Noninfectious Diseases and Pathology of Reptiles

Description

Infectious Diseases and Pathology of Reptiles, Second Edition provides definitive information on every aspect of the anatomy, pathophysiology, and differential diagnosis of infectious diseases affecting reptiles. It features stunning high-quality color photos of normal anatomy and histology, as well as gross, light, and electron microscopic images of infectious diseases of reptiles. Editor Elliott Jacobson draws on his own photography collection, and his wealth of experience spanning over 40 years in the research of infectious diseases and veterinary care of reptiles. Already a comprehensive reference, a new volume covering noninfectious diseases of reptiles has now been added to create a two-volume set, Diseases and Pathology of Reptiles. Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Contents 2020 Preface, Volume 2 Acknowledgments Editors Contributors 1. Reptile Neoplasia 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Review by Systems and Organs 1.2.1 Integumentary System 1.2.2 Urinary System 1.2.3 Alimentary System 1.2.4 Pancreas 1.2.5 Hepatobiliary System 1.2.6 Reproductive System 1.2.7 Endocrine System 1.2.8 Musculoskeletal System 1.2.9 Soft Tissue Sarcoma 1.2.10 Hematopoietic and Lymphoid Systems 1.2.11 Nervous System 1.2.12 Respiratory System 1.2.13 Cardiovascular System 1.2.14 Special Senses 1.2.15 Miscellaneous Intracoelomic Neoplasia 1.3 Ancillary Diagnostic Procedures 1.3.1 Immunohistochemistry 1.3.2 Special Stains 1.3.3 Transmission Electron Microscopy References 2. Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Obesity 2.3 Lipidosis 2.4 Xanthomatosis 2.5 Atheromatosis 2.6 Emaciation 2.7 Pyramiding in Chelonians 2.8 Metabolic Bone Disease 2.8.1 Calcium and Phosphorus Homeostasis 2.8.2 Osteoporosis 2.8.3 Rickets and Osteomalacia 2.8.4 Nutritional and Husbandry-Related Secondary Hyperparathyroidism 2.9 Soft Tissue Mineralization of Dietary and Metabolic Origin 2.10 Vitamin A Deficiency 2.11 Hypervitaminosis A 2.12 Pansteatitis 2.13 Goiter 2.14 Thiamine Deficiency 2.15 Hyperglycemia References 3. Depositional Diseases 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Gout 3.2.1 Causes 3.2.2 Prevalence of Gout 3.2.3 Common Pathologic Features of Gout 3.2.4 Renal and Visceral Gout 3.2.5 Articular and Periarticular Gout 3.2.6 Gout-Like Lesions 3.3 Urolithiasis 3.3.1 Prevalence and Predisposing Factors 3.3.2 Composition 3.3.3 Signs and Associated Lesions 3.4 Mineralization 3.4.1 Causes and Types 3.4.2 Visceral Mineralization 3.4.3 Articular and Periarticular Mineral Deposition 3.5 Amyloidosis 3.5.1 Causes and Types 3.5.2 Pathologic Features and Diagnosis 3.5.3 Paramyloid 3.6 Glomerular Basement Membrane Diseases 3.7 Pigment Deposition 3.7.1 Iron 3.7.2 Lipofuscin 3.7.3 Melanin 3.8 Fatty Deposits 3.8.1 Lipid 3.8.2 Cholesterol 3.9 Miscellaneous Deposits References 4. Normal and Abnormal Reptile Development 4.1 Introduction and General Background 4.1.1 Reproductive Cycles 4.1.2 Ovipary and Vivipary 4.2 Review of Normal Development of Lizards and Snakes 4.2.1 Early Embryogenesis 4.2.2 Extraembryonic Membranes 4.2.3 Neurogenesis, Somitogenesis 4.2.4 External Morphology 4.2.5 Intrauterine Gestation 4.3 Developmental Anomalies in Lizards and Snakes 4.3.1 Introduction 4.3.2 Pigmentation Anomalies 4.3.3 Malformations and Anomalies of Scales 4.3.4 Bicephaly 4.3.5 Spine Deformities 4.3.6 Malformations or Agenesis of the Tail 4.3.7 Dwarfism 4.3.8 Schistosomus Reflexus Syndrome 4.3.9 Ocular Malformations 4.3.10 Cephalic Malformations 4.3.11 Malformations of Internal Organs 4.4 Review of Normal Testudines Development 4.4.1 Reproductive Biology and Natural History 4.4.2 Sperm Storage 4.4.3 Eggshells 4.4.4 Fertilization and Development 4.5 Review of Normal Crocodilian Development 4.6 Developmental Anomalies in Testudines and Crocodylia 4.6.1 Introduction 4.6.2 Testudines 4.6.3 Crocodylia 4.7 Review of Normal Tuatara .(Sphenodon punctatus). Development 4.7.1 Reproductive Biology and Natural History 4.7.2 Nests and Incubation 4.7.3 Embryogenesis 4.7.4 Hatchling to Adult 4.8 Developmental Anomalies in the Tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus) Acknowledgments References 5. Degenerative Diseases 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Skin 5.3 Nervous System 5.4 Special Sense Organs 5.5 Coelom 5.6 Respiratory System 5.7 Cardiovascular System 5.8 Digestive System 5.9 Hepatobiliary System and Pancreas 5.10 Immune System 5.11 Urinary System 5.12 Reproductive System 5.13 Endocrine System 5.14 Musculoskeletal System References 6. Trauma and Physical Diseases 6.1 General Comments 6.2 Conspecific or Cagemate Trauma 6.2.1 Male-Male Aggression 6.2.2 Mate/Breeding Trauma 6.2.3 Overcrowding or Mixed-Species Encounters 6.2.4 “Feeding Frenzy” 6.3 Self-Induced Trauma 6.3.1 Escape Behaviors and Enclosure-Related Trauma 6.3.2 Other Stress-Related Behaviors 6.4 Other Trauma 6.4.1 Entrapments 6.4.2 Crush Injuries 6.4.3 Handling Injuries and Human Cruelty 6.4.4 Vehicle Strikes 6.4.5 Predator/Prey Bites 6.4.6 Foreign Body Ingestion and Inappropriate Food Items 6.5 Environmental and Physical Diseases 6.5.1 Hypothermia 6.5.2 Hyperthermia 6.5.3 Burns 6.5.4 Electrocution 6.5.5 Dehydration 6.5.6 Excessive Humidity/Wet Conditions 6.5.7 Toenail/Beak Overgrowth or Deformity 6.5.8 Lighting and Other Physical Disturbances 6.5.9 Irradiation 6.5.10 Acoustic Injuries and Underwater Explosion Injuries 6.6 Other “Accidents” 6.6.1 Intestinal or Other Visceral Accidents 6.6.2 Overturned Tortoises 6.6.3 Drowning 6.6.4 Decompression Sickness and Gas Bubble Disease Acknowledgments References 7. Environmental and Miscellaneous Toxicoses in Reptiles 7.1 General. Comments 7.2 Persistent Organic Pollutants 7.2.1 Chelonia 7.2.2 Crocodylia 7.2.3 Sauria 7.2.4 Ophidia 7.3 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Crude Oil 7.3.1 Chelonia 7.3.2 Crocodylia 7.3.3 Sauria 7.3.4 Ophidia 7.4 Inorganic Pollutants: Metals 7.4.1 Chelonia 7.4.2 Crocodylia 7.4.3 Sauria 7.4.4 Ophidia 7.5 Emerging Pollutants 7.5.1 Chelonia 7.5.2 Crocodylia 7.5.3 Sauria 7.5.4 Ophidia 7.6 Macroplastics and Microplastics 7.7 Pesticide Poisoning 7.7.1 Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors 7.7.2 Pyrethrins and Pyrethroids 7.7.3 Anticoagulant Rodenticides 7.7.4 Cholecalciferol (and Calcium) 7.7.5 Sodium Monofluoroacetate (Compound 1080) 7.7.6 Zinc Phosphide 7.7.7 Glyphosate 7.7.8 Atrazine 7.7.9 Neonicotinoids and Fipronil 7.8 Biotoxins 7.8.1 Saxitoxins 7.8.2 Brevetoxins 7.8.3 Microcystins 7.8.4 Other Toxins from Cyanobacteria 7.8.5 Tetrodotoxin 7.9 Drug Toxicoses 7.9.1 Ivermectin 7.9.2 Benzimidizole Anthelmintics 7.9.3 Metronidazole 7.9.4 Gentamicin 7.9.5 Dioctyl Sodium Sulfosuccinate 7.9.6 Ibuprofen 7.10 Plant Toxicoses 7.11 Envenomation and Self-Envenomation Acknowledgments References 8. Physiology and Diseases of the Reproductive System 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Sex-Determining Mechanisms 8.2.1 Genotypic Sex Determination (GSD) 8.2.2 Temperature-Dependent Sex Determination 8.3 Gonad and Sex Duct Differentiation 8.4 Endocrine Regulation of Reproduction 8.5 Seasonal Cyclicity 8.6 Spermatogenesis 8.7 Ovarian Physiology 8.7.1 Oogenesis 8.7.2 Folliculogenesis 8.7.3 Ovulation 8.7.4 Corpus Luteum Development 8.7.5 Follicular Atresia 8.8 Copulation and Fertilization 8.9 Embryo Development and Birth 8.9.1 Extraembryonic Membrane Development 8.9.2 Oviparous Development in the Oviduct 8.9.3 Egg Physiology 8.9.4 Viviparous Development 8.9.5 Embryo Development 8.9.6 Neonatal Reptiles 8.10 Nutrient Metabolism Effect on Reproduction 8.11 Stress Effect on Reproduction 8.12 Noninfectious Causes of Reproductive Disease 8.12.1 Aging (Degenerative Diseases) 8.12.2 Neoplasia of the Reproductive Tract 8.12.3 Environmental Factors 8.12.4 Reproductive Toxicants and Endocrine Disruption 8.12.5 Industrial and Petroleum Compounds or Byproducts 8.12.6 Pharmaceutical Contaminants in the Environment 8.12.7 Pesticides 8.12.8 Heavy Metals—Trace Elements 8.12.9 Algal Toxin 8.13 Observations on Intersex 8.13.1 True Hermaphrodites (Ovotestes) 8.13.2 Pseudohermaphroditism 8.13.3 Dysplasia and Aplasia of the Tubular Tract 8.14 Diseases of the Male Reproductive Tract 8.14.1 Testicular Degeneration 8.14.2 Breach of Blood-Testis Barrier 8.14.3 Orchitis 8.14.4 Disease of Epididymis and Vas Deferens 8.14.5 Defective Spermatogenesis 8.14.6 Disease of Male External Genitalia and Cloaca 8.15 Diseases of Female Reproductive Tract 8.15.1 Atresia and Congenital Ovarian Disease 8.15.2 Follicular Atresia and Degeneration 8.15.3 Ovarian Hemorrhage 8.15.4 Oophoritis 8.15.5 Preovulatory Disease 8.15.6 Periovulatory Disease 8.15.7 Postovulatory Disease 8.15.8 Yolk Coelomitis 8.15.9 Dystocia 8.15.10 Female Cloaca and Oviduct Prolapse 8.15.11 Disease of Non-Gravid Oviduct 8.16 Egg Viability 8.17 Early Embryonic Death 8.18 Late Embryonic Death 8.19 Perinatal Disease Acknowledgments References 9. Reptile Cardiovascular System 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Anatomy and Physiology 9.2.1 Anatomy of Chelonia and Squamata 9.2.2 Anatomy of Sphenodontia 9.2.3 Anatomy of Crocodylia 9.2.4 Cardiac Blood Supply 9.2.5 Neuroanatomy 9.2.6 Blood Flow and Shunting 9.2.7 Blood Pressure 9.2.8 Neuroendocrine Function 9.3 Cardiovascular Diseases 9.3.1 Degenerative Diseases 9.3.2 Deposition Diseases 9.3.3 Developmental Anomalies 9.3.4 Metabolic Diseases 9.3.5 Neoplastic Diseases 9.3.6 Nutritional Diseases 9.3.7 Idiopathic Cardiovascular Diseases 9.3.8 Infectious Diseases 9.3.9 Trauma References 10. Bone Alteration by Disease 10.1 Introduction and General Background 10.2 Descriptives 10.3 Congenital Anomalies 10.4 Osteochondrosis versus Osteochondritis 10.5 Osteoarthritis or Osteoarthrosis 10.6 Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis 10.7 Stress Fractures 10.8 Exostoses, Osteochondroma, and Avulsions 10.9 Infection 10.10 Avascular Necrosis 10.11 Metabolic Disease 10.11.1 Vitamin D-Related Disease 10.11.2 Parathyroid-Related Disease 10.11.3 Paget’s Disease 10.11.4 Gout 10.11.5 Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition Disease 10.12 Spondyloarthropathy 10.13 Benign Neoplasia 10.14 Malignant Neoplasia 10.15 Summary References Index