräber (I-II): Hermann Thiersch. Hypogeum (II). Plan. Thiersch 1900: Tafel IV; Adriani 1966b: Catalogue Number 98, Tavola 74, Figure 245. (Chapter 3, site 47c: p. 63) Figure 167. Gabbari necropolis. Two hypogea (A-B): Banoub Habachi. Plan. Habachi 1937: Figure 13; Adriani 1966b: Catalogue Number 113, Tavola 84, Figure 279. (Chapter 3, site 47e: p. 64) Figure 168. Gabbari necropolis. Gabbari Zone (B): Centre d’Études Alexandrines. Relative location to Zone (A) of the Deutsche Archäologische Institut (site 47i) and Zone (C) of the Centre d’Études Alexandrines (site 47k); after S. Rousseau. Rousseau 200 Figure 169. Gabbari necropolis. Gabbari Zone (B): Centre d’Études Alexandrines. Excavation zone (I). Sector (I). Hypogea (B1-B8). Plan; after N. Martin. Empereur 2001b: 22, Figure 1.15. (Chapter 3, site 47j: p. 66) Figure 170. Gabbari necropolis. Gabbari Zone (B): Centre d’Études Alexandrines. Excavation zone (I). Sectors (I-II). Plan; after N. Martin, T. Gonon, and S. Rousseau. Empereur 1999b: 559, Figure 6. (Chapter 3, site 47j: p. 66) Figure 171. Gabbari necropolis. Gabbari Zone (B): Centre d’Études Alexandrines. Excavation zone (II). Sectors (III-VI). Plan; after N. Martin, T. Gonon, and S. Rousseau. Empereur 1999b: 558, Figure 6. (Chapter 3, site 47j: p. 66) Figure 172. Gabbari necropolis. Gabbari Zone (C): Centre d’Études Alexandrines. Central sector. Hypogea (C3-C14). Plan; after S. Rousseau. Rousseau 2003: 691, Figure 5. (Chapter 3, site 47k: p. 66) Figure 173. Gabbari necropolis. Gabbari Zone (C): Centre d’Études Alexandrines. Central sector. Hypogeum (C3). Plan; after S. Rousseau. Rousseau 2003: 692, Figure 6. (Chapter 3, site 47k: p. 67) Figure 174. el-Mafrouza necropolis. Suq el-Wardian hypogeum. Sectional view. Breccia 1907c: 65, Figure 2. (Chapter 3, site 48b: p. 67) Figure 175. el-Mafrouza necropolis. A complex of hypogea, including the saqiya. Hypogeum (I). Plan; after B. Abd el-Malek. Riad 1967b: Planche I, Figure 1. (Chapter 3, site 48c: p. 67) Figure 176. el-Mafrouza necropolis. A complex of hypogea, including the saqiya. Hypogeum (II). Plan; after B. Abd el-Malek. Riad 1967b: Planche II. (Chapter 3, site 48c: p. 68) Figure 177. el-Mafrouza necropolis. A complex of hypogea, including the saqiya. Hypogeum (III). Plan; after B. Abd el-Malek. Riad 1964: 169, Figure 1. (Chapter 3, site 48c: p. 68) Figure 178. el-Mafrouza necropolis. A complex of hypogea, including the saqiya. Hypogea (III-IV). Plan; after B. Abd el-Malek. Riad 1967b: Planche III, Figure 1. (Chapter 3, site 48c: p. 68) Figure 179. el-Mafrouza necropolis. Stagni complex of hypogea. Hypogea (I-III). Plan; after A. Abd el-Fattah and S.A. Choukri. Abd el-Fattah and Choukri 1998: 43, Figure 1. (Chapter 3, site 48d: p. 69) Figure 180. el-Wardian necropolis. Grand catacomb. Location in Norden’s 1755 map (Norden’s visit to Alexandria: June 1737). Norden 1795: Planche I. Extract. Labels added by author. (Chapter 3, site 49a: p. 69) Figure 181. el-Wardian necropolis. Grand catacomb (site 49a-c) and the so-called ‘Baths of Cleopatra’ (site 49d). Location c. 1798-99. Description de l’Égypte. Imperial Edition 1809-22. Antiquities V, Planches, 1822: Planche 42, Figure 1. Extract. Label Figure 182. el-Wardian necropolis. Grand Catacomb. Satellite image: localisation. Google Earth © 2018. (Chapter 3, site 49a: p. 70) Figure 183. el-Wardian necropolis. Grand Catacomb. Plan (a); after B. Abd el-Malek. Adriani 1966b: Catalogue Number 118, Tavola 86, Figure 290. (Chapter 3, site 49a: p. 70) Figure 184. el-Wardian necropolis. Grand Catacomb. Plan (b); after P.-D. Martin. Description de l’Égypte. Imperial Edition 1809-22. Antiquities V, Planches, 1822: Planche 42, Figures 2, 7-8. Labels added by author. (Chapter 3, site 49a: p. 70) Figure 185. el-Wardian necropolis. Grand Catacomb. Plan (c); after B. Abd el-Malek. Adriani 1966b: Catalogue Number 118, Tavola 88, Figure 301. Labels added by author. (Chapter 3, site 49a: p. 70) Figure 186. el-Wardian necropolis. Grand Catacomb. Plan (d); after B. Abd el-Malek. Adriani 1966b: Catalogue Number 118, Tavola 88, Figure 300. Labels added by author. (Chapter 3, site 49a: p. 70) Figure 187. el-Wardian necropolis. Grand Catacomb. Surface constructions. Plan; after B. Abd el-Malek. Adriani 1966b: Catalogue Number 118, Tavola 86, Figure 292. (Chapter 3, site 49a: p. 70) Figure 188. el-Wardian necropolis. Bartocci hypogeum. Plan. Adriani 1966b: Catalogue Number 105, Tavola 79, Figure 259. (Chapter 3, site 49e: p. 72) Figure 189. el-Wardian necropolis. Two adjacent hypogea: junction of streets number 2171 and 2150 (Korret el-Ein). Plan. Adriani 1934: Tavola XVIII. (Chapter 3, site 49f: p. 72) Figure 190. el-Wardian necropolis. Youssef Mahmoud hypogeum. Plan. Adriani 1966b: Catalogue Number 115, Tavola 84, Figure 281. (Chapter 3, site 49g: p. 72) Figure 191. el-Wardian necropolis. Ezbet el-Yousra hypogeum. Plan. Choukri 2003: 702, Figure 1. (Chapter 3, site 49h: p. 72) Figure 192. Hippodromos-circus dug into the northern sector of Kom el-Shuqafa. AutoCAD map (V4). Extract. Author © 2019. (Chapter 3, site 51: p. 74) Figure 193. Remnants of a Hippodromos-circus, c. 1798-99. Description de l’Égypte. Imperial Edition 1809-22. Antiquities V, Planches, 1822: Planche 39, Figure 2. (Chapter 3, site 51: p. 74) Figure 194. Remains of the spina of a Hippodromos-circus, c. 1798-99. Description de l’Égypte. Imperial Edition 1809-22. Antiquities V, Planches, 1822: Planche 39, Figure 2. Extract. Labels added by author. (Chapter 3, site 51: p. 74) Figure 195. Remains in situ of the seats (marked k) of a Hippodromos-circus, c. 1798-99. Description de l’Égypte. Imperial Edition 1809-22. Antiquities V, Planches, 1822: Planche 39, Figure 2. Extract. Labels added by author. (Chapter 3, site 51: p. 74) Figure 196. Sarapeion. Diocletian’s Column aka Pompei’s Pillar, c. 1798-99. Description de l’Égypte. Imperial Edition 1809-22. Antiquities V, Planches, 1822: Planche 34, Figure 1. (Chapter 3, site 52: p. 75) Figure 197. Sarapeion. Genera plan of site. Rowe and Rees 1957: The Alexandria Serapeum. (Chapter 3, site 52: p. 75) Figure 198. Sarapeion. Northern sector. Excavated off-grid vestiges of construction phase (I) (shaded in grey). Sabottka 2008: 379, Abbildung 5. (Chapter 3, site 52: p. 75) Figure 199. Sarapeion. Northeastern sector. Excavated off-grid vestiges of construction phase (I) (solid line) on either side of the Euergetean temple of construction phase (IIb) (dashed line). Sabottka 2008: 381, Abbildung 7. (Chapter 3, site 52: p. 75 Figure 200. Sarapeion. Northeastern sector. Excavated vestiges of the Euergetean temple and oikos building of construction phase (IIb) (solid line) relative to the off-grid constructions of phase (I) (dashed line). Sabottka 2008: 381, Abbildung 6. (Chap Figure 202. Sarapeion. Axonometric reconstruction of the Euergetean sanctuary c. the second half of the 3rd century BC; after S. Gibson. McKenzie, Gibson, and Reyes 2004: 88, Figure 9. (Chapter 3, site 52: p. 76) Figure 201. Sarapeion. Northeastern sector. Excavated off-grid vestiges of construction phase (I) (solid line) to the east of the Euergetean temple of construction phase (IIb). The earlier remnants are overbuilt with successive constructions of phase (II) Figure 203. Sarapeion. Axonometric reconstruction of the Roman-renovated sanctuary c. the 3rd century AD; after S. Gibson. McKenzie, Gibson, and Reyes 2004: Plate I. (Chapter 3, site 52: p. 77) Figure 204. Kom el-Shuqafa necropolis. Relative location of the funerary structures recorded by G. Botti, Expedition Ernst Sieglin, and H. Riad (site 53b-h) to the nearby bath complexes (site 55b), Hippodromos-circus (site 51), Sarapeion (site 52), and A Figure 205. Kom el-Shuqafa necropolis. Funerary structures recorded by G. Botti (1892-93, 1897, 1900-01) and Expedition Ernst Sieglin (1900-02), and revisited by A. Rowe (1941-42). General plan; after A. Thiersch. Schreiber et al. 1908b: Tafel I. (Chapt Figure 206. Kom el-Shuqafa necropolis. Wescher hypogeum. Plan. Neroutsos 1888: 41, Chapelles Funéraires Chrétiennes. (Chapter 3, site 53a: p. 79) Figure 208. Kom el-Shuqafa necropolis. Sectional view of Botti’s Scavi (A) and (B), with conjectural surface constructions and the Hippodromos-circus (site 51) in red; after A. Thiersch. Schreiber et al. 1908b: Tafel II, Abbildung 1. Extract. (Chapter 3 Figure 209. Kom el-Shuqafa necropolis. Botti’s Scavo (A). Plan; after A. Thiersch. Schreiber et al. 1908b: Tafel II, Abbildung 2. (Chapter 3, site 53b: p. 79) Figure 207. Kom el-Shuqafa necropolis. Pugioli hypogeum: Schreiber’s Typus (ε). Plan. Schreiber 1908c: 167, Abbildung 101. (Chapter 3, site 53a: p. 79) Figure 210. Kom el-Shuqafa necropolis. Botti’s Scavo (B). Plan; after A. Thiersch. Schreiber et al. 1908b: Tafel II, Abbildung 4. (Chapter 3, site 53c: p. 80) Figure 211. Kom el-Shuqafa necropolis. Botti’s Scavo (C). Plan; after E. Bauer. Schreiber et al. 1908b: Tafel III, Abbildung 1. (Chapter 3, site 53d: p. 80) Figure 212. Kom el-Shuqafa necropolis. Botti’s Scavo (D). Plan; after E. Bauer. Schreiber et al. 1908b: Tafel III, Abbildung 2. (Chapter 3, site 53e: p. 81) Figure 213. Kom el-Shuqafa necropolis. Hauptgrab: construction phase (I). Plan. Adriani 1966b: Catalogue Number 122, Tavola 98, Figure 330. (Chapter 3, site 53f: p. 81) Figure 214. Kom el-Shuqafa necropolis. Hauptgrab and Nebengrab: subsequent phases of construction: subterranean level (I). Plan; after A. Thiersch. Schreiber et al. 1908b: Tafel IV. (Chapter 3, site 53f: p. 81) Figure 215. Kom el-Shuqafa necropolis. Hauptgrab: subsequent phases of construction: subterranean level (II). Plan; after A. Thiersch. Schreiber et al. 1908b: Tafel V. (Chapter 3, site 53f: p. 81) Figure 216. Kom el-Shuqafa necropolis. Sectional view of the Hauptgrab, with conjectural surface constructions in red; after A. Thiersch. Schreiber et al. 1908b: Tafel II, Abbildung 1. Extract. (Chapter 3, site 53f: p. 81) Figure 217. Kom el-Shuqafa necropolis. Nebengrab: construction phase (I). Plan. Adriani 1966b: Catalogue Number 123, Tavola 104, Figure 353. (Chapter 3, site 53g: p. 83) Figure 218. Kom el-Shuqafa necropolis. Nebengrab: subsequent phases of construction. Plan; after A. Thiersch. Schreiber et al. 1908b: Tafel IV. Extract. (Chapter 3, site 53g: p. 83) Figure 220. Kom el-Shuqafa bath complexes. Bath complex (B). Plan and sectional view. Riad 1975: 121, Plan 3. (Chapter 3, site 55b: p. 85) Figure 219. Kom el-Shuqafa bath complexes. Bath complex (A). Plan and sectional view. Riad 1975: 119, Plan 2. (Chapter 3, site 55b: p. 85) Figure 221. el-Attarine and Kom el-Dikka bath complexes: insulae L1-L’2-R4-R6. Relative location of the recorded bath complex in el-Attarine to that excavated at the nearby Polish concession in Kom el-Dikka (site 20). AutoCAD map (V3). Extract. Author © Figure 222. el-Nabi Daniel Mosque. Breccia’s 1929 trenches (A), (B), and (C). Breccia 1932: Planche LXI. Extract. Labels added by author. (Chapter 3, site 66: p. 98) Figure 224. Kom el-Dikka archaeological park. Cardinally-oriented (N-S) off-grid vestiges excavated at sectors (U) and (US), against the secondary intercardinal orientation (NNW-SSE) of later constructions (odeum’s portico and auditoria) on site. Plan; af Figure 223. Kom el-Dikka archaeological park. Localisation of sectors (U) and (US). Plan; after W. Kołątaj. Majcherek 2001: 24, Figure 1. Labels added by author. (Chapter 3, site 69c: p. 92) Figure 225. Kom el-Dikka. SE. corner of the Fouad-Safia Zaghloul junction. Stylobate of a Doric colonnade (stoa?). Plan and sectional view. Riad 1967a: 86. (Chapter 3, site 77: p. 96) Figure 226. el-Attarine. Southern side of Fouad Street, at the junction with Morsi Badr and Sherif Pasha: the present-day site of Markaz el-Horreya lel-Ibda bel-Askandarreiya. Localisation of a temple to Sarapis and Isis, Θεοὶ Σωτῆρες, and Ptolemy IV Phil Figure 227. el-Attarine. NE. sector of insula L1-L’2-R5-R6. Localisation of a temple to Sarapis and Isis, Θεοὶ Σωτῆρες, and Ptolemy IV Philopator and Arsinoe III, Θεοὶ Φιλοπάτορες. AutoCAD map (V1). Extract. Author © 2019. (Chapter 3, site 90: p. 100) Figure 229. Kom el-Dikka. Insula L’2-L’3-R3-R4. Localisation of a temple to Bastet (Boubasteion). AutoCAD map (V4). Extract. Author © 2019. (Chapter 3, site 92: p. 101) Figure 228. Kom el-Dikka. SE. of the archaeological park. Localisation of a temple to Bastet (Boubasteion). Google Earth © 2018. Labels added by author. (Chapter 3, site 92: p. 101) Figure 230. Kom el-Dikka. Temple to Bastet (Boubasteion). Localisation of deposits on the SCA excavation plan. Abd el-Maksoud, Abd el-Fattah, and Seif el-Din 2012: 434, Figure 8. Labels added by author. (Chapter 3, site 92: p. 101) Figure 231. el-Ramleh. Bronze crabs of the standing (New York) obelisk, bilingually inscribed in Greek and Latin. Gorringe 1885: Plate V. (Chapter 3, site 93: p. 103) Figure 233. el-Ramleh. The present-day site of Le Hotel Métropole. Turning the standing (New York) obelisk. December 6th, 1879. Gorringe 1885: Plate VIII. (Chapter 3, site 93: p. 104) Figure 232. el-Ramleh. Façade of the Caesareum; reconstruction. Gorringe 1885: Front cover. (Chapter 3, site 93: p. 103) Figure 234. el-Ramleh. Insula L2-L3-R4-R5, encompassing the site of the historical Caesareum. AutoCAD map (V2). Extract. Author © 2019. (Chapter 3, site 93: p. 104) Figure 235. el-Ramleh. Scottish (el-Manar) School. Subterranean complex. Plan; after M. Bartocci. Combe 1919: Planche I. (Chapter 3, site 109a: p. 112) Figure 236. el-Ramleh. Scottish (el-Manar) School. Left: plan of surface constructions (A) and (B). Right: sectional view of subterranean round chamber (V); after M. Bartocci. Combe 1919: Planche II. (Chapter 3, site 109a: p. 112) Figure 237. el-Ramleh. Pelizäus Heim (Safia Zaghloul School). Daszewski’s localisation of two cisterns on Adriani’s 1934 pianta (Figure 64). Daszewski 1985b: 179, Plan 1. Labels added by author. (Chapter 3, site 110b: p. 112) Figure 238. el-Ramleh. Pelizäus Heim (Safia Zaghloul School). Plan and sectional view of a cistern; after St. Medeksza. Daszewski 1985b: 181, Plan 2. (Chapter 3, site 110b: p. 112) Figure 239. el-Ramleh. Chantier Moustaki. Excavation plan. Adriani 1940a: 36, Figure 10. (Chapter 3, site 116: p. 116) Figure 240. el-Ramleh. Chantier Politi (Cinema Radio). Excavation plan. Adriani 1956a: 11, Figure 9. (Chapter 3, site 117: p. 117) Figure 241. el-Ramleh. Chantier Heikal. Excavation plan. Adriani 1940a: 34, Figure 9. (Chapter 3, site 119: p. 117) Figure 242. el-Ramleh. Chantier Finney. Excavation plan. Adriani 1940a: Planche V. (Chapter 3, site 120: p. 118) Figure 243. el-Mazarita. Localisation of key sites at the premises of the former British Consulate (site 121) and the former Cricket Playground (site 122a-c). AutoCAD map (V4). Extract. Author © 2019. (Chapter 3, site 121: p. 121) Figure 244. el-Mazarita. The former Cricket Playground. Shenouda’s 1970-71 excavation plan. Daszewski 1983: 57, Figure 2. (Chapter 3, site 122a: p. 121) Figure 245. el-Mazarita. The former Cricket Playground. Plan of the Daszewski-Barański 1980 recordings. Daszewski 1983: 58, Figure 3. (Chapter 3, site 122b: p. 121) Figure 246. el-Mazarita. Tulunid circuit deviation near the junction of el-Sultan Hussein with el-Mathaf. AutoCAD map (V4). Extract. Author © 2019. (Chapter 3, site 124a: p. 125) Figure 247. el-Mazarita. Localisation of the Arab bastions Tabiat el-Yahoudieh (1) and Tabiat el-Mencherieh (2) on Adriani’s 1934 pianta (Figure 64). Adriani 1934: Pianta Archeologica di Alessandria. Extract. Labels added by author. (Chapter 3, site 125 Figure 248. el-Mazarita. Extent of mediaeval and post-mediaeval Jewish interment down the Government Hospital Hill. Description de l’Égypte. Imperial Edition 1809-22. Etat Moderne II, Planches, 1817: Planche 84, ‘Plan Général des Deux Ports, de la Ville Figure 249. el-Mazarita. Localisation of the Daszewski-Kamiński 1976 trenches (1) and (2a-c). AutoCAD map (V1). Extract. Author © 2019. (Chapter 3, site 131: p. 129) Figure 250. el-Mazarita. Major conduit following the cardinal directions. Trench (2b). Plan and sectional view; after K. Kamiński. Daszewski 1979: 100, Figure 5. (Chapter 3, site 131: p. 129) Figure 251. el-Mazarita. Localisation of foundations and fragmentary architecture recorded by G. Botti on the slopes of the Government Hospital Hill (site 133a), and by L. Borchardt opposite the GRM chantiers at el-Ramleh (site 133b). Plan; after W. Hoepf Figure 252. el-Mazarita. Present-day site of el-Khaledin Park. Enclosure wall and thoroughfare following the cardinal directions: fortification-point (δ). Localisation. AutoCAD map (V1). Extract. Author © 2019. (Chapter 3, site 134: p. 131) Figure 254. el-Mazarita. Present-day site of el-Khaledin Park. Enclosure wall and thoroughfare following the cardinal directions: fortification-point (δ). Sectional view. Rodziewicz and Abd el-Fattah 1991: 142, Figure 3. (Chapter 3, site 134: p. 131) Figure 253. el-Mazarita. Present-day site of el-Khaledin Park. Enclosure wall and thoroughfare following the cardinal directions: fortification-point (δ). Plan. Rodziewicz and Abd el-Fattah 1991: 141, Figure 2. (Chapter 3, site 134: p. 131) Figure 255. NW. sector of el-Shallalat Park. HRIAC excavations. Satellite image: localisation of site. Google Earth © 2018. Labels added by author. (Chapter 3, site 137a: p. 133) Figure 256. NW. sector of el-Shallalat Park. HRIAC excavations. Localisation of site. AutoCAD map (V4). Extract. Author © 2019. (Chapter 3, site 137a: p. 133) Figure 257. el-Chatby. Chantier Bibliotheca Alexandrina. Excavation plan. Rodziewicz 1995: 235, Figure 5. (Chapter 3, site 139: p. 134) Figure 258. el-Mazarita; el-Chatby; Kom el-Dikka. Excavated remnants aligned in the cardinal directions, in the Ptolemaic βασίλεια and the central district. Rodziewicz 1995: 233, Figure 1. Labels added by author. (Chapter 3, site 139: p. 134) Figure 259. el-Chatby. Chantier el-Silsileh. Excavation plan. Adriani 1940a: Figure 12. (Chapter 3, site 141: p. 135) Figure 260. HIAMAS concession east of el-Silsileh. Satellite image: localisation of sites. Google Earth © 2018. Labels added by author. (Chapter 3, site 142: p. 136) Figure 261. HIAMAS concession east of el-Silsileh. Recorded finds (A-E) on el-Chatby 1. Tzalas 2018: 23, Figure 7. (Chapter 3, site 142: p. 136) Figure 262. el-Chatby necropolis. Satellite image: localisation of Breccia’s GRM excavations (1904-10). Google Earth © 2018. Labels added by author. (Chapter 3, site 145b: p. 141) Figure 263. el-Chatby necropolis. Localisation of Breccia’s GRM excavations (1904-10). AutoCAD map (V1). Extract. Author © 2019. (Chapter 3, site 145b: p. 141) Figure 264. el-Chatby necropolis. Excavation plan (1904-10); after M. Bartocci. Breccia 1912b: Tavola A. (Chapter 3, site 145b: p. 141) Figure 265. el-Chatby necropolis. Hypogea (A) and (B) and a shaft-and-chamber tomb of type (IN.5) as excavated in the early 20th century within the southern sector of the site (partially preserved to date). Plan; after M. Bartocci. Breccia 1912b: Tavola Figure 267. el-Chatby necropolis. Hypogeum (B). Plan; after M. Bartocci. Breccia 1912b: Tavola A. Extract. (Chapter 3, site 145b: p. 143) Figure 266. el-Chatby necropolis. Hypogeum (A). Plan; after M. Bartocci. Breccia 1912b: Tavola I. (Chapter 3, site 145b: p. 142) Figure 268. el-Hadra necropolis. Benson funerary structure. Plan; after E.R. Bevan. Hogarth and Benson 1894-95: 30, Ground Plan of Hadra Tombs. (Chapter 3, site 146b: p. 145) Figure 269. el-Hadra necropolis. Plan of Schreiber’s Typus (ϰ). Schreiber 1908c: 172, Abbildung 107. (Chapter 3, site 146b: p. 145) Figure 270. el-Hadra necropolis. Satellite image: localisation of excavated sectors (1-9). Google Earth © 2018. Labels added by author. (Chapter 3, site 146c: p. 146) Figure 271. el-Hadra necropolis. Localisation of excavated sectors (1-9). AutoCAD map (V1). Extract. Author © 2019. (Chapter 3, site 146c: p. 146) Figure 272. el-Hadra necropolis. Plan of excavated sectors (1-7). Adriani 1940a: 84, Figure 41. (Chapter 3, site 146c: p. 146) Figure 273. el-Hadra necropolis. Sectors (1-2): Abu Qir Road and Kotsika (Gamal Abdel-Nasser) Hospital. Plan and sectional view of a developed form of the shaft-and-chamber tomb with a vestibule, surmounted by a funerary monument. Adriani 1934: Tavola X Figure 275. el-Hadra necropolis. Sectors (4-6): Ezbet el-Makhlouf. Funerary structure with a circular plan. Adriani 1940a: 89, Figure 45. (Chapter 3, site 146c: p. 147) Figure 274. el-Hadra necropolis. Sectors (4-6): Ezbet el-Makhlouf. Funerary structure with a circular plan. Adriani 1940a: 87, Figure 44. (Chapter 3, site 146c: p. 147) Figure 276. el-Hadra necropolis. Sector (7): el-Manara Cemetery. Plan of Section (A). Adriani 1952: 1, Figure 1. (Chapter 3, site 146c: p. 147) Figure 277. el-Hadra necropolis. Sector (7): el-Manara Cemetery. Plan of Section (B). Adriani 1952: 4, Figure 3. (Chapter 3, site 146c: p. 147) Figure 278. el-Hadra necropolis. Sector (7): el-Manara Cemetery. Plan of Section (C). Adriani 1952: 6, Figure 5. (Chapter 3, site 146c: p. 147) Figure 279. el-Hadra necropolis. Sector (7): el-Manara Cemetery. Plan of Section (D). Adriani 1952: 8, Figure 6. (Chapter 3, site 146c: p. 147) Figure 280. el-Hadra necropolis. Sector (8): courtyard of the Diaconesses (el-Hadra University) Hospital. Plan of a hypogeum. Adriani 1966b: Catalogue Number 74, Tavola 41, Figure 158. (Chapter 3, site 146c: p. 147) Figure 282. el-Chatby. Latin Cemetery (Terra Santa). Plan of Adriani’s 1936 excavations near the Alabaster tomb. Adriani 1940a: 17, Figure 1. (Chapter 3, site 147: p. 148) Figure 281. el-Hadra necropolis. Sector (9): Faculty of Engineering. Plan of an extant section of a hypogeum. Adriani 1956a: 38, Figure 37. (Chapter 3, site 146c: p. 148) Figure 283. el-Chatby. Latin Cemetery (Terra Santa). Localisation of the Alabaster tomb within the proposed enclosure (C1-C2-C3) of the Ptolemaic Royal Quarter. AutoCAD map (V1). Extract. Author © 2019. (Chapter 3, site 147: p. 149) Figure 285. Eastern Suburbs. Localisation of recorded sites (150-161). AutoCAD map (V5). Extract. Author © 2019. (Chapter 3, site 150: p. 153) Figure 284. el-Chatby. Latin Cemetery (Terra Santa). Satellite image: relative location of the Alabaster tomb to fortification-point (α) (site 1) and the HRIAC excavations (site 137a) at el-Shallalat Park. Google Earth © 2018. Labels added by author. (Cha Figure 286. Cleopatra. Tigrane Pasha (Port-Saīd) Street. Plan of a hypogeum. Adriani 1956b: Tavola I. (Chapter 3, site 153: p. 155) Figure 287. Cleopatra. Plan and sectional view of a hypogeum. Adriani 1966b: Catalogue Number 92, Tavola 67, Figure 225. (Chapter 3, site 154: p. 155) Figure 289. Cleopatra. Funerary complex. Plan of Hypogeum (III). Adriani 1940a: 124, Figure 58. (Chapter 3, site 155: p. 156) Figure 288. Cleopatra. Funerary complex. Plan of hypogea (I-II). Adriani 1940a: 125, Figure 59. (Chapter 3, site 155: p. 156) Figure 290. Sidi Gaber. Plan of a hypogeum. Thiersch 1904: 1, Abbildung 1. (Chapter 3, site 156: p. 156) Figure 291. Sidi Gaber. Funerary complex. Hypogeum (II). Plan of a triclinium-like chamberette comprising three alcoves. Adriani 1956a: 40, Figure 42. (Chapter 3, site 157b: p. 157) Figure 292. Mustapha Pasha. Satellite image: relative location of the funerary complex on el-Moaskar el-Romani Street (site 160) to analogous funerary structure at Stanley Bay (site 161). Google Earth © 2018. Labels added by author. (Chapter 3, site 160 Figure 293. Mustapha Pasha. Satellite image: localisation of the funerary complex on el-Moaskar el-Romani Street. Google Earth © 2018. Labels added by author. (Chapter 3, site 160: p. 159) Figure 294. Mustapha Pasha. Zones (north: 1-7; south: 8-17) excavated by the GRM in 1933-35 on the western side of el-Moaskar el-Romani Street. Adriani 1936: 11, Figure 1. Labels added by author. (Chapter 3, site 160: p. 159) Figure 295. Mustapha Pasha. Excavation plan of the funerary complex on el-Moaskar el-Romani Street. Adriani 1936: Planche XXXV. Labels added by author. (Chapter 3, site 160: p. 159) Figure 296. Mustapha Pasha. el-Moaskar el-Romani funerary complex. Hypogeum (I). Plan; after O. Abate. Adriani 1936: Planche XXV. (Chapter 3, site 160: p. 159) Figure 297. Mustapha Pasha. el-Moaskar el-Romani funerary complex. Hypogeum (II). Plan; after O. Abate. Adriani 1936: Planche XXIX. (Chapter 3, site 160: p. 161) Figure 298. Mustapha Pasha. el-Moaskar el-Romani funerary complex. Hypogeum (III). Plan; after O. Abate. Adriani 1966b: Catalogue Number 86, Tavola 54, Figure 192. (Chapter 3, site 160: p. 161) Figure 299. Mustapha Pasha. el-Moaskar el-Romani funerary complex. Hypogeum (IV). Plan; after O. Abate. Adriani 1936: Planche XXXIV. Labels added by author. (Chapter 3, site 160: p. 162) Figure 301. Smouha. Antoniadis Park. Plan of a hypogeum. Thiersch 1904: Tafel IV. (Chapter 3, site 162: p. 164) Figure 300. Stanley Bay. Plan of a funerary structure. Ceccaldi 1869: 270, Figure 1. (Chapter 3, site 161: p. 163) Figure 302. Sidi Bishr. HIAMAS excavations. Relative location of Bir Masoud (1) to Alexandria (2), Canopus (3), and Abu Qir aka el-Maadiya Lagoon (4), c. 1798-99. Description de l’Égypte. Imperial Edition 1809-22. Carte Topographique de l’Égypt, 1818: F Figure 303. Sidi Bishr. HIAMAS excavations. Satellite image: localisation of the promontory of Bir Masoud (1) and the islets of el-Dahab (2) and Gabr el-Khur aka Miami (3). Google Earth © 2018. Labels added by author. (Chapter 3, site 163: p. 165) Figure 304. Sidi Bishr. HIAMAS excavations. Satellite image: relative location of Bir Masoud (1) to Gabr el-Khur aka Miami (3). Google Earth © 2018. Labels added by author. (Chapter 3, site 163: p. 165) Figure 305. Sidi Bishr. HIAMAS excavations. Satellite image: islet of Gabr el-Khur aka Miami. Google Earth © 2018. (Chapter 3, site 163: p. 165) Figure 306. Sidi Bishr. HIAMAS excavations. Islet of Gabr el-Khur aka Miami. General plan of recorded vestiges. Tzalas 2012: 135, Figure 8. (Chapter 3, site 163: p. 165) Figure 307. Sidi Bishr. HIAMAS excavations. Islet of Gabr el-Khur aka Miami. Plan of a hypogeum; after Awad Enterprises. Tzalas 2018: 33, Figure 33. (Chapter 3, site 163: p. 165) Figure 308. el-Montazah. Relative location of Taposiris Parva (1) to Alexandria (2), Canopus (3), and Abu Qir aka el-Maadiya Lagoon (4), c. 1798-99. Description de l’Égypte. Imperial Edition 1809-22. Carte Topographique de l’Égypt, 1818: Flle 37, ‘Alexand Figure 309. el-Montazah. Satellite image: relative location of Taposiris Parva (1) to Canopus (3) and the desiccated Abu Qir aka el-Maadiya Lagoon (4) (presently, agricultural land). Google Earth © 2018. Labels added by author. (Chapter 3, site 164: p. Figure 310. el-Montazah. Hypogeum (I). Plan; after M. Bartocci. Breccia 1926: Tavola L, Figure 2. (Chapter 3, site 164: p. 166) Figure 311. el-Montazah. Hypogeum (II). Plan; after M. Bartocci. Breccia 1926: Tavola L, Figure 3. (Chapter 3, site 164: p. 166) Figure 313. Smouha. Localisation of the Eleusinian temple on G. Le Père’s 1822 carte (drafted c. 1798-99; Figure 26), relative to the Antoniadis hypogeum (site 162). Description de l’Égypte. Imperial Edition 1809-22. Antiquities V, Planches, 1822: Planch Figure 312. Mustapha Pasha. Enclosure of a Roman castrum. Pococke 1743: Plate V, Figure E. (Chapter 3, site 165: p. 166) Figure 314. Smouha. Localisation of the Eleusinian temple on el-Falaki’s 1871 carte of the 19th-century contemporary town (Figure 38). Mahmoud-Bey (el-Falaki), ‘Carte d’Alexandrie en 1865’, 1871. Extract. Labels added by author. (Chapter 3, site 166: p. Figure 315. Smouha. Localisation of the Eleusinian temple on el-Falaki’s 1866 carte of the ancient city (Figure 37). Mahmoud-Bey (el-Falaki), ‘Carte de l’Antique Alexandrie et des Ses Faubourgs’, 1866. Extract. Labels added by author. (Chapter 3, site 1 Figure 316. Smouha. Satellite image: localisation of the Eleusinian temple within the modern district of Smouha, between the streets of Tut-Ankh-Amun and Fawzi Moaz. Google Earth © 2018. Labels added by author. (Chapter 3, site 166: p. 168) Figure 317. Smouha. Location of two Eleusinian temples on Neroutsos’ 1888 map (Figure 49). Neroutsos 1888: ‘Alexandrie Ancienne’. Extract. Labels added by author. (Chapter 3, site 166: p. 168) Figure 318. Smouha. Satellite image: localisation of the plots (1-6) surveyed in 2008-12 by the Musée Royal de Mariemont and the Centre d’Études Alexandrines in the modern district of Smouha, between the streets of Tut-Ankh-Amun and Fawzi Moaz. Google E Figure 319. Sidi Bishr Qibly. Relative location of Ras el-Soda (1) to Alexandria (2), Canopus (3), and Abu Qir aka el-Maadiya Lagoon (4). Description de l’Égypte. Imperial Edition 1809-22. Carte Topographique de l’Égypt, 1818: Flle 37, ‘Alexandrie’. Ext Figure 320. Sidi Bishr Qibly. Satellite image: relative location of Ras el-Soda (1) to the promontory of Bir Masoud (2), el-Montazah Bay (3), and the desiccated Abu Qir aka el-Maadiya Lagoon (4) (presently, agricultural land). Google Earth © 2018. Label Figure 321. Sidi Bishr Qibly. Plan and sectional view of Ras el-Soda sanctuary. Adriani 1940a: Figure 61. (Chapter 3, site 168: p. 169) Figure 322. Relocating the Ras el-Soda tetrastyle temple from Sidi Bishr Qibly (1) to el-Chatby’s Latin Cemetery (2). Google Earth © 2018. Labels added by author. (Chapter 3, site 168: p. 169) Figure 323. Circuit walls. The eastern peripheries. Eastern necropoleis of Ptolemaic Alexandria – c. late 4th to 2nd century BC. AutoCAD map (V4). Extract. Author © 2019. (Conclusion I.a: p. 171) Figure 324. Circuit walls. The eastern peripheries. Proposed enclosure (C1-C2-C3) of the Ptolemaic Royal Quarter – c. late 4th to 2nd century BC. AutoCAD map (V1). Extract. Author © 2019. (Conclusion I.a: p. 171) Figure 325. Circuit walls. Proposed eastern periphery (C3) of the Ptolemaic city: southern segment – c. late 4th to 2nd century BC. AutoCAD map (V1). Extract. Author © 2019. (Conclusion I.a: p. 171) Figure 326. Buto (Tell el-Farraīn, Kafr el-Sheikh, the Nile Delta). A priestly adaptation of the Greek toponym ‘Αλεξάνδρεια’, and a record of ‘Râ-Kedet’ on the Satrap Stela of autumn 311 BC (Figure 83). Egyptian Museum in Cairo, Inventory Number CG.22182. Figure 327. Circuit Walls. Proposed eastern periphery (C4) of the Roman city: northern segment – c. 1st to 3rd century AD. AutoCAD map (V2). Extract. Author © 2019. (Conclusion I.a: p. 172) Figure 328. Circuit walls. Proposed eastern periphery (C4) of the Roman city: southern segment – c. 1st to 3rd century AD. AutoCAD map (V2). Extract. Author © 2019. (Conclusion I.a: p. 172) Figure 329. Circuit walls. The eastern peripheries. Expansion of the Roman city – c. 1st to 3rd century AD. AutoCAD map (V4). Extract. Author © 2019. (Conclusion I.a: p. 172) Figure 330. Circuit walls. The eastern peripheries. Late antique readjustment to the Ptolemaic frontiers, following an abandonment of the greater part of the Broucheion (including the annexed Royal Quarter) – c. 4th-5th century AD. Reutilization of the Figure 331. Circuit walls. Proposed southern periphery of the ancient city. AutoCAD map (V4). Extract. Author © 2019. (Conclusion I.a: p. 173) Figure 332. Circuit walls. G. Le Père’s hypothetical southern periphery of the ancient city. Description de l’Égypte. Imperial Edition 1809-22. Antiquities V, Planches, 1822: Planche 31, ‘Carte Générale des Côte, Rades, Ports, Ville et Environs d’Alexan Figure 333. Circuit walls. el-Falaki’s hypothetical southern periphery of the ancient city. Mahmoud-Bey (el-Falaki), ‘Carte de l’Antique Alexandrie et des Ses Faubourgs’, 1866. Extract. Labels added by author. (Conclusion I.a: p. 173) Figure 334. Circuit walls. Proposed western periphery of the ancient city.AutoCAD map (V4). Extract. Author © 2019. (Conclusion I.a: p. 174) Figure 335. Circuit walls. Proposed western periphery of the ancient city: southern segment. AutoCAD map (V4). Extract. Author © 2019. (Conclusion I.a: p. 174) Figure 336. Circuit walls. Proposed western periphery of the ancient city: northern segment. AutoCAD map (V4). Extract. Author © 2019. (Conclusion I.a: p. 174) Figure 337. Circuit walls. Proposed northern periphery of the ancient city. AutoCAD map (V4). Extract. Author © 2019. (Conclusion I.a: p. 174) Figure 338. Circuit walls. Proposed northern periphery of the ancient city: western segment. AutoCAD map (V4). Extract. Author © 2019. (Conclusion I.a: p. 174) Figure 339. Circuit walls. Proposed northern periphery of the ancient city: eastern segment. AutoCAD map (V4). Extract. Author © 2019. (Conclusion I.a: p. 174) Figure 340. Grid plan. Ptolemaic period. πλατείες (red) relative to off-grid constructions (yellow). AutoCAD map (V4). Extract. Author © 2019. (Conclusion I.b: p. 175) Figure 341. Grid plan. Roman period. πλατείες (red) relative to off-grid constructions (yellow). AutoCAD map (V4). Extract. Author © 2019. (Conclusion I.b: p. 176) Figure 342. Grid plan. Late antique period. πλατείες (red) relative to off-grid constructions (yellow). AutoCAD map (V4). Extract. Author © 2019. (Conclusion I.b: p. 176) Figure 344. Waterways and harbour infrastructure. Dual-harbour complex of ancient Alexandria. AutoCAD map (V4). Extract. Author © 2019. (Conclusion I.c: p. 178) Figure 343. Waterways and harbour infrastructure. Proposed courses of the four segments forming the Canopic-supplied freshwater canal (Κανωβικῆϛ διώρυγοϛ) and its Mareotis-Eunostos navigable counterpart in the west. Description de l’Égypte. Imperial Editi Figure 345. Cityscape. βασίλεια ad Alexandrēam: a Royal Quarter northeast of the city proper. Localisation of off-grid constructions (yellow). AutoCAD map (V1). Extract. Author © 2019. (Conclusion II: p. 178) Figure 346. Cityscape. βασίλεια ad Alexandrēam: a Royal Quarter northeast of the city proper – c. late 4th to 2nd century BC. AutoCAD map (V1). Extract. Author © 2019. (Conclusion II: p. 178)